初三英语语法-.名词专项
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名词
一、名词的分类:
二、可数名词的单复数:
注意:
1、物质名词往往是不可数名词,但有些也可作可数名词,此时意义有所不同。如:
room(空间)——a room(房间)
paper(纸)——a paper(论文,试卷)fish(鱼)——fishes(鱼的种类)
drink(饮料)——drinks(饮料的种类)glass(玻璃)——glasses(玻璃杯,眼镜)work (工作) ——a work(著作,工事)chicken(鸡肉)——a chicken(小鸡)orange(橘汁)——oranges(橙子)time(时间)——times(时代/次数)wood(木头)——a wood(小森林)
2、不可数名词的数量表达:不可数名词虽然本身不可数,但可借助单位量词来表示一定的数量。如:
a glass of water一杯水a cup of tea 一杯茶a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水a bowl of rice 一碗饭
a piece of news 一则新闻 a pair of glasses 一副眼镜
3、有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。如physics, maths, politics, news
4、数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式。如:
a five-year-old girl一个五岁的女孩
a six-foot-deep hole一个六英尺深的洞a two-metre-long ruler一把两米长的尺子a ten-story-high building一幢十层高的楼房
5、分辨可数名词和不可数名词的分辨。
三、名词所有格:
2、名词所有格的用法
(1)’s所有格常表示有生命的东西,但也可表示时间、距离、自然现象、国家或城市类实体、工作群体等无生命的
名词。如:
a month’s time一个月的时间a mile’s distance一英里的距离the moon’s rays月光the city’s parks城市的公园
the ship’s crew船上的工作人员
(2) ’s所有格后的名词如指商店、住宅等地点时,该名词通常省略。如:my aunt’s我阿姨家, the doctor’s诊所
(3)“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,此结构也可由of + 名词性物主代词构成。如:
a friend of my father’s我父亲的一位朋友friend of mine我的一位朋友
注意:He is a friend of your father’s.他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调父亲的朋友不止一个)
He is a friend of your father.他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他对你父亲的友好)
3、名词所有格的作用:
除了可以表示所有关系外,还有以下几种作用:
(1)表示类别。如:Children’s book儿童读物teachers’ college师范学院
(2)表示主谓关系,表示动作的执行者。如:his mother’s request他母亲的要求the help of the worker工人们的帮助
(3)表示动宾关系,表示动作的承受者。如:the family’s support养家糊口the use of computer’s电脑的用途
四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
(1)主谓的单复数一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:
The computer was a great invention.
The water in the glass is very cold.
(2)集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.
②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.
(3)Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。
There is a sheep in the yard.
There are some sheep in the yard.
(4)maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:
The news is very exciting.
(5)glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.
(6)a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:
A lot of students are playing baseball now.
A lot of time was wasted on that work.
(7)and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数。但是两个名词若构成一个整体概念(即后一个名词前五冠词
或其他限定词时)或主语具双重身份时,谓语则用单数。如:
The teacher and his son are picking apples now.
Fish and chips is very famous food.
(8) there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定,即“邻近原则”如:
There is a table and four chairs in the room.
(9)用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:
Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.
(10)主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:
A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.
(11)either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:
Either you or he is right.
Neither you nor I am going there.
(12)表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:
Two months is not a short time.
Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distanc.
(13)主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:
Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.
A third of the students were playing near the lake.
All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.
但是,population一词又有特殊情况:
What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(用单数)
Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(用复数)
五、名词作定语
(1)名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。如:paper tiger纸老虎work places工作的地方
(2)名词作定语时,个别情况也用复数形式。如:good trains货车sports meeting运动会
(3)名词作定语时,少数情况修饰词和被修饰词都有复数形式。如:woman teacher - women teachers
名词专项练习
一、写出下列名词的复数形式:
photo_____________ radio______________ potato_____________ tomato____________ watch_____________ diary________________
tooth________________
foot_________________
Frenchman___________
German_____________
mouse______________
knife _______________
wolf_______________
roof________________
man________________
doctor _____________
woman_____________
teacher _____________
boy student__________
二、既可作可数名词, 又可作不可数名词的词:
glass ___________ (不可数名词) , ____________(可数名词) paper___________(不可数名词), _____________ (可数名词) chicken__________(不可数名词), _____________(可数名词) 三、翻译:
教师节_______________________________________ 妇女节_______________________________________ 母亲节_______________________________________ 今天的报纸___________________________________