《现代数据库管理(英文版)》课件—14
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现代数据库时态数据库PPT课件
（2）有效时间 有效时间（Valid Time）是指一个对象（事件）在现实世界中发生并保持的那段时间，或者该对象在现实世
界中为真的时间。既可以反映过去和现在的时间，还可以反映将来的时间。有效时间的含义依赖于具体应用， 取值是否有效视具体应用场合而定，对应于实际应用的需要或现实世界变化的历史，比如身份证，教师的职称 等。和用户定义的时间不同，当查询语句被检测到有时态语义的时候，有效时间是由数据库系统解释的。而且 有效时间可以被更新，有效时间的提供和更新也是由用户来完成的。
姓名 李小山
张又宝
出生年 月
196009
职称 讲师
196411
副教授 教授
工资
有效时间
1000 1300
1700 2100
(199809，199903) (199904，now)
(199803，200003) (200004，now）
姓名 李小山
张又宝
出生年月 196009
职称
讲师 副教授
196411
第6页/共53页
• 3、目前时态数据库研究取得了相当的进展，但是大多 研究局限在数据库的时态属性，而忽视了其他信息的时 态属性。时态数据技术目前还停留在“数据”处理上， 关于时态逻辑和推理方面的研究，主要优点是符号演算 和推理能力强，但是信息处理能力弱，与时态数据库和 时态信息处理研究相脱离。关于时态知识与逻辑方面主 要包括时间区间逻辑运算的扩充等，没有涉及时态知识 数据库模型。
有效时间维 Now
Now
事务时间维
第14页/共53页
6.6.2 回滚数据库
•
回滚数据库(Rollback Database)支持事务时间，它按事务时间进行编址，
保存了过去每次事务提交，状态演变之前的状态，是数据库事务变化的时间轴。
界中为真的时间。既可以反映过去和现在的时间，还可以反映将来的时间。有效时间的含义依赖于具体应用， 取值是否有效视具体应用场合而定，对应于实际应用的需要或现实世界变化的历史，比如身份证，教师的职称 等。和用户定义的时间不同，当查询语句被检测到有时态语义的时候，有效时间是由数据库系统解释的。而且 有效时间可以被更新，有效时间的提供和更新也是由用户来完成的。
姓名 李小山
张又宝
出生年 月
196009
职称 讲师
196411
副教授 教授
工资
有效时间
1000 1300
1700 2100
(199809，199903) (199904，now)
(199803，200003) (200004，now）
姓名 李小山
张又宝
出生年月 196009
职称
讲师 副教授
196411
第6页/共53页
• 3、目前时态数据库研究取得了相当的进展，但是大多 研究局限在数据库的时态属性，而忽视了其他信息的时 态属性。时态数据技术目前还停留在“数据”处理上， 关于时态逻辑和推理方面的研究，主要优点是符号演算 和推理能力强，但是信息处理能力弱，与时态数据库和 时态信息处理研究相脱离。关于时态知识与逻辑方面主 要包括时间区间逻辑运算的扩充等，没有涉及时态知识 数据库模型。
有效时间维 Now
Now
事务时间维
第14页/共53页
6.6.2 回滚数据库
•
回滚数据库(Rollback Database)支持事务时间，它按事务时间进行编址，
保存了过去每次事务提交，状态演变之前的状态，是数据库事务变化的时间轴。
数据库系统原理英文PPT课件
file system: file’s logical structures and access methods
I/O system : drivers
memory controllers (i.e. disk controller),
on the basis of secondary storage’s physical structures, such as storage structures, access method
February 2011
7
第7页/共70页
§1.2 Purpose of Database Systems (cont.)
• Data management on the basis of file systems
• Example
— customer_record=<c_name, c_id, street, city> in Customer_File
February 2011
1
第1页/共70页
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS
• Definitions in the textbook • Database (DB) — a collection of interrelated data, stored in systems as files • Database management system (DBMS) — DB, or a collection of interrelated data — set of programs to access the data in DB
• Databases and DBS touch all aspects of our lives • Banking: all transactions • Airlines: reservations, schedules • Universities: registration, grades • Sales: customers, products, purchases • Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain • Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
I/O system : drivers
memory controllers (i.e. disk controller),
on the basis of secondary storage’s physical structures, such as storage structures, access method
February 2011
7
第7页/共70页
§1.2 Purpose of Database Systems (cont.)
• Data management on the basis of file systems
• Example
— customer_record=<c_name, c_id, street, city> in Customer_File
February 2011
1
第1页/共70页
§1.0 DB, DBMS, DBS
• Definitions in the textbook • Database (DB) — a collection of interrelated data, stored in systems as files • Database management system (DBMS) — DB, or a collection of interrelated data — set of programs to access the data in DB
• Databases and DBS touch all aspects of our lives • Banking: all transactions • Airlines: reservations, schedules • Universities: registration, grades • Sales: customers, products, purchases • Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain • Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
数据库管理系统[]PPT课件
![数据库管理系统[]PPT课件](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d717d55fbfd5b9f3f90f76c66137ee06eff94e3d.png)
14.10.2024
精品课件
21
3 MySQL
MySQL是最流行的开发源码SQL数 据库管理系统，他是有MySQL AB公 司开发、发布并支持。
开放源码：意味着任何人都能使用和改 变软件；任何人都能从INTERNER下载 软件，无需支付任何费用。
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4 Microsoft SQL Server
目前， Visual FoxPro已经成为高等学 校、各类培训非信息系统专业学生数据 库技术介绍的首选软件。
14.10.2024
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6 Microsoft Access
Microsoft Access作为Microsoft office 组件之一，是在windows环 境下非常流行的桌面型数据库管 理系统。
14.10.2024
精品课件
15
4 结构清晰
数据库管理系统是一个复杂的系统软件， 涉及面广，包括向上与用户接口，向下与 操作系统、软件硬件资源的接口。
因此，应该使数据库管理系统内部结构清 晰，层次分明，便于自身设计、开发和维 护，以及支持外层开发环境的构造。
14.10.2024
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5 开放性
系 教研室
学生
老师
14.10.2024
精品课件
6
网状模型
学生
课程
选课
14.10.2024
精品课件
7
关系模型
第一个基于关系模型的商业产品时 1980年左右Oracle公司和IBM公司出 品的Oracle和DB2。
第一个成功的微机数据库产品是运行 于CP/M,PC-DOS,MS-DOS操作系统 上的dBASE。
英文数据库课件
1.2
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Evolution of Database Management Systems 1.2 Levels of Abstraction 1.3 Data Models 1.4 Components of Database Management Systems
Degree
Credit Academic Division
Adress
Property Division
1.11
2) Database Systems
Advantages of using a DBMS to manage data:
Data independence
Provide an abstract view of data to hide the details of
1.4.1 Data Definition Language 1.4.2 Data Manipulation Language
1.4.3 Database Users
1.4.4 Database Administrator
1.4.5 Transaction Management
1.4.6 Storage Management
File Systems
Database Systems
1.5
1）File Systems
program 1
data 1
program 2
file systems
data 2
program n
data n
1.6
Example
Treasury
Sno Sname Department Allowance
《现代数据库管理(英文版)》课件—15
connects to a class
Multiplicity:
How many objects participate in an association. Lower-bound…Upper-bound (cardinality)
9
Figure 13-3 Examples of association relationships of different degrees
Behavior is expressed through operations that can be performed on it
Identity: every object has a unique identity, even if all of its attribute values are identical to another object’s
5
Figure 13-2 UML class and object diagram a) Class diagram showing two classes
Class diagram shows the static structure of an objectoriented model: object classes, internal structure, relationships
Tangible: person, place or thing Concept or Event: department, performance,
marriage, registration Artifact of the Design Process: user interface,
controller, scheduler
Multiplicity:
How many objects participate in an association. Lower-bound…Upper-bound (cardinality)
9
Figure 13-3 Examples of association relationships of different degrees
Behavior is expressed through operations that can be performed on it
Identity: every object has a unique identity, even if all of its attribute values are identical to another object’s
5
Figure 13-2 UML class and object diagram a) Class diagram showing two classes
Class diagram shows the static structure of an objectoriented model: object classes, internal structure, relationships
Tangible: person, place or thing Concept or Event: department, performance,
marriage, registration Artifact of the Design Process: user interface,
controller, scheduler
《管理信息技术》ppt课件(英文版)—
Chapter 13
Benefits and Costs - Other measures
Distinguishing between investments in infrastructure and investments in specific applications will assist the analysis. IT infrastructure, provides the foundations for IT applications in the enterprise (data center, networks, date warehouse, and knowledge base) and are long-term investments shared by many applications throughout the enterprise. IT applications, are specific systems and programs for achieving certain (payroll, inventory control, order taking) objectives and can be shared by several departments, which makes evaluation of their costs and benefits complex.
present value of the future benefits to the cost required to achieve
those benefits.
•
Return on investment ( ROI) measures the effectiveness of
Benefits and Costs - Other measures
Distinguishing between investments in infrastructure and investments in specific applications will assist the analysis. IT infrastructure, provides the foundations for IT applications in the enterprise (data center, networks, date warehouse, and knowledge base) and are long-term investments shared by many applications throughout the enterprise. IT applications, are specific systems and programs for achieving certain (payroll, inventory control, order taking) objectives and can be shared by several departments, which makes evaluation of their costs and benefits complex.
present value of the future benefits to the cost required to achieve
those benefits.
•
Return on investment ( ROI) measures the effectiveness of
管理信息系统双语课件
7
管理信息系统双语——总复习 Systems from a Constituency Perspective: ★ ★ ★
Transaction Processing Systems(TPS), Management Information Systems(MIS),
管 理 信 息 系 统
Decision-Support Systems(DSS), Executive Support Systems(ESS)
4. Types of Business Information Systems
Systems for Functional Perspective: Sales and Marketing Systems, Manufacturing and Production Systems, Finance and Accounting Systems, Human Resources Systems
5. Enterprise Applications: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Enterprise Systems Supply Chain Management Systems Customer Relationship Management Systems Knowledge Management Systems
13
管理信息系统双语——总复习 7. push-based model, pull-based model ★ ★ 8. Supply chain planning systems, supply chain execution 管 理 信 息 系 统 systems ★ ★ 9. CRM Systems capture and integrate customer data from all over the organization, consolidate the data, analyze the data, and then distribute the results to various systems and customer touch points across the enterprise. 10. cross-selling, up-selling, bundling ★ ★ 11. churn rate★ ★
管理信息系统双语——总复习 Systems from a Constituency Perspective: ★ ★ ★
Transaction Processing Systems(TPS), Management Information Systems(MIS),
管 理 信 息 系 统
Decision-Support Systems(DSS), Executive Support Systems(ESS)
4. Types of Business Information Systems
Systems for Functional Perspective: Sales and Marketing Systems, Manufacturing and Production Systems, Finance and Accounting Systems, Human Resources Systems
5. Enterprise Applications: ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Enterprise Systems Supply Chain Management Systems Customer Relationship Management Systems Knowledge Management Systems
13
管理信息系统双语——总复习 7. push-based model, pull-based model ★ ★ 8. Supply chain planning systems, supply chain execution 管 理 信 息 系 统 systems ★ ★ 9. CRM Systems capture and integrate customer data from all over the organization, consolidate the data, analyze the data, and then distribute the results to various systems and customer touch points across the enterprise. 10. cross-selling, up-selling, bundling ★ ★ 11. churn rate★ ★
中职计算机专业英语教学课件Lesson 14 Database
3
Lesson 14 Database
A database is quite helpful for people. For both individuals and organizations, there are many advantages to having databases. For example, a shopkeeper can use a database system to keep an inventory of his stores and get a very clear idea about what sells well. Additionally, he can see how much he earn each day and how much stock he has got. A director of a large company can keep data of his employees in a database to manage the staff. A database system can also help a hotel receptionist to keep record of reservations of rooms. She can arrange the check-in and check-out of customers accordingly.
第三阶段（20世纪90年代），其产品加强了数据完整性和安全性 。完整性的控制在核心层实现，克服了在工具层的完整性可能存在“旁 路”的弊病。 目前小型数据库系统有Foxpro, Access, PARADOX等，大型数据库系 统有DB2, INGRES, ORACLE, INFORMIX, SYBASE, SQL SERVER 等。
Lesson 14 Database
A database is quite helpful for people. For both individuals and organizations, there are many advantages to having databases. For example, a shopkeeper can use a database system to keep an inventory of his stores and get a very clear idea about what sells well. Additionally, he can see how much he earn each day and how much stock he has got. A director of a large company can keep data of his employees in a database to manage the staff. A database system can also help a hotel receptionist to keep record of reservations of rooms. She can arrange the check-in and check-out of customers accordingly.
第三阶段（20世纪90年代），其产品加强了数据完整性和安全性 。完整性的控制在核心层实现，克服了在工具层的完整性可能存在“旁 路”的弊病。 目前小型数据库系统有Foxpro, Access, PARADOX等，大型数据库系 统有DB2, INGRES, ORACLE, INFORMIX, SYBASE, SQL SERVER 等。
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Chapter 13 (Online): Object-Oriented Data
Modeling
Modern Database Management 10th Edition
1
Objectives
Define terms Describe phases of object-oriented development life
Class Object Association Inheritance of
attributes
Inheritance of behavior
EER
Entity type Entity instance Relationship Inheritance of
attributes
No representation of behavior
3
Figure 13-1 Phases of object-oriented systems development cycle
Progressive and iterative development process
4
OO vs. EER Data Modeling
Object Oriented
Behavior is expressed through operations that can be performed on it
Identity: every object has a unique identity, even if all of its attribute values are the same
composition Specify types of business rules in a class diagram
2
What Is Object-Oriented Data Modeling?
Centers around objects and classes Involves inheritance Encapsulates both data and behavior Benefits of Object-Oriented Modeling
9
Operation
A function or service that is provided by all instances of a class
Ability to tackle challenging problems Improved communication between users, analysts,
designers, and programmers Increased consistency in analysis, design, and
8
Figure 13-2 UML class and object diagram (cont.) b) Object diagram with two instances
Object diagram shows instances that are compatible with a given class diagram
7
Figure 13-2 UML class and object diagram a) Class diagram showing two classes
Class diagram shows the static structure of an objectoriented model: object classes, internal structure, relationships
Object-oriented modeling is typically represented using the Unified Modeling Language (UML)
5
Classes and Objects
Class: An entity that has a well-defined role in the application domain, as well as state, behavior, and identity
Object: a particular instance of a class
Objects exhibit BEHAVIOR as well as attributes Different from entities
6
State, Behavior, Identity
State: attribute types and values Behavior: how an object acts and reacts
programming Explicit representation of commonality among system
components System robustness Reusability of analysis, design, and programming results
Tangible: person, place or thing Concept or Event: department, performance,
marriage, registration Artifact of the Design Process: user interface,
controller, scheduler
cycle State advantages of object-oriented modeling Compare object-oriented model with E-R and EER
models Model real-world application using UML class diagram Provide UML snapshot of a system state Recognize when to use generaliz
Modeling
Modern Database Management 10th Edition
1
Objectives
Define terms Describe phases of object-oriented development life
Class Object Association Inheritance of
attributes
Inheritance of behavior
EER
Entity type Entity instance Relationship Inheritance of
attributes
No representation of behavior
3
Figure 13-1 Phases of object-oriented systems development cycle
Progressive and iterative development process
4
OO vs. EER Data Modeling
Object Oriented
Behavior is expressed through operations that can be performed on it
Identity: every object has a unique identity, even if all of its attribute values are the same
composition Specify types of business rules in a class diagram
2
What Is Object-Oriented Data Modeling?
Centers around objects and classes Involves inheritance Encapsulates both data and behavior Benefits of Object-Oriented Modeling
9
Operation
A function or service that is provided by all instances of a class
Ability to tackle challenging problems Improved communication between users, analysts,
designers, and programmers Increased consistency in analysis, design, and
8
Figure 13-2 UML class and object diagram (cont.) b) Object diagram with two instances
Object diagram shows instances that are compatible with a given class diagram
7
Figure 13-2 UML class and object diagram a) Class diagram showing two classes
Class diagram shows the static structure of an objectoriented model: object classes, internal structure, relationships
Object-oriented modeling is typically represented using the Unified Modeling Language (UML)
5
Classes and Objects
Class: An entity that has a well-defined role in the application domain, as well as state, behavior, and identity
Object: a particular instance of a class
Objects exhibit BEHAVIOR as well as attributes Different from entities
6
State, Behavior, Identity
State: attribute types and values Behavior: how an object acts and reacts
programming Explicit representation of commonality among system
components System robustness Reusability of analysis, design, and programming results
Tangible: person, place or thing Concept or Event: department, performance,
marriage, registration Artifact of the Design Process: user interface,
controller, scheduler
cycle State advantages of object-oriented modeling Compare object-oriented model with E-R and EER
models Model real-world application using UML class diagram Provide UML snapshot of a system state Recognize when to use generaliz