3DS_max的历史、基本操作、安装

第1讲 3DS max的历史、基本操作、安装〘3DS Max 的英文解释〙3DS Max = 3 Dimension Studio MaxDimension：尺寸、尺度、维Studio：画室, 照相室, 工作室Max：最大化、最大量、极大（Maximum）KK音标是国际音标的一种，DJ音标也是其中的一种。

KK音标跟两位美国语言学者J. S. Kenyan和T. A. Knott有关。

他们根据IPA所编的描述美国英语的发音辞典（A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English 1944, 1953）里所用的发音符号，就是一般通称的KK 音标。

而DJ音标跟英国语音学家Daniel Jones有关。

他根据IPA编了一本英国英语的发音辞典English Pronouncing Dictionary（第1版至第12版，最后一版的出版时间为1963）。

这本辞典后来成为一种典范，凡是英语教学或学习辞典，只要是教英国音的，无不奉这本辞典为圭臬。

其他容易读错的词：〘3DS Max 软件的历史〙三维软件是利用电脑制作几何模型的软件。

最先只能在专业图形工作站上使用，随着PC的飞速发展和普及，三维动画软件也纷纷被移植到PC上。

在DOS时代，美国Autodesk公司的3DS三维动画软件几乎垄断了PC机三维动画的市场。

1994年Microsoft用 1.3亿美元收购Softimage公司，1995年推出基于NT平台的Softimage3D3.0版本，激荡了三维动画领域。

迫于压力，为了维护3DS在三维动画领域的霸主地位，1996年（一说1997年8月4日），Kinetix公司推出3DS的WindowsNT版本3DSMAX1.0。

这个版本在操作界面、组织结构和功能上都有质的飞跃，获得了巨大的成功。

从1993年1月开始，Gary Yost将一群志同道合的编程专家召集起来开始3D Studio MAX 的开发工作，但他们并不是在一起而是分散在美国各地进行工作，无形中增加了开发的难度。

与此同时，他们还在进行3D Studio 3 的开发工作，虽然不能全力以赴地开发3D Studio MAX ，然而他们清楚，如果1996年之前不能拿出针对Windows的开放的面向对象性的程序，3DStudio就会被淘汰。

12个月以后一个雏形产生了。

Gary陆续将Bon Brittain 、Dan Silva 、Michael Girad 、Susan Amkrant 和John Chadwick 引进Yost小组，他们原来在其他公司的工作经验为3D Studio MAX 的开发做出了贡献。

1994年，Yost小组发行了最新的DOS版3D Studio 的IPAS 特技模块。

不久，3D Studio 3 的外部插件升级版3D Studio 4 公布了，这也是3D Studio 在DOS中的最后一个版本。

1994年10月， 3DStudio MAX开始进入外壳编写工作，由于小组成员分散在各地，他们之间只好通过互联网传输数据，但线路问题一直困扰着工作的进行，直到申请到高速ISDN调制解调器。

1995年8月，Gary第一次向公众展示了3D Studio MAX ，虽然还没有渲染器但其他部分运行良好，人们认为Yost小组取得了惊人业绩。

1996年4月，3D Studio MAX 1.0 诞生了。

从1997年到1998年，Autodesk公司又陆续推出了3D Studio MAX 2.0 、3D Studio VIZ 和3DStudio MAX 2.5 的版本。

3D Studio MAX 2.0 对1.0 做了1000多处改进，3DStudio MAX 2.5 对2.0做了500多处改进。

3D Studio MAX 2.5 的出现使MAX 跨入了优秀三维软件阵营。

以往工作站独享的NURBS建模现在3D Studio MAX也有，设计师可通过其自由创建复杂的曲面。

上百种新的光线及镜头特效充分满足了设计师的需要。

1998年，Maya、Alias、Houdini相继在NT平台上出现。

同年，Autodesk公司奋起迎击，推出偏重于建筑设计的3DSMAXVIZ版本，该版本实际是在3DSMAX的基础上进行一些增减，增加一些与建筑有关的模块，删去一些动画功能。

支持OpenGL 硬件图形加速既提高品质又加快着色速度等等。

使3D Studio MAX 几乎超过了一般的工作站软件。

3DS Max 5.0（2002）3DS Max 6.0（2003）3DS Max 7.0（2004）3DS Max 8.0（2005）3DS Max 9.0（2006）3DS Max 2008（2007）3DS Max 2009（2008）3DS Max2010 （2009）Autodesk公司2010年的抓图3ds Max 2011主要新特性：基于节点的材料编辑器“Slate”(板岩)，让艺术家们可以更容易地可视化、编辑材料组件关系。

硬件渲染器“Quicksilver”，新的多线程渲染引擎，同时使用中央处理器(CPU)和图形处理器(GPU)进行加速，在普通显卡上渲染速度即可达到传统技术的最多十倍。

能在视图区查看大量的3ds Max纹理图和材料，从而在更高保真度的交互式显示环境中开发和定义场景，无需不停地重新渲染。

Extended Graphite建模和Viewport Canvas工具集2D/3D纹理绘图直接在视图区内进行，还能在一个场景内使用对象笔刷绘图。

可在引用内容之上进行非破坏性图层本地编辑，提高艺术家协作效率。

“3ds Max Composite”，全功能、支持高动态范围(HDR)的合成器，基于Autodesk Toxik 软件技术。

3ds Max 2011英文版将于2011年4月上市，独立授权建议零售价3495美元，旧版升级价1745美元，Autodesk订阅每年495美元。

Autodesk还将在3月底发布3ds Max Design 2011。

〘3DSMAX相关资料网站〙 电驴火星时代论坛 ABBS论坛狗狗（迅雷的搜索引擎）〘3DSMAX9.0中文版的安装及硬件的购买〙3ds Max 2009 32 位软件最低需要以下配置的系统：(32位系统最多支持4G内存，显示为3.25G)Intel Pentium IV 或 AMD Athlon XP 或更快的处理器512 MB 内存（推荐使用 1 GB）500 MB 交换空间（推荐使用 2 GB）支持硬件加速的 OpenGL 和 Direct3DMicrosoft Windows 兼容的定点设备（针对 Microsoft IntelliMouse 进行了优化）DVD-ROM 光驱注：目前不支持基于 Intel 处理器和运行 Microsoft 操作系统的苹果电脑。

3ds Max 2009 64 位软件最低需要以下配置的系统：Intel EM64T、AMD Athlon 64 或更高版本、AMD Opteron 处理器1 GB 内存（推荐使用 4 GB）500 MB 交换空间（推荐使用 2 GB）支持硬件加速的 OpenGL 和 Direct3DMicrosoft Windows 兼容的定点设备（优化的 IntelliMouse）DVD-ROM 光驱名词解释：什么是64位处理器之所以叫做“64位处理器”，是因为电脑内部都是实行2进制运算，处理器（CPU）一次处理数据的能力也是2的倍数。

8位处理器、16位处理器、32位处理器和64位处理器，其计数都是2的倍数。

一次处理的数据越大，该电脑处理信息的能力越来越大；因此64位处理在先天就比32位处理器具有快速的能力。

那为什么不用更高级的128位处理器呢？因为位数越高，处理器芯片的设计也就越复杂新蛋美国京东商城CPU〘3DSMAX的操作界面〙〖3DSMAX视图区〗缺省状态下是4种视图，如果要改变可以用鼠标右键菜单。

还可以改变视图的大小，使用“重置视图”将改变后的视图恢复。

在视图控制区单击鼠标右键打开“视口配置”选项，可以选择不同的视图类型。

前视图—F后视图--B顶视图--T左视图--L透视图--P用户视图--U摄影机视图--C（只有添加摄影机后才可以使用）视图的显示方式：平滑+高光、线框、其他、边面、透明打开栅格—G涉及到英文：Front、Back、Top、Left、Perspective、User、Camera、Grid 〘简单实例—制作雪人〙1.建立一大一小两个球体；2.用对齐工具使两个球体在同一轴上；3.建立两个相同大小的球体；4.使两个球体对齐并移动到头部；5.建立锥体并旋转方向；6.移动到头部并形成鼻子；7.建立圆环移动到合适地方形成腰带。

7.将建立好的雪人文件保存为“雪人.max”。

〘简单实例—制作场景〙1.添加平面作为地面，设置平面颜色；2.用长方体复制建模来制作房子四壁；3.将旋转的长方体实例克隆出对称的长方体作为房顶；4.添加AEC扩展的植物；5.导入“雪人.max”完成场景的合成。

实例总结：3dmax的非精确性、克隆、旋转、镜像、移动附录：3DS Max 发展历史及各版本的改进Short History of 3ds MaxAround the release of Autodesk 3D Studio R2 (DOS) which was the first version to feature the IPAS interface for 3rd party extensions, the Yost Group developers of the application (Gary Yost, Tom Hudson and Dan Silva) started thinking of a next-generation software based on Object-Oriented Programming techniques and running under a Windows OS. After hiring some more developers, the team delivered two more releases of 3D Studio DOS (R3 and R4) while actively developing the project code-named "Jaguar".3D Studio MAXwas officially announced at Siggraph 1995 and shipped to users in April 1996. At the same time, the Autodesk Multimedia Division was rebranded as Kinetix, a division of Autodesk. Thus the full name of the official product was Kinetix 3D Studio MAX. The product contained about the same feature set as 3D Studio DOS R4 but implemented all tools using a completely new object-oriented, procedural modeling paradigm featuring the Modifier Stack, an easier to use linear version of the Prisms/Houdini procedural pipeline. Some elements like the Material Editor and the animation controller system were largely enhanced compared to the DOS version, and the render subsystem allowed for volumetric effects and 3rd party plug-in renderers (which started appearing shortly after the first release - RayStudio and RayMax being the first two available). Release 1.0 required Windows NT 3.51 and supported the first 3D Labs GLiNT hardware accelerator cards available for the PC via custom Heidi drivers.There were two point updates - 1.1 and 1.2. The SDK shipped with 1.1. 1.2 was an update to support WinNT 4 which featured the Windows95-style UI.3D Studio MAX R2(code name Athena) was officially announced as Siggraph 97 in LA,CA on August 4th 1997 and shipped to customers on September 24th, 1997.It included over thousand new features and workflow improvements. The most notable additionswereRay-tracing in the Scanline renderer via Raytrace materials and maps developed by Blur Studio's Steven Blackmon and Scott Kirvan (who later split to form Splutterfish and develop another popular renderer - the Brazil r/s).Lens Effects Post Effects licensed from DigimationNURBS modeling toolsMAXScript programming language licensed from John Wainwright/Lyric MediaOpenGL supportThere was one point release - 2.5. It was the first and only non-free point release in the history of 3D Studio and included among other enhancements NURBS additions (support for Trims) and VRML import support.3D Studio MAX R3(code name Shiva) was announced at the Game Developers Conference in April 1999 on San Jose, CA and was released to customers on June 15th 1999. It was the last version to be published under the Kinetix logo, although the division was already merged with Discreet Logic but had no Corporate Identity design yet. The core of the program was largely rewritten to allow better integration of MAXScript and the Scanline Renderer was enhanced with support for pluggable Anti-Alias filters and Supersamplers. The User Interface was redesigned to support larger true-color icons on customizable tabbed toolbars where custom MacroScripts could be placed by the user.Code Name Trivia: Shiva is the Hindu god of destruction, thus the project code name signified what the core of the application went through before being recreated. At the same time the Autodesk VIZ version from the same development cycle was code-named Kenny, for exactly the same reason! During the same time, Gary Yost, the "father of 3ds Max", was working in complete secrecy on bringing mental ray to 3ds Max in a project code-named Ganesh, a name closely associated with Shiva. (The connection for 3D Studio MAX R3 to mental ray stand-alone shipped to customers in May 2000)The point update to 3.1 is considered by many the most stable version of the software in its history.Discreet 3dsmax 4(code named Magma) was initially announced at Siggraph 2000 in New Orleans in an early technology demo. It featured among many other thingsa new IK system,QuadMenus context menus and a unified ActionItems UI customization system,ActiveShade render preview mode,a redesigned Modifier Stack (Stack View) with support for Drag And Drop,new Editable Poly modeling toolset,DirectX Shader support in viewports,ActiveX support in scripted rollouts,MultiRes mesh optimization based on Intel technologyand more.There were two point releases to individual customers - 4.1 and 4.2, and a special 4.3 update which was for Educational users (schools, universities) only.Discreet 3dsmax 5(code named Luna) was the first release ever to support the plug-in format of the previous version. Plug-ins developed for 3dsmax 4 could be used in 5 without a recompile, while both 2 and 3 required completely new versions. The biggest addition to 3dsmax 5 was the Advanced Lighting sub-system of the Scanline Renderer where two new plug-ins were introduced - a brute-force Global Illumination module called Light Tracer and a Radiosity module based on further research by the developers of Lightscape. (Historical note: Lightscape was acquired by Discreet Logic a couple of years before the Autodesk acquisition.) This also incl. Photometric and Day lights support. Further additions werethe inclusion of Reactor (previously a separate plug-in published by Discreet based on the HA VOK dynamics engine);Set Key animation mode;a refactored Track View with Curve Editor and Dope Sheet modes andan enhanced UVW Unwrap editorRender To Texture featureNew Named Selection Sets editorNew Transform gizmosCharacter Assembly and Bone ToolsSpline IKGimbal rotation modeAuto-Tangent interpolationImproved Skin Modifier with Weight TableImproved HSDS modifier UISupport for Layers (taken from 3ds VIZ)Ink'n'Paint MaterialTranslucent shaderOn the human resources side, it is interesting to note that the product was developed under Chris Ford, previously senior Maya product manager who moved to Discreet when Alias dropped Wavefront. (He is now PRman business director at Pixar). Other related 3D Trivia: Bob Bennett, previously product manager for 3d Studio DOS, was Maya Development Manager for many years until the Alias acquisition by Autodesk - he is now with Luxology.There were three point updates - 5.1, 5.1SP1 and 5.5 (the latter was the extended version with the Particle Flow extensions).Discreet 3dsmax 6once again required recompiled plug-ins (which later would be usable in 7 and 8). The main newfeatures weremental ray as alternative rendererParticle Flow (previously shipped as an Extension to 5 for users on subscription),a refactored Schematic ViewShell modifiernew Vertex PaintReactor 2 dynamicsnetwork support for Render To TextureDiscreet 3dsmax 7(code named Catalyst) was an evolutionary update on top of the 3dsmax 6 core. Main new features were:new Editable Poly tools incl. Bridge, Deform and Relax painting, Soft Selections Painting, Preserve UVs option etc.new Edit Poly modifier which was supposed to ship as Extension to 6 but made it into 7. Support for Normal mapping generation and renderingmental ray 3.3, incl. Sub-Surface Scattering and Ambient Occlusion shaders and Render To Texture supportPer-Pixel camera mappingFlat shaded viewCharacter Studio 4.3 included in the base packageSkinMorph and SkinWrap modifiersTurboSmooth modifierParameter CollectorRefactored Reaction controller (formerly known as Reactor controller)Walk-Thru mode for First Person navigation in the viewports.Autodesk 3ds Max 8(code named Vesper) was published in the Fall of 2005 and was the first release in the history of the product not to break the SDK compatibility in a 3rd major update - in other words, plug-ins from 6 and 7 could be used in 8 without the need for a recompile. The Discreet division of Autodesk was moved closer to the Mother Ship and turned into "Autodesk Media and Entertainment Division", AMED or Autodesk ME for short, leading to a full circle in the history of the 3D Studio line which started as Autodesk 3D Studio in 1990. The "M" in "Max" was capitalized again.Main new features were:Asset Tracking with support for 3rd party solutions and Autodesk Vault shipping with the package. Enhanced XRefsMAXScript DebuggerSupport for Scene StatesHair and Fur (shipped as Extension to 7 earlier that year, based on Joe Alter's Shave & Haircut) Cloth (also available as Extension to 7, based on Size8's ClothFX, formerly known as Stitch) Editable Poly enhancements - Shift Ring and Loop, better Bridge and Edge Connect, Open Chamfers option, clean removal of edges.Enhanced Skin tools incl. Grow and Shrink, Loop and Ring, Weight ToolEnhanced Unwrap UVW with Pelt Mapping support, better Relax options and Render Template toolSweep modifier and enhanced spline options incl. rectangular cross-sectionsBrush PresetsReal-world map scaleMotion Mixer support for non-biped objectsAutodesk 3ds Max 9(code named Makalu) was the first release to include both 32 bit and 64 bit builds of the software. It shipped to customers in October 2006 and required once again recompiled plug-ins due to the switch to a newer Visual Studio compiler and because the MaxSDK6 was getting old and was in need for an update to fix long-standing bugs.A 64 bit version of 3ds Max was demoed as early as the year 2000 when Intel was attempting to introduce the Itanium line of CPUs. A "real" 64 bit build of 3ds Max 8 for the x64 architecture developed under a project name "Scopic" was shown to the audience of the Autodesk User Group meeting at Siggraph 2005 and was later merged with the Makalu project to deliver both 32 and 64 bit on the same DVD for 3ds Max 9.Major new features:Project Path support incl. support for relative pathsProxy Textures Manager.NET support in MAXScript incl. classes, objects and UI controls.ProBoolean and ProCutter (shipped as Extension to 8, based on PowerBooleans 3rd party plug-in), enhanced in this version with MAXScript exposure of ProCutter.HA VOK 3 engine support in addition to the existing 2better mental ray 3.5 integration with support for Physical sky and sun, Arch.&Design shaders and more.Faster screen redraws in Direct3D mode incl. incremental D3D Mesh cache updates, faster spline redraws and moreViewport Stats option for all viewports.New Hidden Line viewport shading modeSupport for CG shadersAnimation LayersHair styling in the viewport, support for reflectionsUpdated PointCache incl. interoperability with Maya 8 (which uses the same cache format) Better interoperability via FBXAutodesk 3ds Max 2008(code named Gouda) was "demoed" at Siggraph 2007 in San Diego, CA and shipped to customers on October 17th, 2007. It was SDK-compatible with 3ds Max 9, allowing plug-ins for the previous version to once again be used without a recompile. The name change allowed Autodesk to align all its products within a fiscal year - Autodesk Fiscal Year 2008 started in March 2007 - and signify to users which versions are interoperable (for example, 3ds Max 2008 should be able to import/link data from AutoCAD 2008 and Revit 2008). The SDK version number still shows the internal version as 10.Major new features:Core code optimizations leading to10+ times faster viewport performance with 10K+ objectsFaster selection, material assignment, transformations, parenting, layer assignment operations Adaptive Degradation system updated to perform view dependent object culling (similar to the Object Culling Utility which was a prototype of the system and has been removed)Scene Explorer framework developed as a testbed of running Managed Code and DotNet components inside the 3ds Max application.Reviewper-pixel lighting and shadow casting from up to 64 lights using Shader Model 3.0;preview of mr Sun and Sky in the viewportspreview of Arch&Design mental ray shader in the viewportsMAXScript tabbed Editor ("ProEditor") based on the open source Scintilla controls and SciTE editor with features likemultiple documents in a single tabbed interfacecollapsing and expanding of code blockssearch and replace supporting Regular ExpressionsBookmarksextensive style and color customization controls with support for various languages and per-directory style definitionsauto-complete and macro definition featurescustomizable right-click context menuFind In Files options to search for a string in multiple filesoptional support for version control systems like Perforce or SubversionInclusion of all Avguard DLX extensions into the MAXScript CoreWorking Pivot mode for quick object and sub-object transformations about an arbitrary point. Selection Preview mode in Editable PolyEdge Chamfer Segments in Editable PolySupport for a file per frame using Maya's native Point Cache format as an option to share baked deformation animation between 3ds Max and Maya.mental ray 3.6 enhancements includingSky Portal light for transferring outdoor lighting into indoor scenesPhotographic Exposure ControlPhoton Emission from A&D Materialmental ray Production Shaders included but unsupported (these are supported in 3ds Max 2009)Various improvements to the Character Studio BipedKeyboard shortcuts override systemAutodesk 3ds Max 2009This version was announced in February 2008 and released on March 31, 2008. It is the first (and probably last) full release built in shortened development cycle of just half a year. This was done to align the release data of all Autodesk Products and also make it clear that product A will work with product B if both carry the same fiscal year number. While the SDK is unchanged, a compiler change makes the recompilation of plug-ins necessary, but with very little overhead for the 3rd party developers.Another major change is the introduction of a dedicated version of 3ds Max for the design and visualization market called 3ds Max 2009 Design. The two flavours of 3ds Max 2009 use the same binary and are fully compatible to each other including file format, data and plugins, but have different icons, slpash screens, documentation, tutorials and learning paths to enhance the user experience. There are only two differences between the two versions - the "Design" version does not include the SDK and the "Entertainment" version does not contain a Lighting Exposure Analysis tool developed for architects performing LEED certification.Major new features are:Unified view navigation controls with most Autodesk products using the ViewCube (alreay in Maya) and Steering Wheel system providing orbiting, first person walk-trough, fly-trough and a viewpoint history features for casual users.Photometric Lights have been reworked and streamlined withmore area light shapes,photometric web previews in the file dialog and the viewport,realtime preview in the viewports,Falloff controls for accelerating photometric lights processing.New Iterative rendering workflow with simplified controls in a renderer-specific control area in the Virtual Frame Buffer (fully scriptable) including:Caching of Geometry and GI for fast reshading.Support for rendering pixels of the selected object only.Region rendering with gizmo display in both the viewport and the VFB.Updated Composite Map with support for various transfer modes, masking and color correction per layer.New Color Correction map.A&D material hardware preview in the viewports now supports shadows.Autodesk ProMaterials (shared between various products) for simpler scene setup and data interchange.mental ray Production Shaders are now enabled and supported.mental ray Proxy object with animation support.mental ray provides new auto-balancing BSP2 acceleration method.The Daylight system now supports various weather models including control via weather files.Multi-threaded Hair buffer rendering and viewport redraws. Support for Skylight.Character Studio "Hands As Feet" support for quadrupeds and in place mirror optionNew direct Soft-Selection manipulation workflow.MAXScript improvements incl. enhanced UI controls and a new binary search method for fast data access in sorted lists.Improved interoperability with Autodesk Revit via FBX and Metadata.New OBJ I/O plugin licensed from Guruware.3ds Max 2009 Design Only: Lighting Analysis Tools with Light Meters and Light Overlay for measuring light intensity from physically-based sources。