《国际市场营销学》第二章习题参考答案
国际市场营销——理论、实务、案例、实训(第二版 刘苍劲)参考答案与提示
“21世纪多元整合一体化”教材系列·市场营销专业国际市场营销——理论、实务、案例、实训（第二版）网络教学资源包之《参考答案与提示》第1章 国际市场营销导论【教学互动1-1】（1）教学提示：本题是一个开放性的问题，在国际市场营销过程中，需要根据实际的市场情况来分析相对的“大而全”或是“小而美”，企业的国际市场营销过程中，不是偏执于某一方面，要努力做到一种平衡，就像骑自行车一样。
（2）教学提示：由于文化的差异性，同样一种产品可能面临各种不同的需求偏好，从而导致企业的营销决策需要根据当地的特殊偏好作适当的调整，哪怕是标准化程 度比较高的产品也不可能在世界范围内采用完全一样的营销组合。
这就需要企业在国际营销活动当中具备“全球本土化”的能力。
即全球化思考并且本土化行动，或者说是一种如何把标准化和非标准化整合起来在国际市场上进行营销活动的能力。
除了“全球本土化”能力之外，企业在应对交叉文化的国际营销活动当中，还应该超越“自我参照标准”的障碍。
这里的“自我参照标准”是指无意识地参照本国文化的价值观、经验、和知识，并以此作为决策的依据。
■单元训练□理论题▲客观题△选择题○单项选择1）C; 2）C；3）D○多项选择1）ABCD 2）ABCD 3）AC△判断题1）错 2）对 3）错 4）对▲主观题△简答题1）什么是国际市场营销？国际营销与国内营销有何不同？参考答案：国际市场营销（International Marketing，简称国际营销，也有的称国际行销）是以营销学理论应用于国际市场大环境而形成、发展起来的，指的是企业在跨越国境的基础上计划和实施交易，以实现满足个人和组织需要的交换的过程。
国内营销和国际营销的区别不在于营销概念的不同，而是实施营销计划的环境不同。
国际市场营销是国内营销在国际市场上的延伸，作为企业超越本国国境进行的市场经营活动，是指企业为满足世界多国消费者的需要以获取利润为目的而进行的营销管理活动。
国际市场营销学课后习题答案
国际市场营销学课后习题答案第一章1、国际市场营销学：是一门研究以国外顾客需求为中心、从事国际市场营销活动的国际企业经营管理的科学。
2、国际市场营销学与市场营销学、国际贸易学的区别与联系是什么？答：国际市场营销学与市场营销学的关系与区别联系：①理论基础相同②经营理念相同③市场边界的扩大区别：①国际市场环境更加复杂②国际市场营销面对更多不确定因素③国际市场营销方案更多样化④国际市场营销的难度更大国际市场营销与国际贸易的联系与区别联系：①国际贸易是国际市场营销的先导。
②企业的国际市场营销是国际贸易的一部分。
区别：①经营主体不同②商品的流通形态不同③经营动力或行为动机不同④评价经济效益的信息来源不同⑤国际市场营销活动的作业流程比国际贸易更加复杂3、企业开展国际市场营销的动因是什么？答：⑴国市场竞争激烈，利润微薄促使企业走向国际市场⑵企业走向国际市场以延长其产品的生命周期⑶国际市场需求潜力大、机会多⑷对低成本的追求⑸对东道国丰富和廉价资源的吸引⑹本国政府的支持和鼓励⑺东道国市场环境和基础设施条件的吸引4、国际市场营销的发展过程是什么？答：⑴国营销阶段⑵出口营销阶段⑶国际市场营销阶段5、国际市场的研究容有哪些？答：研究对象：国际市场需求、国际市场营销活动、国际市场营销规律研究容：国际市场营销环境、国际市场的选择、国际市场的调研、国际市场营销规划与组织、国际市场营销信息系、国际市场营销策略、国际市场竞争战略。
第二章1、国际政治环境：是指东道国直接或间接影响和制约国际市场营销的各种政治因素的集合，其容主要涉及政府与政党体制、政府政策和政治风险。
2、国际法律环境：影响国际企业开展国际市场营销活动的法律主要有国法律国际法律和东道国法律构成了国际法律环境。
3、如何评估国际政治环境？答：⑴专家调查法⑵实地考察法⑶利用驻外专家调查法⑷利用国际咨询机构法⑸政治体制稳定指数（PSSI）法4、采取什么措施以防国际政治风险？答：⑴回避策略⑵保险策略⑶当地化策略⑷建立合资企业策略⑸树立良好的企业形象策略⑹积极参与东道国经济建设策略5、国际商务争端的解决途径有哪些？答：（1）协商：是指在发生商务争端之后，各方当事人约定在自愿互谅互让、相互妥协的基础上，依据相关法律和合同条款的规定，达成各方都能接受的解决方案。
《国际市场营销(第二版)》章后习题参考答案与提示
附录1章后习题参考答案与提示第1章□知识题1.1 阅读理解1）国际市场营销（International Marketing，简称国际营销，也有的称国际行销）指的是企业在跨越国境的基础上计划和实施交易，以实现满足个人和组织需要的交换的过程。
这里其主要特点是跨越国境的交易。
与国内营销的主要区别是：①国际营销比国内营销面临更多不可控因素；②国际营销比国内营销面临着更复杂的需求；③国际营销比国内营销更需要统一的协调和控制；④国际营销的目标市场在国外，它的产品（或服务）应该满足国外客户的需要。
2）开展国际市场营销，主要是为了让企业的决策者在综合考虑分析国内外市场营销环境的基础上，捕捉营销机会，避免风险，制定进入国际市场的营销战略、策略，以实现企业的基本目标。
因此，企业开展国际营销的目的是：①拓展企业的市场基础，扩大企业的经营业务；②获得国际市场的经验和资源，参与全球竞争；③获得全球基础上的竞争优势，加强企业的核心竞争能力；④分散化经营，规避经营风险。
3）这些环境因素包括三个方面。
①营销可控因素。
产品、渠道、价格和促销就是营销的可控因素，企业要达到自己的经营目标，必须以目标市场消费者的需求为中心，制定一个适应企业外部环境的营销方案。
企业对外部环境认识得愈深刻，适应得愈好，效益就愈佳。
②国内不可控因素，包括政治力量、经济形势和竞争环境等。
这些因素往往对企业在国际市场上的营销活动产生直接或间接的影响。
有时政府一项政治决定会给企业带来巨大的营销机会；而另一项决定也可能使原来谈妥的生意告吹。
国内经济形势的好坏，也会影响企业海外投资办厂的能力，以及在国际市场购买的多寡。
竞争环境往往构成企业实现营销目标的直接威胁。
③国外不可控因素，包括政治力量、经济形势、社会文化环境、科技条件、竞争因素、地理环境、分销结构等，这些都是无法控制而且更为复杂的环境，但它们又是企业进入国际市场制订营销规划的基础和依据。
4）国际市场营销的主要任务包括：适应环境差距，包括文化差距、行政差距、地理差距和经济差距；进行跨国的组织协调；确定和管理组织的全球化决策，包括战略的全球化决策、企业组织的全球化决策、产品全球化决策及全球品牌决策等。
国际市场营销学二
国际市场营销学二国际市场营销学（二）03年7月--06年7月试题及答案本部分设定了隐藏,您已回复过了,以下是隐藏的内容全国2003年7月--国际市场营销学(二)试题一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题1分，共20分)1.从事国际营销的企业具有利用杠杆作用的独特优势，这种杠杆作用是( c )P11A.国际竞争B.发展机会C.经验移植D.政府鼓励2.国际营销与国内营销的区别主要体现在( D )-P3A.经营观念的演进B.企业结构的不同C.经营商品的不同D.营销环境的变化3.在跨文化分析中，低背景相关文化是指( B )P120A.语言只表达部分信息B.信息表达比较直接C.信息表达不明确D.主要依靠背景信息4.分析一个国家的市场规模，主要根据( A )P20A.人口状况和收入水平B.经济状况和类型C.人口总量和年龄结构D.恩格尔系数5.国际消费者购买过程的差异主要体现在( B )P111A.信息收集B.认识过程C.买后感受D.挑选过程6.有效的市场细分应具有的特征是( D )p145A.广泛性B.相似性C.区域性D.可盈利性7.属于直接出口形式的是( C )P153-155,重点看一下A.与国外企业合资经营,B.经本国贸易公司出口C.在国外市场设立销售机构D.授权国外企业使用商标8.制造商用一个品牌来命名自己所有的产品，这是( A )P199A.统一品牌策略B.系列品牌策略C.个别品牌策略D.组合品牌策略9.一个企业将价格降至竞争者不得不离开该市场，这是( A ) P217A.掠夺性定价B.撇脂定价C.转移定价D.渗透定价10.当产品的销售额和利润都明显上升，这表明产品处于( B )P189A.成熟期B.成长期C.投入期D.发展期11.二手资料经过多次转载容易出错，必须注意其( C ) P93A.充分性C.准确性D.滞后性12.在企业所在国以外的国家进行的调研项目属于( D ) P87A.多国调研B.交叉文化调研C.跨国调研D.国外调研13.意大利、西班牙和东欧等国的零售业可称之为( C ) P241A.发达型零售B.结构化零售C.中间型零售D.传统零售14.间接渠道比直接渠道的优势是( A ) P154A.迅速开发市场B.直接接触最终用户C.节省流通时间D.节省流通费用15.国际分销中具有速度快、运量大的特点的运输方式是( B )P249A.公路B.铁路C.空运D.海运16.采用标准化促销信息的根据之一是( A)P258A.规模经济B.文化差异C.形式相同D.法律区别17.在一段时间内每个受众接触同一广告的次数是广告的( B P265A.到达率C.持续性D.总强度18.国际公共关系促销方法有( C )P279A.营业推广B.价格折扣C.新闻发布D.红利分成19.在麦肯锡7-S模型中被认为是企业成功经营的“软件”有( B ) p286A.战略B.风格C.结构D.制度20.关税与贸易总协定生效于( D )P76A.2001年B.1996年C.1949年D.1948二、简答题(每小题5分，共30分)21.企业在制定国际营销策略时，考虑到各国教育水平的差异，应注意哪些问题?p3422.在国际市场营销中，为什么需要提高文化适应性? p11523.列出消费者的购物风险，并举例说明。
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》（第2版）习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同（1）相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
（2）不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同；②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同；③强调重点不同；④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同；⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题；⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因（1）国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期，发挥竞争优势。
（2）国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
（3）国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应，获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势，获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策，获得更大利润。
同时，一些国家为了吸引外商投资，在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销（1）国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围，企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择，活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战，有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”，对出口销售持消极态度。
（2）出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是，此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动，对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场，企业在国内生产产品到国外销售，满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时，国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场，使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
国际市场营销学课后答案
单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，其表现为：(两者的理论来源和基础相同)2.( C .市场营销观念)是企业经营思想上的一次根本性的变革，被认为是现代市场营销学的“第一次革命”。
3.美国福特汽车公司创办人享利·福特曾说：不管顾客需要什么颜色，我的汽车就是黑色的。
这句话体现的是企业营销的( A 生产观念)。
4.( A《巴黎公约)的保护对象是工业产权，包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。
5．大多数国家都热衷于“奖出限入”，原因很简单，净出口（出口减进口）是一国国内生产总值的重要组成部分。
另外，出口是很多国家外汇收入的主要来源，有利于保持良好的国际收支，维持本币币值的稳定。
主要的鼓励出口措施有（B 本币升值）6.(B人均国民收入)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度，以及健康、教育、社会福利状况，对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。
7.( . D交通设施)不属于自然环境因素。
8.以下四项中，( B居民市场)不属于组织市场。
9.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( A心理需求)。
10.(经济因素)是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。
1.( Ｃ. 抽样调研)就是从被调研对象的总体中，抽取一部分样本单位进行调研，用以推算总体。
它适用于一些使用量大、涉及面广的产品。
2.(Ａ内部报告系统)是企业最基本的信息系统，它以内部会计系统为主，辅之以销售信息系统而组成。
这是一个报导订单、存货水平、销售额、成本、利润、现金流量、应收帐款及应付帐款等等的系统，其中“订单、发货、帐单”的循环是该系统的核心，即销售人员把顾客的订单送至企业，负责管理订单的机构把有关订单的信息送至企业内部的有关部门，然后企业把帐单和货物一并送至购买者手中。
3.(Ｂ国际营销情报系统)是国际市场信息系统的最根本的组成因素，其主要作用是向营销管理人员及时提供外部环境发展变化的有关信息，从而给企业提供改革的动力，、为企业更好地适应外界环境提供基础。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案1、企业走向国际市场得主要动因就是什么？我国企业走向国际市场得动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱与及市场竞争激烈；国际市场得吸引力;政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策;科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈;国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱与状态，企业为实现产品得竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进得管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本得生产资源及引进外资;2、什么就是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系与区别？国际市场营销就是指在一国以上把企业生产得商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去得经营活动;一)国际营销与国内营销得联系1．基础得共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学得基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科得内容，既可以指导国内营销活动,又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念得一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上就是一致得,都以“市场观念"作为指导原则，以满足消费者与用户得需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一就是指满足消费者与用户对商品或服务在使用价值上得需求；二就是指满足消费者与用户得心理需求。
由于观念得一致性，企业得国内外营销活动也具有一致性,即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1)企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己得目标市场,即要有特定得用户作为自己得买主;（２)企业提供得产品与服务,不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场得需求；(３)企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面,都必须便于顾客购买；(4）及时为顾客提供信息与满意得售后服务,以满足现实顾客与潜在顾客对商品与服务得多种需要。
3。
经营得延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定得联系.就其经营发生得过程来瞧，国际营销就是国内营销得延伸。
粗略说来,企业先从事国内营销,再逐渐发展到国际营销。
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1.解释下列概念：
文化：文化是指给定社会中由人们可识别的行为方式特征整合而成的体系。
它包括给定社会群体想、说、做、行的方式，即这个社会群体的习惯、语言、物质成就、共同的态度和感情体系等。
物质文化：物质文化是指人类创造的物质产品，包括生产工具和劳动对象以及创造物质产品的技术。
语言：语言是文化要素中最具特征、区别最为明显的一个要素，反映了一种文化的实质和价值观。
社会组织：社会组织是指一个社会中个人和团体所发挥的作用以及这些个人和组织之间的相互关系。
文化分析：对消费者的态度、动机、信念和行为的分析。
文化适应：企业在制定国际营销决策时，充分考虑目标市场国的文化特点，使决策在实施过程中不但不触犯当地的文化传统、生活习俗、宗教信仰等，而且能比竞争对手更好地满足当地消费者的需求，取得竞争优势。
文化变迁文化的民族中心主义：人们对本民族的文化有着一种强烈的认同感，并自觉不自觉地贬低其他文化中陌生和未知的部分。
商业习惯：一个国家的商业习惯与该国的文化是密切相关的，犹如语言一样，商业习惯也是文化环境的组成部分。
企业经营结构：包括企业规模，企业所有制，企业权利结构，企业的各种公众。
2.为什么说文化因素是影响国际营销的核心因素？
答：首先，文化渗透于营销活动的各个方面。
其次，国际营销者的活动又构成文化的一个组成部分，其活动推动着文化的发展。
再次，跨界文化差异不仅仅存在于国与国之间,更多的体现在组织、机构和公司内部。
最后，市场营销成果的好坏受文化的裁判。
3.物质文化对国际营销有哪些影响？
答：广告促销方面，东道国传播媒介的方式和完善程度，直接影响促销方式和效果；在分销渠道方面，东道国的商业基础设施和机构的完善程度不同，批发与零售的网络各异，要做到合理利用当地营销机构作好分销，也必须对这方面的物质文化状况有全面了解；物质文化水平还影响着消费者对产品的要求。
4.文化分析有什么作用？
答：认识文化差异对于国际市场营销而言至关重要。
认识文化差异可以建立在文化分析的基础上，文化分析有利于国际市场营销者更好地认识文化差异；文化分析能够为营销组合提供指南。
5.试述文化变化对企业国际营销决策的影响。
答：满足文化变迁带来的消费者的新的需求；改变文化、推动文化变迁式的文化渗透是国际市场营销的有效手段；营销决策应该根据文化被接受的程度、阻力大小或反对程度进行。
6.国际营销应当如何尽量减少新产品引进国外市场时可能遭受到的文化阻力？
答：一个国家的商业习惯与该国的文化是密切相关的，国际营销人员最为重要的是要学会调整自己，以适应东道国的文化；理解和利用东道国的企业经营结构；理解并习惯东道国做生意的方式。
7.举例说明现实生活中营销改变文化的例子。
答：可以以淘宝的双十一活动为例，西方的传统节日在中国的流行也和商家的营销有莫大关系。
8.试述商业习惯与文化的关系。
答：一个国家的商业习惯与该国的文化是密切相关的，犹如语言一样，商业习惯也是文化环
境的组成部分。
文化与商业习惯的关系应该这样理解：一方面，东道国的商业习俗和惯例受该国或地区文化的影响，这是基础部分；另一方面，在当今以商业为基本活动内容的世界中，商业活动及商业习惯又在很大程度上丰富着各国的文化内涵。
案例思考答案的提示：
1.国际营销者的任务之一就是在国际市场传递价值。
请根据本案例中出现的问题，重新为
该产品制定国际营销策略，以便能使产品成功上市。
答：结合国际营销策略的制定和印度当地的文化情景的结合展开论述。
2.根据营销组合制定营销计划。
这个计划应该基于印度市场的本地需求制定得出。
答：分别将4p组合结合当地需求论述。
3.比较iphone在印度市场所采取的国际营销策略与其本国（即美国）营销策略有何不同。
请在答案中包含文化的区别，并提出解决这些问题的方法。
答：营销不仅要适应目标市场的文化，也可以通过营销改变文化。
可以就此展开论述。