2020年职称英语等级考试综合类概括大意练习(18)
2020年职称英语综合类C级概括大意历年真题及解析
2020年职称英语综合类C级概括大意历年真题及解析2020年真题Interview with Allan Gray(1)I was working for a multinational company in the early 1980s, and my brother asked me if I was interested in going into partnership with him to set up a language school. I'd always wanted to work for myself, and I was a bit fed up with working for someone else, so I said yes.Primarily, I wanted the freedom to make my own decisions, I wanted room to be creative, and also I wanted to be able to get the credit and keep the profits if we were successful. I was also happy to carry the can and take the blame if things went wrong. These things are not possible if you work as an employee in a large organization.(2) I had to borrow money to help start the business, but we were lucky because we also had some outside capital to put into the business. These days it can be really hard to persuade banks to lend money to people who want to start a company, so we were fortunate. It was fairly easy to set upthe business, because we had a very clear idea of what we wanted to do. The problem was, all our preconceptions ( 预想 ) about what it would be like to run a business were wrong.We made lots of mistakes, and we almost went bankrupt (破产的 ) at the beginning. At one point, we only had twostudents in the school.(3) Far too long! We lost money for the first four years and, as I was saying, we nearly went out of business. It tookquite a long time to start making profit. The best thing we did, though, was that we hired some really good people to work for us. In fact, some of those people are still working for us,24 years later. Now we're doing well, but it was very risky at first.(4) One is financial constraint ( 约束) , It can be very tough. Think all small businesses have cash flow problems -- it often takes a long time to get paid by your customers. The second big problem is marketing. It takes a lot of funds to market your business, and you have to get your name known and build a reputation. But the biggest challenge is managing the people. All businesses are about people, and you have to learn how to deal with all kinds of people – and I thinkwe've been extremely good at getting the best of our staff.23. Paragraph 1 __________24. Paragraph 2 __________25. Paragraph 3 __________26. Paragraph 4 __________A. Strategies in expanding a small businessB. Right people to run a businessC. Time-consuming experience of being successfulD. Challenges of running a businessE. Difficulties in starting the businessF. Reasons for working for oneself27. If you made a bad decision as a boss, you had__________.28. The difficult thing to start a business is to persuade banks __________.29. If you hire the right people, you'll probably be able __________.30. Besides financial and marketing challenges, you must know how __________.A. to lose your houseB. to manage your employeesC. to keep independentD. to lend you moneyE. to take the responsibility for itF. to make profit2020年真题The Storyteller(1) Steven Spielberg has always had one goal： to tell as many great stories to as many people as will listen. Andthat's what he has always been about. The son of a computer scientist and a pianist,Spielberg spent his early childhoodin New Jersey and, later, Arizona. From the very beginning, his fertile imagination filled his young mind with imagesthat would later inspire his filmmaking.(2) Even decades later, Spielberg says he has clear memories of his earliest years, which are the origins of some of his biggest hits. He believes that E.T. is the result ofthe difficult years leading up to his parent's 1966 divorce, "It is really about a young boy who was in search of some stability in his life." "He was scared of just about everything," recalls his mother, Leah Adler. "When trees brushed against the house, he would head into my bed. Andthat's just the kind of scary stuff he would put in filmslike Poltergeist."(3) Spielberg was 11 when he first got his hands on his dad's movie camera and began shooting short flicks aboutflying saucers and World War II battles. Spielberg's talentfor scary storytelling enabled him to make friends. On Boy Scout camping trips, when night fell,Spielberg became the center of attention. "Steven would start telling his ghost stories," says Richard Y. Hoffman Jr., leader of Troop 294, "and everyone would suddenly get quiet so that they could all hear it."(4) Spielberg moved to California with his father andwent to high school there, but his grades were so bad that he barely graduated. Both UCLA and USC film schools rejected him, so he entered California State University at Long Beach because it was close to Hollywood.Spielberg was determined to make movies, and he managedto get an unpaid, non-credit internship ( 实习 ) in Hollywood. Soon he was given a contract, and he dropped out of college. He never looked back.(5) Now, many years later, Spielberg is still telling stories with as much passion as the kid in the tent. Ask him where he gets his ideas, Spielberg shrugs. "The process for me is mostly intuitive (凭直觉的) ," he says. "There are films that I feel I need to make, for a variety of reasons, for personal reasons, for reasons that I want to have fun, that the subject matter is cool, that I think my kids will like it. And sometimes I just think that it will make a lot of money, like the sequel (续集) to Jurassic Park."23. Paragraph 1 __________24. Paragraph 2__________25. Paragraph 3 __________26. Paragraph 4 __________A. Inspirations for his moviesB. The trouble of making moviesC. A funny manD. Getting into the movie businessE. Telling stories to make friendsF. An aim of life27. Some of Spielberg's most successful movies came from __________.28. When Spielberg was a boy, he used to be scared of__________.29. Spielberg is very good at__________.30. Spielberg says he makes movies for __________.A. almost everythingB. telling scary storiesC. a number of reasonsD. making children laughE. his childhood memoriesF. a lot of money2020年真题Traffic Jams -- No End in Sight(1) Traffic congestion (拥堵) affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing world. In the U. S., commuters (通勤人员) spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.(2) The most promising technique for reducing citytraffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to work： Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centres thanks to congestion pricing.(3)Another way to reduce rush-hour traffic is for employers to implement flextime, which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether.(4)Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such techniques do not really keep cars off the road; they only accommodate more of them.(5)Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systemsand upgrade them with moreefficient technologies.But environmentalists complainthat such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.23. Paragraph 1 __________24. Paragraph 2__________25. Paragraph 3 __________26. Paragraph 4 __________A. Paying to get inB. Changing work practiceC. Not doing enoughD. A solution which is no solutionE. Closing city centres to trafficF. A global problem27. Most American drivers think it convenient to__________.28. If charged high enough, some drivers may enter certain parts of town __________.29. Building more roads is not an effective way to__________.30. The U. S. government has planned to __________ updating public-transport systems.A. reduce traffic jamsB. drive aroundC. go by busD. spend more moneyE. travel regularlyF. encourage more private cars答案与解析2020年真题23．F。
2020年职称英语卫生类模拟试题：概括大意
2020年职称英语卫生类模拟试题：概括大意2020年职称英语卫生类模拟试题：概括大意Screen Test1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to thefar larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique”for breast cancer screening.7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is arisk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”练习：1.Paragraph 2 ________________2.Paragraph 3 ________________3.Paragraph 4 ________________4.Paragraph 5 ________________A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger WomanB Investigating the Effect of ScreeningC Effects Predicted by Two Different ModelsD Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from RadiationE Treatment of CancersF Factors That Trigger Cancers5.Early discovery of breast cancer may________________.6.Advantages of screening women under 50are________________.7.Delaying the age at which screening startsmay________________.8.Radiation exposure should be ________________.A be costlyB harmfulC save a lifeD still open to debateE reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancerF reduced to the minimum答案与题解：1.A A说的是：用X射线检查可能对年轻女人不好。
2020职称英语真题及答案-综合类A概括大意
2020职称英语真题及答案-综合类A概括大意第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23——30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23——26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2——5 段每段选择1个标题；（2）第27——30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个选项。
Tunguska Event1 A hundred years ago this week, a gigantic explosion ripped (撕裂) open the day y above a forest in western Siberia, leaving a scientific riddle that endures to this day.2 A dazzling light pierced the heavens,followed by a shock wave as strong as 1,000 atomic bombs. The explosion flattened 80 million trees across an area of 2,000 square kilometers. The fireball was so great that, a day later, Londoners could read their newspapers under the night sky. What caused the so-called Tunguska Event, named after the nearby Podkamennaya Tunguska river, still remains a mystery.3 Experts suspect it was a rock that, after traveling in space for millions of years, was destined to crash to Earthat exactly 7：17 a.m. on June 30, 1908. This possibility worries scienti sts.“Imagine an unspotted asteroid (小行星) hitting a significant chunk(块) of land ... and imagine if that area, unlike Tunguska, were populated,” the British science journal Nature commented recently.4 But no fragments of the “rock” have ever been found. Finding such evidence would be important, for it would increase our knowledge about the risk posed by dangerous NearEarth Objects (NEOs), say Italian researchers Luca Gasperini, Enrico Bonatti and Giuseppe Longo. When the next Tunguska NEO approaches, scientists will have to decide whether to try to deflect (使偏转) it or blow it up in space.5 However, several rival theories for the Tunguska Event exist. Wolfgang Kundt, a professor at Germany's Bonn University,believes the Tunguska Event was caused by a massive escape of 10 million tons of methane(甲烷)-rich gas from deep within earth's crust. Some people hold that the explosion was caused by an alien spaceship crash, or a black hole in the universe.23. Paragraph 2 C24. Paragraph 3 F25. Paragraph 4 E26. Paragraph 5 AA. Competing ExplanationsB. Unknown AttacksC. Mysterious ExplosionD. Star WarE. Importance of Finding EvidenceF. Explanation that Worries Scientists27. The gigantic explosion that occurred a hundred years ago A28. The shock wave which followed the dazzling light D29. The hypothesis that the explosion was caused by a rock colliding with the Earth B30. Wolfgang Kundt, who has developed an alternative theory CA. has remained a puzzleB. lacks sufficient evidenceC. is a university professorD. was generated by the explosionE. will kill many animalsF. are attacked by aliens。
职称英语等级考试综合类概括大意练习
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way___________.
6. Many people prefer watching games to__________.
7. It is generally believed that those who work all the time
and do not know how to relax_______.
It doesn t matter whether we play a fast game of ping-pong， concentrate over the bridge table， or go walking through the woods on a brisk autumn afternoon. It is important for everyone to relax from time to time and enjoy some form of recreation.
C〕 Type of sports
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D〕 Fun of being spectators
4. To keep fit and enjoy life ， all of us must have____________.
5. Participating in door sports or outdoor sports is a good
职称英语综合类概括大意练习题
职称英语综合类概括大意练习题引导语：综合类概括大意试题，由培训网而成，谢谢您的阅读。
Geology and HealthThe importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past few decades， and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements such as iodine， zinc and selenium. For example， soils with low iodine contents produce crops， and animals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases.The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks， which weather into soil， gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively remove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached from rock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemistry and health of plants， animals and people.So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent ahealth risk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However， small children are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens. They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil.Heavy metals are persistent; they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment. Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning.In contrast， naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies and rehabilitation measures， despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations well above those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria.There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should concentrate on thepotential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.A. No evidence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soilB. Potential hazards of human contaminated soilsC. Research on channels of heavy metals getting into human food chainD. Geology and health problemsE. Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollutionF. Long- term helth effects on children1. Paragraph 12. Paragraph 33. Paragraph 44. Paragraph 6A. industrially polluted soilsB. rock and soil chemistryC. naturally polluted soilsD. the pathways of metals into the food chainE. the element of iodineF. the persistence of heavy metals5. Some serious diseases is connected with deficiency of ……6. It is extremely necessary to study the long-term effects caused by living on ……7. Geologists are indispensable in the research project on geology and health due to their knowledge on……8. Industrially contaminated sites usually require a thorough clean-up due to ……练习题二The Open University in Britain1 In 1963 the leader of the Labour Party made a speech explaining plans for a “ university of the air”-an educational system which would make use of television，radio and correspondence courses. Many people laughed at the idea， but it became part of the Labour Party s programme to give educational opportunity to those people who， for one reason or another， had not had a chance to receive further education.2 By 1969 plans were well advanced and by August 1970 the Open University， as it is now called， had received 400，000 applications. Only 25，000 could be aepted for the four “foundation” courses offered： social sciences，arts， science and mathematics. Unsuessful candidates were told to apply again the following year， when a foundation course in technology would also be offered.3 The first teaching programmes appeared on the air and screen in January 1971， with clerks， farm workers，housewives， teachers， policemen and many others as students. Correspondence units had been carefully prepared and science students were given devices for a small home laboratory. Study centers have been set up all over thecountry so that students can attend once a week， and once a year they will spend a week at one of the university s summer schools.。
2020年职称英语《综合类》概括大意与完成句子训练2
2020年职称英语《综合类》概括大意与完成句子训练22020职称英语《综合类》概括大意与完成句子训练2阅读下面的短文，每篇短文后的练习分两部分，第一部分要求从所给的选项里选出所标段落的段落标题；第二部分要求根据文章的内容用所给的选项来完成句子。
Transport and TradeTransport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase intrade.Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand,for instance.Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and bigbusiness,drawing supplies from,and selling goods to,all parts of the globe.Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes.Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes.Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.Transport also prevents waste.Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns.Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally.Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year.Transport has raised the standard of living.By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,as,for example,through electric cables,transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another.The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably becarried.Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information.Means of communication,like telephones,cables and radio,send information about prices,supplies,and changing conditions in different parts of the world.In this way,advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.练习：1、Paragraph 2 ____2、Paragraph 3 ____3、Paragraph 4 ____4、Paragraph 5 ____A.Higher living standardB.Importance of transport in tradeC.Various means of transportD.Birth of transport-related industries and tradeE.Role of information in tradeF.Public transportation5、The development of modern means of transport ____.6.Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly ____.7、Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want ____.8、In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as ____.A.to send goods to various parts of the worldB.at any time during the yearC.has greatly promoted tradeD.is it possible to produce on a large scaleE.the transport of goodsF.it is possible to produce on a large scale答案：BADECDBE词汇：aid /eid/ n.协助，援助 plentiful /'plentiful/ adj.充裕的，丰富的 scarce /skeos/ adj.匮乏的，缺少的 canal /fe'nael/ n.运河 suburbs /'sAbsbz/ 作？郊区 deliver /di'liva/ v.送（货）port /po：t/ n.港口 cable /丨keibl/队电缆 commerce /'komss/ n.商业注释：add to：增添，增加on a small scale：小规模地。
2020年职称英语真题及答案综合类C概括大意
2020年职称英语真题及答案综合类C概括大意第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23——30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23——26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2——5 段每段选择1个标题；（2）第27——30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个选项。
Feed the World with Potatoes1. As food prices continue to rise rapidly,there is growing concern about the effect it will have among the world’s poor.2. Increasingly, experts are looking to thepotato as a possible low-cost solution to feeding the hungry. To emphasize the issue, the United Nations has called the potato “a hidden treasure” and named 2008 the International Yearof the Potato. Here’s how potatoes could end the food crisis.3. The potato matures more quickly, on less land and in harsher climate than most other major crops. Up to 85 percent of the plant is eatable, compared with around 50 percent of cereals. Its broad adaptability to a wide variety of farming systems is also note worthy.4. Potatoes are an excellent source of complex carbohydrates, which is release their energy slowly, and have only 5 percent of wheat’ s fat content. They contain only a quarter of the calories of bread and,according to the Potato Center, when boiled, potatoes have more protein and nearly twice the calcium as corn. Additionally, they are good source of vitamin C, iron, potassium（钾）and zinc(锌).5. The food and Agriculture Organization recently surveyed food price inflation in over 70 of the poor countries. Cereal price inflation was much higher and far more widespread than for potatoes. A significant factor behind the potato’ s affordability is the fact that unlike other agriculture products, the potato is not yet a global commodity, and has therefore not attracted speculative investors. Raw potatoes are heavy and carrot during transmit, so global trade has been show to take off. Also, potatoes are susceptible（易受影响的） to infection with disease, hindering(防碍) export. According to analysts’ estimates, less than 5 percent of potatoes are traded internationally, with prices driven primarily by local tastes instead of international demand.23. Paragraph 2__B___24. Paragraph 3__D___25. Paragraph 4__C___26. Paragraph 5__A___A. Potatoes’ Lower InflationB. Major Food CropsC. Healthy FoodD. Higher OutputE. Growing Importance of PotatoesF. High Price27. The potato is cheap because E28. The whole world is concerned about food prices because B29. Many peopleeat potatoes because C30. The potato isnot yet a global commodity because FA. it has remained a controversial issueB. they are rising rapidlyC. they are very nourishingD. nobody eats itE. its yield is highF. raw potatoes can decay easily during transit。
2020职称英语综合类B级真题(概括大意)
2020职称英语综合类B级真题（概括大意）第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)下面的短文后有两项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中未第2~5段每段选择1个标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个选项。
Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”1) The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary-school teaching (pupils aged 11~16), and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who say they would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. Thereport suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.2) The main drawback of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs, and this means that fewer and fewer young people decide to be teachers. Joanne Manners, 24 is a good example. “ I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher training course to become a maths teacher—but when I looked into the details, it became clear that teaching isn’t a very lucrative(赚钱的)job these days. I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, and so I decided not to become a teacher.”3) It’s not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school.A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachersas in the past. Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, anaccountant from London：” I think parents are to bla me. They should have stricter rules with their children at home andalso teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”4) “ It makes me feel so proud.” Says Brian Jones, who works in a secondary school in London. So what does he thinkthe government should do to encourage more people to become teachers?” “My view is that the government should reducethe burden of work on teachers. I find that I always have too much work to do.”5) The report is clear that the problem of teachershortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also suggests that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people. Another solution could be set a maximum number of hours per week that teachers can work, in order to reduce stress on teachers. “Hopefully,” the report concludes, “these solutions can improve the poor image of secondary teaching, and increase the number of young people who want to become teachers in the future.【题干】23. Paragraph 1__________24. Paragraph 2__________25. Paragraph 3__________26. Paragraph 4__________【选项】A. Students’ bad behavior and lack of disciplineB. Improvement of children behaviorC. Heavy workload on teachersD. The problem of low salaryE. A report on teacher shortageF. A nationwide publicity campaign【题干】27. More and more young people are held back from teaching____________.28. Parents are encouraged to back the teacher up when there are_________29. The government should reduce the workload on teachers to ease_________.30. The government should promote teaching as a career by advertising_________.【选项】A. Its benefitsB. Their childhood memories。
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2020年职称英语等级考试综合类概括大意练习(18) Volts from the Sky
Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago， many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon.
Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds， though processes are still not fully understood. Typically， positive charges build at the cloud top， while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning， the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the ground s surfaces， making it become positively charged. The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points.
A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes large enough， it breaks through the insulating barrier of air， and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning.
Lightning can occur within a cloud， between clouds， or between clouds and the ground. The first variety， intra-cloud lightning， is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to-ground lightning， making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges， is what we usually see. Lightning comes in several forms， including sheet， ribbon，and ball. Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet， hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds， they can shift
the lightning channel sideways， so it looks like a ribbon. The average lightning strike is more than 3 miles long and
can travel at a tenth of the speed of light. Ball lightning，the rarest and most mysterious form， derives its name from
the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point，moves horizontally， and lasts for several seconds.
Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat released in a lightning discharge. Temperatures near the discharge can
reach as high as 50，000°F within thousandths of a second. This sudden heating acts as an explosion， generating shock waves we hear as thunder.
About 2，000 thunderstorms are occurring in the world at any time， generating about 100 light
ing strikes every second， or 8 million daily. Within the United States， lightning strikes are estimated at 20 million a year， or about 22，000 per day. You have a 1-in-600，000 chance of bring struck by lightning during your lifetime. Lightning can strike twice or more in the same spot. The Empire State Building in New York is struck by lightning
about two dozen times annually.
You can measure how far you are from a lightning strike
by counting the seconds between viewing the flash and hearing the bang， and then dividing by five. This approximates the mileage.
练习：1-4题的要求是，从第一个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项为注明的段落各配一个合适的小标题。
5-8题的要求是，从第二个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项完成
每个句子。
1. Paragraphs 2 and 3
2. Paragraph 4
3. Paragraph 5
4. Paragraph 6
A Cloud-to-ground lightning occurring in the U.S.
B Types of lightning
C Cause of lightning
D Differences between thunder and thunderstorm
E Frequencies of thunderstorms occurring in the world and the U.S.
F Shock waves as thunder
5. In most cases of cloud-to-ground lightning， the ground s surface …
6. One form of lightning that … is ball lightning …
7. Cloud lightning looks like a ribbon when its lighting chann el …
8. Although not fully understanding processes of lightning，man …
A occurs most infrequently.
B is shifted sideways by strong winds.
C is often hidden from our view.
D is equipped with a good knowledge of various forms of lightning .。