2015中国科技大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练
中科院考博英语真题阅读理解精练2
中科院考博英语真题阅读理解精练Police fired tear gas and arrested more than3,000passively resisting protestors Friday in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United States.More than 123,000demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of a1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southern New anizers of the huge demonstration said,the protest was continuing despite the police actions.More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on state authorities to cancel the project.The demonstrator had charged that the project was unsafe in the densely populated area,would create thermal pollution in the bay,and had no acceptable means for disposing of its radioactive wasters.The demonstrations would go on until the jails and the courts were so overloaded that the state judicial system would collapse.Governor Stanforth Thumper insisted that there would be no reconsideration of the power project and no delay in its construction set for completion in three years."This project will begin on time and the people of this state will begin to receive its benefits on schedule.Those who break the law in misguided attempts to sabotage the project will be dealt with according to the law,"he said.And police called in reinforcements from all over the state to handle the disturbances.The protests began before dawn Friday when several thousanddemonstrators broke through police lines around the cordoned-off construction site.They carried placards that read"No Nukes is Good Nukes,""Sunpower,Not Nuclear Power,"and"Stop Private Profits from Public Peril."They defied police order to move from the area.Tear gas canisters fired by police failed to dislodge the protestors who had come prepared with their own gas masks or facecloths.Finally gas-masked and helmeted police charged into the crowd to drag off the demonstrators one by one.The protestors did not resist police,but refused to walk away under their own power.Those arrested would be charged with unlawful assembly,trespassing,and disturbing the peace.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.What were the demonstrators protesting about?[A]Private profits.[B]Nuclear Power Station.[C]The project of nuclear power construction.[D]Public peril.2.Who had gas-masks?[A]Everybody.[B]A part of the protestors.[C]Policemen.[D]Both B and C.3.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for thedemonstration?[A]Public transportation.[B]Public peril.[C]Pollution.[D]Disposal of wastes.4.With whom were the jails and courts overloaded?[A]With prisoners.[B]With arrested demonstrators.[C]With criminals.[D]With protestors.5.What is the attitude of Governor Stanforth Thumper toward the power project and the demonstration?[A]stubborn.[B]insistent.[C]insolvable.[D]remissible.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2015年考博英语真题应用
2015年考博英语真题应用真题应用很关键考博英语对于很多考生来说，是困扰他们的一大难关。
从每年英语没过线的考生人数就可以看出，英语复习必须全力以赴，容不得半点侥幸心理，只有付出才有收获。
全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八.2015考博交流群：一零五六一九八二零，联系我们扣扣：二四七八七四八零五四或者四九三三七一六二六。
首先，词汇是基础。
词汇是英语的基石，但是我们都知道词汇的记忆是一项很枯燥的工作，因为它要的是真功夫。
关于词汇的学习根据每个人的不同情况会有不同的方法，常见的背诵单词书、做真题记单词。
关于第一种背诵方法有两点建议：在整块背诵的基础上注意零余时间的利用，比如随身携带一本小的单词书，只要有时间就拿出来看看;关于词汇书的选择，推荐西北大学出版的《考博词汇红宝书》和《考博英语词汇速记宝典》，在记单词的过程中，把不认识的单词标记出来，并且，重新抄写到一张新的纸上，一天记一个单元或者两个单元，就有新的一张或两张纸的陌生词汇被整理出来，然后，重点记忆这些陌生词汇，效率更高。
关于第二种的背诵方法，也是得到很多同学推崇的，做真题记单词，通过语境来记忆，就是从阅读中把单词挑出来背，做一篇阅读要把时间控制在15分钟以内，做完了要花大概45分钟去弄懂，光做不研究是没有效果的。
而且要切记，词汇记忆是每天的必修课。
再说，阅读。
阅读是大头，是做好其他一切题型的基础和前提。
而且不能只是做，一定要分析每一道题，你做对了，为什么做对了?做错了，为什么错?命题的思路是什么，一定要研究透彻。
特别推崇书上说的要读文章，大声的读以培养语感，以及更深刻的理解每一篇文章，读的时候会发现看的时候没有注意到的问题，当然又一次的温习了单词。
也可以把阅读中自己感觉比较好的句型记在小本子上，为以后的写作做好积累。
一般到了九月就可以做十年真题了。
考博英语最宝贵最权威的资料就是十年真题，它有自己的出题套路，反复做反复咀嚼就能培养题感。
阅读到最后，真题都特别熟了，可以做点模拟题，测下自己的水平。
中科院考博英语真题
..... *-' ' --w
__
11
'h.
I
I fII.
~
A..i....
I
'
8.1f
b q !Ill
tIIIiIIIt
•
..
IS.Ac
16. ne ..
...........
A.diIIIr
I
A. ........
......
---,~
......
_liliiii b t ' ... 10
fII. ..
j •
.a
'I''''''' ..................
CMI
23 A...". 24 A. , F
2f,.A.6IJJI6J
'
B~ .. B :::-::,
8. 8. .....
'J
I
C i t ..
c...., c.s , 'I
C. wiIIo
"'.
B.wn
8. ....
c. ......... c. .....
A. margin
B. _
1. There is always alemplalioo 10 c:ut not usually worth it.
C. colllDlissino D. ded,'CIioD when)'Ou are pushed for lime, but it is
A. borders B. c:omers C. edges D. paIbs 8. The Association of Univenity TeaclJen c1aims that taxpayers' money, for basic resean:b, is beiug used 10 prop up industrial and <>Ih« applied ~
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
中国科学技术大学考博英语题型分析
2015中国科学技术大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、中国科学技术大学考博英语题型Part1:听力15分30分钟15题Part2：词汇和结构15分25分钟section A20个单选，每题0.5分section B挑错10题每题0.5分Part3：完形填空15分钟、15小题、15分Part4：阅读理解30分一个小时6篇30个小题Part5：翻译25分钟10分汉译英1个句子Part6：写作15分35分钟三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
2015年清华大学考博英语阅读真题模拟(3)-育明考博
2015年清华大学考博英语阅读真题模拟（3）Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large.The same problem,on a smaller scale,faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs.There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institution, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back,he does not have to go to the company wiht whom he originally placed it.Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker(证券经纪人)to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function.All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government,local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending,and they,too,come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her emplorers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）Almost all companies involved in new production and development must _____.[ANSWER]A)rely in their own financial resourses.B)persuade the banks to provide long-term finance.C)borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know.D)depend on the population as a whole for finance.The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is _____.[ANSWER]A)repaid to its original owners as soon as possible.B)raised by the selling of shares in the companies.C)exchanged for part ownership in The Stock Exchange.D)invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange.when the savers want their money back they _____.[ANSWER]A)ask another company to obtain their money for them.B)look for other people to borrow money from.C)put their shares in the company back on the market.D)transfer their money to a more successful company.All the essential services on which we depend are _____.[ANSWER]A)run by the Government or our local authorities.B)in constant need of financial support.C)financed wholly by rates and taxes.D)unable to provide for the needs of the population.The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government,local authorities and nationlized industries _____.[ANSWER]A)to borrow as much money as they wish.B)to make certain everybody saves money.C)to raise money to finance new developments.D)to make certain everybody lends money to them.Passage 2The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness thanusual in England. Only a few months before,Richard II weak,wicked,and treacherous--had been deposed(废黜),and Herry IV declared king in his stead.But it was only a seeming peacefulness,lasting for but a little while;for though King Herry proved himself a just and a merciful man--as hustice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days--and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly,there were many noble families who had been benifited by King Richard during his reign,and who had lost some what of their power and prestige from the coming in of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and eatates,from which degradation King Richard had lifted them.They planned to fall upon King herry and his followers and to massacre(屠杀)them during a great tournament(中世纪之马上比武大会) which was being held at Oxford.And they might have succeeded had not one of their own members betrayed them.But Herry did not appear at the lists;whereupon,knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants,the conspirators marched there against him.In the meantime,the king had been warned of the plot,so that instead of finding him in the royal castle,they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London,and that he was marching against them at the head of a considerable army.So nothing was left but flight.One and another,they were all caught and some killed.Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.What does the author seem to think of King Herry?[ANSWER]A)He was the best king England had ever had.B)He was unfair and cowardly.C)He was just as evil as King Richard.D)He was a better ruler than King Richard.How did King Herry find out about the plot?[ANSWER]A)His scouts discovered it.B)He saw the conspirators coming.C)One of the conspirators told him.D)He found a copy of the conspirators'plan.How did the conspirators find out that Herry was in London?[ANSWER]A)They saw him leave windsor.B)Herry's attendants told them.C)They saw him at the tournament.D)Their scouts told them.Why did the nobles wish to kill Herry?[ANSWER]A)Herry had taken away power given to them by Richard.B)Herry was weak,wicked,and treacherous.C)Herry had needlessly killed members of their families.D)Herry had killed King Richard.It can be inferred that Richard II's reign was _____.[ANSWER]A)peacefulB)corruptC)democraticD)illegalPassage 3The ballad and the fork song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement by almost everyone else.Neither fork songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America.But in their devotion to these modes of expression, the peoplemade them their own. The dime novel, intersted as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator (共同点，标准): themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped(定型的). Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the fork song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true "proletarian" literature, that is, a literature written for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the Amerian tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have minded so many obscure lodes of Amerian literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind.Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly decoured (贪婪地阅读) by soldiers, lumberjacks (伐木工人), trainmen, hired girl, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable even for the historian, much as the socialandhistorical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids (小刊，小报), I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to _____.[ANSWER]A)explore a segment of Amerian society.B)Promote the Amerian political philosophy.C)raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of people.D)make money.The "lowest common denominator" refers to _____.[ANSWER]A)the poorer classes.B)themes ans attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of people.C)attitudes accepted by the Amerian intellectuals.D)the character of the authors of the dime novel."Proletarian" literature is _____.[ANSWER]A)written for and read by the great masses of people.B)distinguished by its devotion to pornography.C)distinguished by its elegant style.D)written for,but not actually read by,most people.The author believes that a study of our dime novels _____.[ANSWER]A)is a waste of time.B)would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of the American tradition.C)would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of the American tradition.D)would be amusing but unimportant.Which of the followingis implied in the passage?[ANSWER]A)The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.B)The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.C)The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understand the attitudes and interests of the common people.D)Because the themes in the dime novels were not good,they could no longer be legally distributed.Passage 4There are two methods of fighting, the one by law,the other by force; the first method is that of men,the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient,one must have recourse to the second.It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable(寓言) of this semi-animal,semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures. and that the without the other is not durable.A prince,being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps. and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not underdtand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be agaist his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wish to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and sho how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have secceeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well,and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceiced.The writer does not believe that _____.[ANSWER]A)the truth makes men free.B)people can protect themselves.C)princes are human.D)leaders have to be consistent."Prince" in the passage designates _____.[ANSWER]A)anyone in power.B)elected officials.C)aristocrats.D)sons of kings.The lion represents those who are _____.[ANSWER]A)too trusting.B)reliant on force.C)strong and powerful.D)lacking in intelligence.The fox,in the passage,is _____.[ANSWER]A)admired for his trickery.B)no match for the lion.C)pitied for his wiles.D)considered worthless.The writer suggests that a successful leader must _____.[ANSWER]A)be prudent and faithful.B)cheat and lie.C)have principle to guide his actions.D)follow the truth.Passage 5These is a new type of advitisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns.It is sometimes placed among"situations vacant",although it doesn't offer anyone job,and sometimes it appears "situations wanted",although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either.What is does is to offer help in applying for a job."Contact us before writing your application", or "Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae (工作简历) or job history", is how it is usually expressed.The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is,of course,a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae(or job histor),with the suggestion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekersimply wrote letters of application." Just put down your name,address,age and whether you have passed any exams", was about the average lavel of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school.The letter was really just foropeners, it was explained,everything else could and should be saved for the interview.And in thosedays of full employment the technique worked.The letter proved that you could write and were available for work.Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder,something slightly more sophisticated was called for.The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest.It might be the aggressive approach. "Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for," was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.Or it might be some apecial feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt,however,that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns _____.[ANSWER]A)informs job hunters of the opportunities available.B)promises useful advice to those looking for employment.C)divides available jobs into various types.D)informs employers that people are available for work.Nowadays a demand for this spacialized type of service has been created because _____.[ANSWER]A)there is a lack of jobs available for artistic people.B)there are so many top-level job available.C)there are so many people out of work.D)the job history si considered to be a work of art.In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.[ANSWER]A)write a initial letter giving their life history.B)pass some exams before applying for a job.C)have no qualifications other than being able to read and write.D)keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview.Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs,one was advised to include in the letter _____.[ANSWER]A)something that would attract attention to one's application.B)a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to join.C)something that would offend the person reading it.D)a lie that one could easily get away with telling.The job history has become such an important document because _____.[ANSWER]A)there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertised.B)there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degrees.C)jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadays.D)the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicated.Passage 6The accuracy fo scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods.For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that given promise of more precise timekeeping.In their search for precision,scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking"(滴答滴答地响).This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration.The nitrogen atom in ammonia,for example,vitrates or "ticks" 24 billion time a second.One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probably lose no more than a second in 3000 years.It will be of great importance in fields such as astrological observation and long-range navigation.The heart of this Atomichron is a cesium(铯) atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of bioling water.An atomic colck that operates with an ammonia molecule may be used to check the accuray of the predictions based on Einstein's relativety theories,according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently.Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at the speed of 18000 miles an hour,the clock could broadcast its time readings to ground station,where they could be compared with a readings on a similar model.Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differe nces predicted.The selection say that the accuray of scientific observation depends on _____.[ANSWER]A)methods of measurement.B)timekeeping methods.C)basic assumptions.D)earlier experiments.Atomic clocks differ according to _____.[ANSWER]A)function.B)type of molecule or atom used.C)rate of vibration.D)both B and C.From the selection,we may assume that temperature changes _____.[ANSWER]A)affect only ammonia molecules.B)may affect the vibration rate of atoms.C)affect the speed at which the atoms travel.D)do not affect atoms in any way.Identical atomic clocks may be used to check _____.[ANSWER]A)the effect of outer space on an atomic clock.B)the actual speed of an orbting satellite.C)the accuracy of predicitons based on theories of relativity.D)all of Einstein's theories.Implied but not stated: _____.[ANSWER]A)Precise timekeeping is essential in science.B)Scientists expect to disprove einstein's relativity theories.C)Atomic clocks will be important in space flight.D)The rate of vibration of an atom never varies.An appropriate title for this selectiom would be _____.[ANSWER]A)A Peacetime Use of the Atom.B)Atoms and Molecules.C)The Satellite Timekeepers.D)The Role of the Clock.答案及解析请请咨询育明考博 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2015年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案解析
目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (29)本试题含阅读文章大意分析，听力含答案解析，有听力原文。
医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
(完整word版)2015年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按”考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2。
试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（PaperTwo）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3。
试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑：如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4。
标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5。
听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said，The question will be read only once, After you hear the question，read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D。
Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example。
You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read。
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
中国科学技术大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Computer programmers often remark that computing machines,witha perfect lack of discrimination,will do any foolish thing they aretold to do.The reason for this lies,of course,in the narrow fixationof the computing machine’s“intelligence”on the details of itsown perceptions—its inability to be guided by any large context.In a psychological description of the computer intelligence,threerelated adjectives come to mind:single-minded,literal-minded,andsimple-minded.Recognizing this,we should at the same time recognizethat this single-mindedness,literal-mindedness,and Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi simple-mindedness alsocharacterizes theoretical mathematics,though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality,even the most precisesciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understoodapproximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriateskepticism.Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock tomathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for thehydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation takingaccount of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects;and thatthis corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation toan infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.Physicists,looking at the original Schrodinger equation,learn to sense in itthe presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible,and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation.This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations.Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally.Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined,and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately,but perhaps inappropriately.In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences.The mathematicians turn the scientists’theoretical assumptions that is,their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms,and then take these axioms literally.This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally.The question,central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context—what happens if the axioms are relaxed?—is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.1.The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraphprimarily in order to do which of the following?[A]Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.[B]Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.[C]Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.[D]Provide one definition of intelligence.2.It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?[A]The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.[B]The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.[C]The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.[D]The premises on which the arguments are based may change.3.According to the text,mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?[A]Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.[B]Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.[C]Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoreticalassumptions are facts.[D]Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.4.The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?[A]Practical for scientific purposes.[B]Detrimental to scientific progress.[C]Unimportant in most situations.[D]Expedient,but of little long-term value.5.The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that[A]mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.[B]changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.[C]well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.[D]some factors in most situations must remain unknown.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道写作手法题。
中科院考博士英语试题
PART ? STRUCTURE&VOCA BULA RY ( 25minutes,15points)sectionA( 0.5 point eath)direction: choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no__________ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to __________regret.A. teemB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a _______future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only_________necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20. A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand of express the emotion that it _________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21.______________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10minutes or until most of the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ___________,or claim relief against the first 15%of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them .A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over23.I am to inform you ,that you may ,if you wish , attend the inquiry ,and at the inspectors di scretion state your case _________or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being___________,”being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the 1stgrade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants ________ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A. break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _________ all other sounds.A. dwarfedB. diminishedC. drownedD. relative28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not _________ and should be avoided if possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the ____________ of investigations.A. caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30. Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for pe ace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A. precedeB. recedeC. concedeD. intercede31.Such an _________act of hostility can only lead to war.A. overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._________ both in working life and everyday living to different setsof values, and expectations places a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33. It would then be replaced by interim government, which would _______ __be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turn B. in practice D. in haste34. Haven’t I told you I don’t want you keeping ____________ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were qui te simply _________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of Section B (0.5 point each)Directions : in each of the following sentences there are four parts und erlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is i ncorrectly used. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice by drawinga single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36. The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goods he isA B C Dselling.37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, drug-related crimes that have nothingA B Cdoing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38. A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by Mary are on displayA B Cat the museum.D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40. Capital inflows will also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, make it moreA B Cdifficult to sell U.S. exports.D41. It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as the ever-increased worldA B Cpopulation, have been caused by technological adcance.D42. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revengeA B Cas subfected to uncivilized behavior.D43. While experts in basic science are important, skilled talents shouldbe the overriding majorityA B Csince they are at heavy demand in the market.D44.Retailers offered deep discounts and extra hours this weekend in thebid to lure shoppers.A B C D45.The amendments of the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have en hanced protection ofA Bintellectual property rights and made them conform to WTO rules.C DPART3 CLOZE TEST (15minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase mark ed A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding l etter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have und ergone change, One of the more obvious ___46____ has occurred in the rol es that women 47 . Women have moved into the world of work and have beco me adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it all,”they often endoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As women’s roles have changed, changing expectations about me n’s roles have become more 52 . Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men’s roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Menare increasingly 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about he emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has ch anged over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emo tional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the “emotion work”58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 b oth partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and e ncourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which m en’s and women’s roles are becoming increasingly more 60 .46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. play D. show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C. why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageablePART 4 REA DING COMPREHENSION (60minutes, 30 points) Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some ques tions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and th en select the choice that best answers the question or completes the sta tement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, durin g the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheelrer. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registe red a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant, a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Compa ny, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Coca o fficials like to point our, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and Fra nce unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he ca lled Coca-Coca. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had ta ken our the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other o ils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his glowing bookkeeper’s script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola”was written in the fa shion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less asa refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose heada che could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886,one such victim of the night before dragged hi mself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a doolop of Cola-Cola. Dru ggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water,but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh- water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up al most at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.64. What dose the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A. He was highly respected by AtlantansB. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton’s Company?A. Skills to make French wineB. Talent for drawing picturesC. An acute sense of smell.D. Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes’sB. He brought a quite profitable product into being.C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________A. used beer bottles were chosen as containersB. the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC. it was blended with oils instead of waterD. Cola nut extract was added to taste65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for ________A. the young as a soft drinkB. a replacement of French Wine CocaC. the relief of a hangoverD. a cure for the common headache66. The last paragraph mainly tells___________A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB. a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cureC. the mediocre service of the drugstoreD. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage 2Between 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press”proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what am ounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advert ising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the c ommon citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business communi ty, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon p olitical party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handing of the news and opinion fu nctions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic a dvances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; hu man interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stor ies were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modi fied. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A populari zed style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny pa per became a respectable publication that offered s ignificant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the h igher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had rea ched.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sun in 1833. The sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison;but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest featuresto important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newsp apers combined when the sun first appeared. In those same four years Jam es Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day’s success founded the Philadel phia Public ledger (1836) and the Baltimore sun (1837).The four penny sh eets all became famed newspapers.67. What does the first paragraph say about the “penny press?”A. It was known for its in-depth news reportingB. It had an involvement with some political parties.C. It depended on the business community for survival.D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.68. In its early days, a penny paper often ___________--A. paid much attention to political issuesB. provided stories that hit the public tasteC. offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD. covered important news with inaccuracy69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper_________ ___A. improved its contentB. changed its writing styleC. developed a more sensational styleD. became a tool for political parries70. The underlined word “ventures”in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by ___________A. editorsB. reportersC. newspapersD. companies71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore sun.?A. They turned out to be failures.B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72. This passage is probably taken from a book on ___________A. the work ethics of the American mediaB. the techniques in news reportingC. the history of sensationalism in A merican mediaD. the impact of mass media on A merican societyPassage 3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one’s own. The writer she had in mind wasn’t at work on a novel in cybers pace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of t rancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark A merika—his legally adopted name; don’t ask him about his b irth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn’t just a story. It’s an online narrative () that uses the c apabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicate knots. In the four year it took to produce—it was completed in 199 7—each new advance in computer software became anther potential story d evice. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,”jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That’s unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the ‘technology’is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi—mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual “city”in cyberspace w hare visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic, The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron’s 1,000-puls text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reachthe next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a t rapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and th ere’s a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense thestory you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot,”he says. Some avant-garde writers—Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino—have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author’s control. “But what makes the Net so exciting, “says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, ran domly generated links, 3-D modeling, animaion.”That room of one’s ownis turning into a fun house.73. The passage is mainly to tell __________________.A. differences between conventional and modern novelsB. how Mark A merika composed his novel GrammatronC. common features of all modern electronic novelsD. why Mark A merika took on a new way of writing74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processorD.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it______________.A. provides potentials for the story developmentB. is one of the novels atC. can be downloaded free of chargeD. boasts of the best among cyber stories76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark A merika meant that _________.A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and thers in Industrial RevolutionB. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD. he couldn’t care less about new advance in computer software77. As the passage shows , Grammatron makes it possible for readers to _____________-A. adapt the story for a video versionB. “walk in”the story and interact with itC. develop the plots within the author’s controlD. steal the show and become the main character78. A merika told his students not to ____________A.immerse themselves only in creating the plotB. be captivated by the plot alone while readingC. be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD. let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage 4In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smaller boy out of a Liberpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away fromhis mother, who was shopping , and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroas track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, s mearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before heaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train.The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went of to watch cartoons.Today the boys are18-year-ole men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release--probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sils decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For ht e rest of their lives, Venable sands Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts of the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S, which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We’re clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,”says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in theU.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts ,which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim’s family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?”asks Bulger’s mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables of Thompson move in next door. Says conserbative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins;”It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a completely new life.”79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in playB. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson___________A. hav been treated as juvenile delinquentsB. have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC. were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD. have already served out their 10 years in prison81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would____A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB. be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC. still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD. be inclined to commit a recurring crime82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, thetwo adults will be __________A. banned from any kind of press interviewB. kept under constant surveillance by policeC. shielded from being identified an killersD. ordered to report to police their whereabouts83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or T hompson would________.A. have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB. serve a life imprisonment for the crimeC. be forbidden to join many of his relativesD. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U>S>84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that ________________A. it is controversial as it goes without precedentB. the British media are sure to do the contraryC. Bulger’s family would enter all appeal against itD. Conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage 5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor’s office? The silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology co mpanies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits “between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 emplo yees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won’t have to skip workto tend to minor ailments of to follow up on chronic conditions. “With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your h ometown can be a big chunk of time, “says Cindy Conway, benefits direc tor at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren’t clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they sp end enough unpaid time ton the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a pa tient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the r esearch firm Cyber Dialogue.”We are not stupid,”says Stirling Somers, executive of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting jpai d is a critical piece in getting this to work.”In the pilot program, p hysicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get fora simple office visit.Doctors also fear they’ll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell ever ything but what’s needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will u se technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif.-based start-up. Healinx’s “Smart Symptom Wizard”questions patients and turns answers i nto a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common c onditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor’s office? Many conditions, such as persis tent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what’s wrong—and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor’s gr oups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor’s visits offer a “very narrow”sliver of service between hone calls to an advice nurse an a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine wh ether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset thecost of the service. So far, the Internet’s record in the health fieldhas been underwhelming. The experiment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx,”notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits”succeed, expect some HMOs(Heal th Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, empl oyers, and patients aren’t satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85. the Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the pu rpose of ___________A. rewarding their employeesB. gratifying the local hospitalsC. boosting worker productivityD. testing a sophisticated technology86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors’visits?A. They are a quite promising business.B. They are funded by the local government.C. They are welcomed by all the patientsD. They are very much under experimentation.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2015中国科技大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war?War is an ancient institution，which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish，but in the past human race managed to live with it.Modern ingenuity has changed this.Either man will abolish war，or war will abolish man.For the present，it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger，but bacteriological or chemical weapons may，before long，offer an even greater threat.If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons，our work will not be done.It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war.To do this，we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way，not as contests of force，in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people，but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law.It is not easy to change very old mental habits，but this is what must be attempted.
There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war.I believe this to be a big error.All ideologies are based upon dogmatic statements that are，at best，doubtful，and at worst，totally false.Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.
The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome.It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided.Of course very difficult problems remain
in the world，but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago.It has begun to be thought，even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die，that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory.It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries，but between man and the atom bomb.
（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）
1.This passage implies that war is now___.
A.worse than in the past.
B.as bad as in the past
C.not so dangerous as in the past
D.as necessary as in the past
2.In the sentence“To do this，we need to persuade mankind”(Para1)，“this”refers to___.
A.abolish war
B.improve weapons
C.solve international problems
D.live a peaceful life
3.From Paragraph2we learn that the author of the passage___.
A.is an adherent of some modern ideologies.
B.does not think that adoption of any ideology could prevent war.
C.believe that the adoption of some ideology could prevent war.
D.does not doubt the truth of any ideologies.
4.According to the author，___.
A.war is the only way to solve international disputes.
B.war will be less dangerous because of the improvement of weapons.
C.it is impossible for the people to live without war.
D.war must be abolished if man wants to survive.
5.The last paragraph suggests that___.
A.international agreements can be reached more easily now.
B.man begins to realize the danger of nuclear war.
C.nuclear war will definitely not take place.
D.world opinion welcomes nuclear war
答案：AABDB
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。