2020年考博英语模拟试题：阅读练习(3)
考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷113.doc
考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷113(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)The close relationship between poetry and music scarcely needs to be argued. Both are aural modes which employ rhythm, rime, and pitch as major devices; to these the one adds linguistic meaning, connotation, and various traditional figures, and the other can add, at least in theory, all of these plus harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration techniques. In English the two are closely bound historically. Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry seems certainly to have been read or chanted to a harpist's accompaniment; the verb used in Beowulf for such a performance, the Finn episode, is singan, to sing, and the noun gyd, song. A major source of the lyric tradition in English poetry is the songs of the troubadours. The distance between the gyd in Beowulf and the songs of Leonard Cohen or Bob Dylan may seem great, but is one of time rather than aesthetics. The lyric poem as a literary work and the lyrics of a popular song are both still essentially the same thing: poetry. Whether the title of the work be "Gerontion", or "Hound Dog", our criteria for evaluating the work must remain the same. The most important prerequisite for both a significant poem and significant lyrics in a popular song is that the writer be faithful to his own personal vision or to the vision of the poem he is writing. Skill and craft for writing poetry are indeed necessary because these are the only means by which a poet can preserve the integrity of this vision in the poem. A poet must not, either because of lack of skill or because of worship of popularity, wealth, or critical acclaim, go outside of his own or his own poem's vision —on pain of writing only the derivative or the trivial. Historically, the writers and singers of the lyrics of popular songs have seemed often to be incapable of personal vision, and to have confused both originality and morality with a servile compliance to popular taste.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the relationship between poetry and music______.（分数：2.00）A.is a debatable topicB.can be made but in a limited wayC.is indisputable if you analyse historyD.needs to be acknowledged more by poets(2).The author cites Beowulf in order to show that______.（分数：2.00）A.the distance between song and poetry is not so greatB.a song like Beowulf can sound like a poemC.English poetry is highly connected to songsD.songs generally evolve into poetry over time(3).Which of the following statements is true, according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The lyrics of a song are no different from the lyrics of poetry.B.Song lyrics and poetry must be treated analytically as the same.C.The differences between poetry and song lyrics have been overstated.D.It is the time not the aesthetics that is different in most poems and song lyrics.(4).A poem or a song can be significant when______.（分数：2.00）A.it is done by a faithful writerB.the writer has a personal vision of the poem or songC.it is written within the vision of the poem, song, poet or songwriterD.the writer is willing to go outside of the vision(5).In the text, the author focuses on______.（分数：2.00）A.the shared, most important evaluation criteria in songwriting and poetryB.the various ways songs and poems are similarC.the difference between good poetry and songs and mediocre onesD.how to evaluate a poem and a song's value from a lyrical standpointWhatever their chosen method, Americans bathe zealously. A study conducted found that we take an average of 4.5 baths and 7.5 showers each week and in the ranks of non-edible items purchased by store customers, bar soap ranks second, right after toilet paper. We spend more than $700 million annually on soaps, but all work the same way. Soap is composed of molecules that at one end attract water and at the other end attract oil and dirt, while repelling water. With a kind of pushing and pulling action, the soap loosens the bonds holding dirt to the skin. Unless you're using a germicidal soap, it usually doesn't kill the bacteria —soap simply removes bacteria along with dirt and oil. Neither baths nor showers are all that necessary and unless you're in a Third World country where infectious diseases are common, or you have open sores on your skin, the dirt and bacteria aren't going to hurt. The only reason for showering or bathing is to feel clean and refreshed. There is a physiological basis for this relaxed feeling. Your limbs become slightly buoyant in bathwater, which takes a load off muscles and tension. Moreover, if the water is hotter than normal body temperature, the body attempts to shed heat by expanding the blood vessels near the surface of the skin, lessening the circulatory system's resistance to blood flow, and dropping blood pressure gently. A bath is also the most effective way to hydrate the skin. The longer you soak, the more water gets into the skin and because soap lowers the surface tension of the water, it helps you hydrate rapidly and remove dry skin flakes. However, in a bath, all the dirt and grime and the soap in which it's suspended float on the surface. So when you stand up, it covers your body like a film. The real solution is to take a bath and then rinse off with a shower, however, after leaving a tub or freshly exposed skin becomes a playground for microbes. In two hours, you probably have as many bacteria on certain parts of the body, such as the armpits, as before the bath.（分数：10.00）(1).The statement "Americans bathe zealously"(Line 1, Para. 1)is closest to saying______.（分数：2.00）A.Americans bathe wastefullyB.Americans are rather ambivalent to bathingC.Americans bathe with intense enthusiasmD.Americans bathe too much(2).Which of the following is mentioned as one of the benefits of bathing?（分数：2.00）A.Dry skins flakes will disappear from the body once you get out of the bathtub.B.It kills bacteria better than showering.C.It reduces your blood circulation if it is nice and warm.D.The floating action can reduce the stress on your muscles.(3).According to the text, bathing removes dry skin flakes because______.（分数：2.00）A.the soap draw it off the bodyB.the skin hydratesC.the circulation of blood expands skin particlesD.the change in blood pressure releases the film(4).A bath will not kill the bacteria from your body even if______.（分数：2.00）A.you use a germicidal soape an anti-bacterial soapC.you use soap to scrub it vigorouslyD.you are under special treatment for it(5).We can infer from this text that the author believes______.（分数：2.00）A.the real benefits of bathing are psychological not hygienicB.bathing is superior to taking showerC.buying soap is a waste of moneyD.we do not need to bathe as much as we do currentlyVery soon, unimaginably powerful technologies will remake our lives. This could have dangerous consequences, especially because we may not even understand the basic science underlying them. There's a growing gap between our technological capability and our underlying scientific understanding. We can do very clever things with the technology of the future without necessarily understanding some of the science underneath, and that is very dangerous. The technologies that are particularly dangerous over the next hundred years are nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and biotechnology. The benefits they will bring are beyond doubt but they are potentially very dangerous. In the field of artificial intelligence there are prototype designs for something that might be 50,000 million times smarter than the human brain by the year 2010. The only thing not feasible in the film Terminator is that the people win. If you're fighting against technology that is that much smarter than you, you probably will not win. We've all heard of the grey goo problem that self-replicating nanotech devices might keep on replicating until the world has been reduced to sticky goo, and certainly in biotechnology, we've really got a big problem because it's converging with nanotechnology. Once you start mixing nanotech with organisms and you start feeding nanotech — enabled bacteria, we can go much further than the Borg in Star Trek, and those superhuman organisms might not like us very much. We are in a world now where science and commerce are increasingly bedfellows. The development of technology is happening in the context of global free trade regimes which see technological diffusion embedded with commerce as intrinsically a good. We should prepare for new and unfamiliar forms of argument around emerging technologies.（分数：10.00）(1).From the text, we know that the author's greatest worry is______.（分数：2.00）A.our lack of technological understanding of the process involvedB.our lack of technological capabilityC.creating technology without really understanding the issuesD.our refusal to face the consequences of the technology we create(2).It can be inferred from the text that the author______.（分数：2.00）A.thinks people overestimate the capabilities of technologyB.is not optimistic that artificial intelligence will always be used positivelyC.thinks that we should take science fiction movies more seriouslyD.believes artificial intelligence is the greatest threat we face technologically(3).Why does the author say it is not feasible in the film Terminator that the humans win?（分数：2.00）A.Because the power of the technology was exaggerated.B.Because the strength of the machines would be much greater.C.Because machines with that much intelligence would not allow it.D.Because even heroic humans would achieve nothing from such a battle.(4).The mixing of nanotech with organisms may______.（分数：2.00）A.produce dangerous viruses capable of killing many peopleB.produce creatures that are unfriendly to humansC.upset our balance of natureD.reduce the world to sticky glue(5).The author's attitude toward the emerging technologies is______.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.skepticalC.provocativeD.alarmistThe long, wet summer here in the northeastern U.S. notwithstanding, there's a world shortage of pure, fresh water. As demand for water hits the limits of finite supply, potential conflicts are brewing between nations that share transboundary freshwater reserves. Many people ask why wecannot simply take it from the sea, using our sophisticated technology of desalinization. But a good water supply must be hygienically safe and pleasant tasting and water containing salt would corrode machinery used in manufacturing in addition to producing chemical impurities. Since more than 95% of our water sits in the salty seas, man is left to face the reality that most water on the surface of the earth is not available for us. One very feasible way of sustaining our supply of freshwater is to protect the ecology of our mountains. Mountains and water go together, a fact to which Secretary General Kofi Annan has drawn attention more than once. From 30% to 60% of downstream fresh water in humid areas and up to 95% in arid and semi-arid environments are supplied by mountains. Without interference nature has its own way of purifying water — even though chlorination and filtration are still necessary as a precaution. In a mountainous area, aeration, due to turbulent flow and waterfalls, causes an exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the water. Agriculture, industry, hydroelectric generators and homes that need water to drink and for domestic use depend on these resources and, thus, we must protect mountainous areas as a means of survival.（分数：10.00）(1).The author of this text states that______.（分数：2.00）A.the problem of obtaining good drinking water has plagued man throughout timeB.palatability is synonymous with purity of waterC.most of the world's water is unusable as a water supplyD.man no longer depends on desalinization for his water supply(2).The author believes that industry avoids salt water because______.（分数：2.00）A.water is needed for livestockB.crops must be considered before man-made productsC.it is used in desalinization plantsD.it causes corrosion(3).Streams would purify themselves if not for______.（分数：2.00）A.human beingsB.natureC.chlorinationD.mountains(4).By saying that nature "has its own way of purifying water"(Line 5, Para. 3)the author is referring to______.（分数：2.00）A.aerationB.filtrationC.chlorinationD.absorption(5).The best title for this text is______.（分数：2.00）A.The Water Problem: The Dangers AheadB.The Water Supply Problem: Our OptionsC.The Mountains: Our Only Hope for WaterD.Water Conservation: The Challenges Ahead。
考博英语(阅读理解)历年真题试卷汇编3.doc
考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7 billion people. For better and worse, it's a milestone. And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected to be 8 billion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the world's poorer countries. Proportionally, Europe's population will decline, while Africa's will increase. At around the same time, India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth. The growing global population is just one side of the coin. A recent report from the World Health Organization signaled the seriousness of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people — about half the world's population — are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a large proportion, of the world's people been malnourished. And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, and population aging. As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and more countries are aging raging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over will be visible, whereas the number of children(persons under age 15)will decline slightly. Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challenges to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure. The latest national census in China shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped to more than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentage from the previous census in 2000. A quarter of the country's population will be over 65 by 2050, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission. The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle, we can't rely on the ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the nation's economic growth. Better solutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity and working capability of today's older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible. It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security spokesperson announced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously and proactively. Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the private sector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and 60 for women. Public servants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, India will______in 14 years.（分数：2.00）A.be a poorer countryB.be the most populous countryC.decline in populationD.increase investment in Africa(2).What problem will result from the global population explosion?（分数：2.00）A.Population aging.B.Increasing longevity.C.Declining fertility.D.Expanding malnourishment.(3).Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.rapid economic developmentB.challenge to public in institutionsC.success story of mankindD.changing age structure(4).Today's older adults enjoy______.（分数：2.00）A.more working yearsB.more accessible pension programsC.greater longevityD.greater government support(5).What is the author's attitude toward the spokespersons announcement?（分数：2.00）A.Angered.B.Delighted.C.Indifferent.D.Disappointed.The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalia's famine is over. But the official declaration means little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow. Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson College, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 —1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. That's at least partly because the Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects. Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening. Who gathered for the event, "Sound the Horn: Famine in the Horn of Africa. " Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti, where he has worked for decade, and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies. Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Monday's speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with today's instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given today's global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response. "In today's 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. We're no longer in a world of man against nature. " said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5. The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need. But the international community isn't blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didn't respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it. Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Monday's speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis. Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response fight, because the warning signs are pointing to animpending famine in Africa's Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert.（分数：10.00）(1).The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that______.（分数：2.00）A.it received less international aidB.worst effects came more slowlyC.it caught more attention from the worldD.it lasted longer despite help from the UN(2).In treating the malnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.making fair trade policiesB.aiding the patients' familiesC.ignoring the indication of povertyD.exercising agricultural interventions(3).What is implied by "We're no longer in a world of man against nature?"（分数：2.00）A.Natural disaster alone cannot explain famine.B.We live in a world of many man-made matters.C.The world is made up of conflicting social forces.D.Human beings fight with one another for better life.(4).Regarding the current famine in Somalia, who's to blame most?（分数：2.00）A.The United States.B.The Al-Shabaab militia.C.The United Nations FAO.D.The international community.(5).What problem still remains from the current Somali famine?（分数：2.00）A.The number of malnourished children remains unknown.B.Half of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance.C.Crops growing from recent rains were reaped before reaching maturity.D.Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatly reduced during the famine.Both versions of the myth — the West as a place of escape from society and the West as a stage on which the moral conflicts confronting society could be played out — figured prominently in the histories and essays of young Theodore Roosevelt, the paintings and sculptures of artist Frederic Remington, and the short stories and novels of writer Owen Wister. These three young members of the eastern establishment spent much time in the West in the 1880s, and each was intensely affected by the adventure. All three bed felt thwarted by the constraints and enervating influence of the genteel urban world in which they had grown up, and each went West to experience the physical challenges and moral simplicities extolled in the dime novels. When Roosevelt arrived in 1884 at the ranch he had purchased in the Dakota Badlands, he at once bought a leather scout's uniform, complete with fringed sleeves and leggings. Each man also found in the West precisely what he was looking for. The frontier that Roosevelt glorified in such books as The Winning of the West(four volumes, 1889-1896), mad that the prolific Remington portrayed in his work, was a stark physical and moral environment that stripped away all social artifice and tested an individual's true ability and character. Drawing on a popular version of English scientist Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory, which characterized life as a straggle in which only the fittest and hast survived, Roosevelt and Remington exalted the disappearing frontier as the last outpost of an honest and tree social order. This version of the frontier myth reached its apogee in Own Wister's enormously popular novels The Virginian(1902), later reincarnated as a 1929 Gary Cooper movie and a 1960s television series. In Wister's tale the elemental physical and social environment of the Great Plains produces individuals like his unnamed cowboy hero, " the Virginian," an honest, strong, and compassionate man, quick to help the weak and fight the wicked. The Virginian is oneof nature's aristocrats-its-ill-educated and unsophisticated but uptight steady, and deeply moral. The Virginian sums up his own moral code in describing his view of God's justice; "He plays a square game with us. " For Wister, as for Roosevelt and Remington, the cowboy was the Christian knight on the Plains, indifferent to material gain as he upheld virtue, pursued justice, and attacked evil. Needless to say, the western myth in all its forms was far removed from the actual reality of the West. Critics delighted in pointing out that no one scene in The Virginian actually showed the hard physical labor of the cattle range. The idealized version of the West also glossed over the darker underside of frontier expansion —the brutalities of Indian warfare, the forced removal of the Indians to reservations, the racist discrimination against Mexican-Americans and blacks, the risks and perils of commercial agriculture and cattle growing, and the boom-and-bust mentality rooted in the selfish exploitation of natural resources.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is probably the main reason for the author to mention Theodore Roosevelt, Frederic Remington and Owen Wister?（分数：2.00）A.They glorified the frontier life.B.They were constrained by the genteel urban world.C.They spent much time in the West.D.They were famous members of the eastern establishment.(2).Which of the following statements best describes The Virginian?（分数：2.00）A.It is the best Western movie ever made in Hollywood.B.It is a popular novel written by Own Wister and Theodore Roosevelt.C.It gives an accurate depiction of the frontier experience.D.It is one of the most successful books about the West.(3).According to the passage, which of the following statements regarding the myth of the West is NOT true?（分数：2.00）A.In one idealized view, the West was a place one can escape from society and its pressures.B.in one version of the myth, western frontiersman was depicted as a figure deeply immersed in society and its concerto.C.Some writers portrayed the western wilderness as a simple and innocent society.D.The extreme hardship of the frontier life is one powerful theme of the legendary West.(4).The author's primary purpose in writing the passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.to perpetuate the myth about the WestB.to introduce the famous writers and painters of the WestC.to distinguish the myth of the West and the actual realityD.to present the brutalities of Indian warfare(5).What is probably the reason for people to make up a legendary West?（分数：2.00）A.They liked to make up stories.B.They believed what they portrayed were the actual reality.C.They clung to the myth of the West as an uncomplicated, untainted Eden of social simplicity, and moral clarity in an era of unsettling social transformation.D.They wanted to make profit by luring people to the West.The belief that the mind plays an important role in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical treatments of disease. After the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections and diseases, the fact that the body's own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and its course was largely ignored by medical researchers. It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease firstled 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influences physical illness, and now research in the same field — including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health —is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signals to restrain the immune system. These same chemical signals also affect behavior and the response to stress. Disruption of this communication network in any way, whether inherited or through drugs, toxic substances or surgery, exacerbates the diseases that these systems guard against: infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and associated mood disorders. The clinical significance of these findings is likely to prove profound. They hold the promise of extending the range of therapeutic treatments available for various disorders, as drugs previously known to work primarily for nervous system problems are shown to be effective against immune maladies, and vice versa. They also help to substantiate the popularly held impression(still discounted in some medical circles)that our state of mind can influence how well we resist or recover from infectious or inflammatory diseases. The brain's stress response system is activated in threatening situations. The immune system responds automatically to pathogens and foreign molecules. These two response systems are the body's principal means for maintaining an internal steady state called homeostasis. A substantial proportion of human cellular machinery is dedicated to maintaining it. When homeostasis is disturbed or threatened, a repertoire of molecular, cellular and behavioral responses comes into play. These responses attempt to counteract the disturbing forces in order to reestablish a steady state. They can be specific to the foreign invader or a particular stress, or they can be generalized and nonspecific when the threat to homeostasis exceeds a certain threshold. The adaptive response may themselves turn into stressors capable of producing disease. We are just beginning to understand the interdependence of the brain and the immune system, how they help to regulate and counterregulate each other and how they themselves can malfunction and produce disease.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage supplies information to suggest that______.（分数：2.00）A.it has always been the belief of both physician and patient that one's state of mind can affect physical diseaseB.the popular belief that stress exacerbates inflammatory illness has always been discredited by the doctorsC.the discovery of antibiotics sheds light on people's understanding of the mind-body interaction in diseaseD.there is a new understanding of the communication between the brain and immune system(2).Which of the following best states the mind-body interaction in disease?（分数：2.00）A.The brain and immune systems send signals to each other.B.The immune and central nervous systems are organized in very different ways to affect the course of illness.C.Disruption of the communication of the brain and immune system can cure certain disease.D.The immune system and the brain share a lot of hormones to facilitate their communication.(3).Which of the following statements about clinical significance of the new findings can be best supported by the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The responsively to stress is genetically determined.B.The treatment of immune maladies can be consciously controlled.C.Psychoactive drugs may in some cases be used to treat inflammatory diseases.D.Social interactions can lessen psychological stress and alter immune responses.(4).Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Taking the cure at a mountain sanatorium doesn't work for the treatment for many chronic diseases.B.The relaxing effects of hot-springs spa can help restore the communication between the brain and immune system.C.The disruption of the brain's stress response reduces the body's response.D.Depression is also associated with inflammatory disease.(5).According to the passage, in order to maintain an internal steady state called homeostasis,______.（分数：2.00）A.sometimes the stress response needs to go to the extremeB.the stress response has to bar the foreign pathogens from the bodyC.both the stress and immune responses need to be regulatedD.the immune system promotes physiological and behavioral changes。
考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷121(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷121(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionIn modern days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city called Qal’at Sherqat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the time, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Assur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became known as the Assyrians. Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three periods even though they cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods was the Old Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B.C.—1400 B.C.), the Middle Assyrian Period (circa 1365 B.C.—1100 B.C.) and the Neo-Assyrian Empire (circa 934 B.C.—609 B.C.). Archaeological evidence showed that people began to settle in Ashur as early as 2500 B.C. But it did not attain any political significance until the third dynasty of Ur collapsed in 2004 B.C. After that fiasco, the Assyrian transformed the Ashur into a bustling commercial center, controlling trade routes to and from Anatolia. In 1813 B.C., the first great Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throne and began a series of military expansions. At the height of his reign, his kingdom owned the entire northern Mesopotamia. Its growing influence gave its neighbors plenty of reasons to be wary. While things were going splendidly for this Assyrian upstart, Shamshi-Adad passed away in 1791 B.C. Soon after his death, the kingdom began to fall apart. Knowing that the Shamshi-Adad’s empire was on the verge of collapse, Hammurabi of the 1st dynasty of Babylon jumped at the chance and invaded the northern Mesopotami. He conquered Ashur in 1760 B.C. From that point on to the middle of 1300s B.C., Assyria was reduced to a mere vassal state. At first, it had to answer to the 1st dynasty of Babylon. After that empire was eradicated, it turned to submit to a Hurrian kingdom called Mitanni. It was not until 1365 B.C. that Assayria, then ruled by Ashur-Uballit I, was able to regain its independence. For the next couple hundred years, Assyria grew increasingly powerful. It eventually defeated Babylonia and even occupied Egypt.1．According to the article, the Assyrian lived in part of modern day’s ______.A．EgyptB．IndiaC．ChinaD．Iraq正确答案：D解析：分析文章第1段，文中描述了Qal’at Sherqat是伊拉克的一个城市，它还有另外的一个名字，Ashur或Assur，Assyrians在那里居住。
考博英语模拟试题
考博英语模拟试题一、阅读理解（共4篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共40分）阅读下列文章，然后回答后面的问题。
文章一：随着全球化的发展，英语作为国际交流的主要语言，其重要性日益凸显。
然而，对于非英语母语国家的学生来说，学习英语往往是一项挑战。
本文将探讨英语学习的难点以及应对策略。
1. 英语中存在大量的不规则动词，这些动词的过去式和过去分词形式往往没有规律可循。
例如，“go”的过去式是“went”，而“eat”的过去分词是“eaten”。
学生需要通过大量的记忆和实践来掌握这些不规则形式。
2. 英语的发音对于许多非母语者来说也是一个难题。
英语中有多种音标，而且不同地区口音的差异也会影响学习者的理解。
因此，提高听力和口语能力需要大量的听力训练和模仿练习。
3. 英语词汇量庞大，学习者需要不断扩充词汇量。
除了课本学习，阅读英文原著、观看英文电影和参加英语角等活动都是有效的学习方式。
4. 英语语法结构复杂，尤其是从句的使用。
学习者需要通过练习和分析来掌握不同从句的用法。
5. 英语文化背景知识也是学习过程中不可忽视的一部分。
了解英语国家的历史、文化和习俗可以帮助学习者更好地理解语言背后的深层含义。
问题：1. 英语中不规则动词的难点在于它们的什么？2. 为什么英语发音对于非母语者来说是一个挑战？3. 扩充英语词汇量的有效方法有哪些？4. 英语语法中哪个部分对于学习者来说较为复杂？5. 为什么了解英语国家的文化背景对学习者很重要？文章二：在现代科技的推动下，人工智能（AI）技术正迅速发展，并逐渐渗透到我们生活的方方面面。
AI技术不仅在工业生产中发挥着重要作用，也在医疗、教育、交通等领域展现出巨大的潜力。
1. AI技术在医疗领域的应用主要体现在辅助诊断、个性化治疗和远程医疗等方面。
通过深度学习算法，AI能够分析大量的医疗数据，帮助医生做出更准确的诊断。
2. 在教育领域，AI可以提供个性化学习方案，根据学生的学习进度和理解能力，调整教学内容和难度，从而提高学习效率。
考博英语(阅读理解)练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionGorillas and chimpanzees possess a rudimentary speech center within their brains that until now was thought to be unique to humans, scientists have found. Brain scans of the apes—man’s closest living relatives—have revealed a small, lopsided(不平衡的) structure buried in the front part of the head which in human is critical for language. The structure, Brodmann’s area 44, is part of the language center known as Broca’s area, and the scans reveal that it is larger and more developed in the left, half of the ape’s brain than in the right hemisphere—just as it is in humans. Claudio Canialupo and William Hopkins, who conducted the study at the Yerkes Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, were surprised thai such a critical feature within the ape’s brain had gone unnoticed. Unlike humans, apes do not have language, and communicate by grunts and hand movements. The scientists believe their brains show that the evolution of language is rooted in a common ape-—human ancestor who lived more than five million years ago. Mr. Cantalupo and Mr. Hopkins say in the journal Nature-. “The part-possession by great apes of a homologue(同族体)of Broca’s area is puzzling, particularly considering the discrepancy between sophisticated human speech and the primitive vocalizations of great apes. Chimpanzees and gorillas nevertheless share one thing in common with human communication—they tend to use their right hands when grunting, which are controlled by the left-side of the brain. “Our findings suggest that the neuro-anatomical substrates(培养基) for left-hemisphere dominance in speech production were evident at least five million years ago and are not unique to hominid (原始人类) evolution,” the scientists say. “Whatever the function of area 44 in great apes, our finding that these species show a human-like asymmetry. . . indicates that the origin of asymmetry in language-related areas of the human brain should be interpreted in evolutionary terms rather than being confined to the human species. “(317 words)1．What does “rudimentary” mean in the first sentence?A．Undeveloped.B．Primitive.C．Radical.D．Aggressive.正确答案：A解析：rudimentary是“未发展的”之意。
考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷120(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷120(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionTo us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. Its first use was as a shade against the sun. Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, way back in the eleventh century B.C. We know that the umbrella was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royalty or by those in high offices. In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrella as protection against rain were the ancient Romans. During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late sixteenth century. And again it was considered a symbol of power and authority. By 1680, the umbrella appeared in France and later on in England. By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that women’s umbrellas began to be made in a whole variety of colors.1．The first use of umbrella was as ______.A．protection against rainB．a shade against the sunC．a symbol of powerD．a symbol of honor正确答案：B解析：本题的依据句是第1段最后一句：Its first use was a shade against the sun。
考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷89.doc
考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷89(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine." Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd." William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact, the more new things we try —the more we step outside our comfort zone —the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. But don't bother trying to kill off old habits, once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. "The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind". "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.'" She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities." All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M.J.Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.（分数：10.00）(1).In Wordsworth's view, "habits" is characterized being______.（分数：2.00）A.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.(2).Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be______.（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided(3).The word "ruts"(Line 1 , Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to .（分数：2.00）A.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections(4).Dawna Markova would most probably agree that______.（分数：2.00）A.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative minds(5).Ryan's comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing______.（分数：2.00）A.prevents new habits from being formedB.no longer emphasizes commonnessC.maintains the inherent American thinking modeplies with the American belief systemThe Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest U.S. online service. "But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future," Steven Case, Chairman of America Online, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by the Freedom Forum(论坛). However, some other experts often say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources. "You don't have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper any more," Sam Meddis, online technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users. But the experts noted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. "Anyone can say anything they want, whether it's right or wrong," said Case. Readers have to determine for themselves who to trust. "In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respected brand names will probably become more important, not less," Case said. "The Internet today is about where radio was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago," he said. But it is growing rapidly because it provides people fast access to news and a chance to comment on it.（分数：8.00）(1).The main topic of this passage is______.（分数：2.00）A.the development of journalismB.the rapid development of the InternetC.the effect the Internet has on journalismD.the advantages of the Internet(2).It can be inferred from this passage that the fact that______may NOT be regarded as an advantage of the Internet.（分数：2.00）A.the news can be made more democraticB.the public can turn to different sourcesC.the public can get a chance to ask questionsD.anything can be posted on the Internet for others to see(3).The correct order for the appearance of the four technologies is______.（分数：2.00）A.Internet-cable-television-radioB.radio-television-cable-InternetC.radio-cable-television-InternetD.television-radio-cable-Internet(4).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.Only respected journalists can post information on the Internet for others to see.B.Respected journalists will probably become more important than before.C.Everyone is using the Internet now.D.The greatest potential of public participation of the Internet is in the near future. There is a range of activities which require movements of about one to four or five miles. These might be leisure activities, such as moving from home to swimming pool, tennis club, the theater or other cultural centers, or to a secondary or more advanced school, or they might be movementsassociated with work and shopping in the central areas of cities. The use of cars capable of carrying five people at 80 mph for satisfying these needs is wasteful of space and most productive of disturbance to other road users. The use of the bicycle, or some more modern derivative of it, is probably worth more consideration than has recently been given to it. The bicycle itself is a remarkably efficient and simple device for using human muscular energy for transportation. In pure energy terms, it is four to five times as efficient as walking, even though human walking itself is twice as efficient as the movement of effective animals such as dogs or gulls. It is still widely used, not only in some developing countries where bicycles are major means of people and goods, but in a few richer towns such as Amsterdam in Holland and Cambridge in England. It usually gives inadequate protection from the weather, is not very suitable for carrying goods, and demands considerable muscular work to make progress against wind or uphill. It also offers its rider no protection against collisions with other vehicles. All these difficulties could, however, be greatly eliminated, if not removed, with relatively small changes in design. The whole machine could be enclosed in a plastic bubble which would provide some protection in case of accidents. It would be easy to add a small petrol or electric motor. A wide variety of designs would be possible. As in rowing, we might employ the power of the arms or the general body musculature, as well as those of the legs; more muscular exercise would be good for the health of many people in cities, and a wide use of bicycle like muscle-powered vehicles would be a useful way to ensure this. It could also provide ample opportunities for showing off by the young and vigorous.（分数：8.00）(1).The main idea of the first paragraph is that the car______.（分数：2.00）A.can satisfy the demand for speedB.causes waste of spaceC.produces disturbance to other road usersD.is far from perfect for short range movements(2).More attention should be given to the bicycle as a means of transport because it is______.（分数：2.00）A.a very efficient and simple deviceB.much cheaper than a carC.widely used in Amsterdam and CambridgeD.still used by rich people(3).Enclosing the bicycle in a plastic bubble would______.（分数：2.00）A.make it easier to useB.save muscular energyC.provide protection from the weatherD.prevent it from colliding with other vehicles(4).Which of these is untrue for the present bicycle?（分数：2.00）A.It is far more efficient than the movement of animals.B.It offers its rider no protection.C.It is not very suitable for carrying goods.D.It can hardly be improved on.Telecommuting—substituting the computer for the trip to the job—has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work. For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes lateness and absenteeism by eliminating commuters, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility. In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour traffic and improve air quality. But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program workrequires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images. Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmer from New York City moves to the quiet Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modem connections and does office work between calls to the doctor. These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon learn that' it is almost' impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done. Management, too, must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employee's situation, not the availability of technology, that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement. That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs of policy guidelines remains small.（分数：8.00）(1).What is the main subject of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Business management policies.B.Driving to work.C.Extending the workplace by means of computers.puters for child-care purposes.(2).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem for employers that is potentially solved by telecommuting?（分数：2.00）A.Employees' lateness for work.B.Employees' absence from work.C.Employees' need for time alone to work intensively.D.Employees' conflicts with second jobs.(3).Which of the following does the author mention as a possible disadvantage of telecommuting?（分数：2.00）A.Small children cannot understand the boundaries of work and play.puter technology is never advanced enough to accommodate the needs of every situation.C.Electrical malfunctions can destroy a project.D.The worker often does not have all the needed resources at home.(4).Which of the following is an example of telecommuting as described in the passage?（分数：2.00）A.A scientist in a laboratory developing plans for a space station.B.A technical writer sending via computer documents created at home.C.A computer technician repairing an office computer network.D.A teacher directing computer-assisted learning in a private school.。
考博英语(阅读理解)模拟试卷105.doc
考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷105(总分：34.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：34.00)The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts—a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well. When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity to the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.（分数：10.00）(1).The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries______.（分数：2.00）A.is subject to groundless doubtsB.has fallen victim of biasC.is conventional downgradedD.has been overestimated(2).It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system______.（分数：2.00）A.challenges economists and politiciansB.takes efforts of generationsC.demands priority from the governmentD.requires sufficient labor force(3).A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that______.（分数：2.00）A.the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB.the Japanese workforce is more productiveC.the U.S. workforce has a better educationD.the U.S. workforce is more organized(4).The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged______.（分数：2.00）A.when people had enough timeB.prior to better ways of finding foodC.when people on longer went hungD.as a result of pressure on government(5).According to the last paragraph, development of education______.（分数：2.00）A.results directly from competitive environmentsB.does not depend on economic performanceC.follows improved productivityD.cannot afford political changesIf ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, "Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious." The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.（分数：8.00）(1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if______.（分数：2.00）A.its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB.it is rewarded with money, fame and powerC.its goals are spiritual rather than materialD.it is shared by the rich and the famous(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is______.（分数：2.00）A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once it has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition(3).Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because______.（分数：2.00）A.they think of it as immoralB.their pursuits are not fame or wealthC.ambition is not closely related to material benefitsD.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(4).From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained______.（分数：2.00）A.secretly and vigorouslyB.openly and enthusiasticallyC.easily and momentarilyD.verbally and spirituallyIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn , among other things, that you might — surprise — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate demand of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.（分数：8.00）(1).What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?（分数：2.00）A.Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.B.Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.panies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.D.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.(2).Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to______.（分数：2.00）A.satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsB.become honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsC.make the best use of labels to avoid legal liabilityD.feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern(3).The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that______.（分数：2.00）A.some injury claims were no longer supported by lawB.helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesC.product labels would eventually be discardedD.some sports games might lose popularity with athletes(4).The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.biasedB.indifferentC.puzzlingD.objectiveIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（分数：8.00）(1).We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business______.（分数：2.00）A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so(2).Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners(3).In the view of Net purists,______.（分数：2.00）A.there should be no marketing messages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests(4).We learn from the last paragraph that______.（分数：2.00）A.pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power。
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2020 年考博英语模拟试题：阅读练习（ 3 ）
China reins in economic expansion China's growth in fixed-asset investment and its money supply slowed considerably in August ，providing firm evidence that the government's tightening measures were reining in the country's rapid economic expansion.
Urban fixed-asset investment in August rose 21.5 per cent compared with a year ago ，a marked slowdown from the 30.5 per cent expansion from January through July and the slowest for a single month since December 2004. M2 ，the broad
indicator for money supply ，rose 17.9 per cent last month
compared with 18.4 per cent in July and June.
China's economy has been growing at a record pace ，expanding by 11.3 per cent in the second quarter. Beijing officials and many economists are concerned that such growth rates are not sustainable in the longer term.
The latest economic data ，which were released by Qiu Xiaohua ，commissioner of China's National Bureau of Statistics ，suggest Beijing has been able to control excessive lending and investment to sectors such as real estate that are especially at risk of overheating.
Beijing is using a combination of monetary and administrative controls in its attempts to moderate growth. Since late April ，China's central bank has twice raised benchmark lending rates and bank reserve requirements. Yesterday it also mopped up a record Rmb225bn （$28.3bn ）in
its regular open market operations.
Su Ning ，the deputy central bank governor ，said this
week at an international conference in Beijing that the country's money supply
was slowing dramatically as a result of these measures.
At the same time ，China's leaders are trying to control unnecessary production - for instance by limiting land rights and enforcing environmental standards in key industries such as steel ，cement and automobiles.
Beijing is also worried about overlending to urban property projects ，including residences ，offices and industrial parks ，and the threat it could lead to artificially high prices and excess supply.
While trying to temper credit and investment growth ，
Beijing is also attempting to stimulate consumer spending ，
since it believes a strong middle class will be a key driver of future growth.
China's statistics body said August retail sales were up 13.8 per cent ，a rate consistent with that of the previous two months. Demand for oil products ，jewellery ，automobiles and building has been particularly strong.
一、参考译文：8月份中国固定资产投资及货币供应量增长速度明显放缓，这有力地证明，政府的紧缩举措，正在抑制中国经济的迅速扩张。
8 月份，中国城市固定资产投资较上年同期增长21.5%，与1 至7 月份期间30.5%的扩张速度相比，有明显放缓；同时也是自2004年12 月以来，单月增幅最低的一个月。
广义货币供应量M2 上月增长17.9%，而7 月份和 6 月份的增幅均为18.4%.
中国经济一直在以创纪录的速度增长，第二季度的增幅为11.3%.
中国政府官员和很多经济学家担心，长远来说，这样的增长速度难以维持。
中国国家统计局（National Bureau of Statistics ）局长邱晓华
发布的最新经济数据显示，中国政府能够控制对房地产等行业的过渡放贷和投资，这些行业尤其存有过热风险。
中国政府正通过货币和行政调控手段相结合的方式，努力缓和经济增
长。
自 4 月底以来，中国央行已两度上调基准贷款利率和银行存款准备金比率。
昨日，央行还在其例行的公开市场操作中，创纪录地完成2250亿元人民币（合283 亿美元）的资金回笼工作。
本周，中国央行副行长苏宁在北京举行的一个国际会议上表示，因为上述措施，中国的货币供应“明显”放缓。
与此同时，中国领导人正试图控制非必要的生产——例如，在钢铁、水泥和汽车等关键行业，限制土地使用权并强制执行各种环保标准。
中国政府还对城市地产项目（包括住宅、写字楼和工业园区）上的过度放贷，以及可能由此导致的人为高价和供应过度感到担忧。
在努力遏制信贷和投资增长的同时，中国政府还试图刺激消费支出，因为它认为，一个强大的中产阶层，将成为未来经济增长的关键驱动力。
中国国家统计局表示，8 月份，社会消费品零售总额较上年同期增
长13.8%，这个幅度与前两个月持平。
石油产品、珠宝、汽车和建筑方面的需求一直特别强劲。
二、重点词汇：
investment n. 投资，可获利的东西
evidence n. 明显，显著，明白，迹象，根据，[ 物] 证据，证物
indicator n. 指示器，[ 化] 指示剂
sustainable adj. 能够忍受的，足可支撑的，养得起的excessive adj. 过
多的，过度的，额外
ben chmark[计]基准
deputyn. 代理人，代表
dramatically adv. 戏剧地，引人注目地artificially adv. 人工
credit n. 信任，信用，声望，荣誉，[ 财务] 贷方，银行存款vt.相信，信任，把... 归给
previous adj. 在前的，早先的
adv. (1)在……以前；(2)返回上一级菜单。