语言学考试题型及分值
四川大学英语语言文学专业和外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生入学考试科目及推荐参考书
四川大学英语语言文学专业和外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生入学考试科目及推荐参考书一、适用专业及方向：英语语言文学：现代英美文学、美国文化研究、加拿大文化研究、欧洲文化研究外国语言学及应用语言学：现代英语及语言理论、现代外语教育及教育技术、英语翻译理论与实践三、各科试题结构说明：1. 政治（国家统一考试，略）2. 二外（略）3. 基础英语 (150分)：l Cloze Test或改错（10分）l 阅读理解（30分）l 英译汉（30分）l 汉译英（30分）l 阅读与写作（50分）4. 英语专业综合知识 (150分)l 英语国家社会和文化知识（50分）l 英语文学知识（50分）l 英语语言知识（50分）四、推荐参考书目（版本不限）：基础英语、英语专业综合知识1. Beidler, Peter G. Writing Matters，四川大学出版社。
2. 郭著章，李庆生：《英汉互译实用教程》（第三版），武汉大学出版社。
3. 胡壮麟：《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社，2001年。
4. 李宜燮，常耀信：《美国文学选读》（上、下册），南开大学出版社。
5. 罗经国：《新编英国文学选读》（上、下册），北京大学出版社。
6. 王佐良等:《欧洲文化入门》(第二版)（第1－4章），外语教学与研究出版社。
7. 朱永涛: 《英美文化基础教程》，外语教学与研究出版社。
第二外语1．法语：《新大学法语》(1-3册)，总主编李志清，高等教育出版社。
2．日语：《标准日本语》(初级)，人民教育出版社。
3．德语：《德语速成》(第二版,上、下册)，外语教学与研究出版社。
4．俄语：《大学俄语（东方）》(第1-3册)，北京外国语大学、普希金俄语学院合编。
5．西班牙语：《现代西班牙语》（1-2册），董燕生．刘建．外研社。
6．韩语：延世大学韩国语学堂[韩] 编著：韩国语教程 1-3册（全6册），世界图书出版公司。
四川大学外国语学院英语语言文学专业和外国语言学及应用语言学专业硕士研究生入学考试复试科目及推荐参考书一、适用专业及方向：英语语言文学：现代英美文学、美国文化研究、加拿大文化研究、欧洲文化研究外国语言学及应用语言学：现代英语及语言理论、现代外语教育及教育技术、英语翻译理论与实践二、考试科目及分值：1. 听力（20分）测试要求：(a) 能听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话和讲话；(b) 英语国家广播电台以及电视台（如CNN）有关政治、经济、文化、教育和科技等方面的专题报道以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后的问答；(c) 能听懂有关政治、经济、历史、文化教育、语言文学和科普方面的一般讲座及讲座后的问答。
英语语言学考研参考
语言学考试大纲一、考查目标语言学考试旨在科学、公平、有效地测试考生对语言基本知识和主要理论的掌握程度，确保英语专业硕士研究生的入学质量。
考生需要系统掌握语言学的基本理论、基本知识和语言学研究的基本方法，能够初步运用所学的基本理论、基本知识和基本方法分析判断分析与语言相关的理论问题和实际问题。
二、考试形式、试卷结构答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷共有五部分组成，满分为150分；第I、II、III部分为客观题，占试卷的7/15；第IV、V、部分为主观题，占试卷的8/15。
考试时间为180分钟。
四、试卷题型及分值I.正误判断题：20道小题，每小题1分，共20分；II.单词填空题：10道小题，每小题1分，共10分；III.单项选择题：40道小题，每小题1分，共40分；IV.简答题：共3-4道小题，共40分；V.论述题：2-3道小题，共40分。
五、考查要点I.考查要点：考查考生语言学基本概念和基本理论的认知程度。
要求考生对给定的陈述进行判断，确定其正确与否。
II.考查要点：考查考生对语言学基本概念和基本理论掌握的准确程度。
要求考生不仅能够理解所提供的内容，而且还能根据提示准确写出关键词。
III.考查要点：考查考生对语言学基本概念、基本理论的理解，也考察考生根据理论对语言现象进行分析的能力。
IV.考查要点：考查考生结合语言学理论对语言现象进行分析的能力。
V.考查要点：首先考查考生对对语言学理论的掌握情况，在此基础上考查考生根据语言学理论对语言学问题进行系统分析的能力。
六、考试范围1. 语言和语言学的基础知识关于语言：语言的定义、起源、特征、功能。
关于语言学：语言学的主要分支学科，宏观语言学。
语言学中一些重要的基本概念：描写与规定、共时与历时、语言和言语、能力与表现。
共济网2. 语音学及音系学知识语音学：语音的发生与感知、发音器官、语音的演变、语音标注、辅音、元音、语音的描写、协同发音。
音系学：音位理论和音位变体、音系规则、区别特征、音节、重音。
842古代汉语与语言学理论考试大纲
黑龙江大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲考试科目名称：古代汉语与语言学理论考试科目代码：[842]一、考试要求1. 古代汉语是一门基础课、工具课。
该课程的目的和要求是在马克思主义语言学理论指导下，培养学生阅读古书的能力。
即通过古代汉语的基础理论、基本知识的教学以及有重点地阅读古代文献的实践，学生要控制古代汉语的语言逻辑，以便借助于工具书能够直接阅读古代文献，批评地继承我国古代优秀的文化遗产。
2．语言学概论是一门专业基础课。
要求学生控制关于人类语言的本质、结构、发展、分类以及记录语言的符号系统——文字等方面的基础理论、基本知识和基本主意，以提高语言理论水平和语言分析能力，为今后从事语言教学和语言研究工作奠定须要的基础。
二、考试内容第一部分古代汉语1．文言文的阅读能力：将通过对文言文的标点、翻译来考察，其难度不会超过教材中的先秦历史散文与诸子散文或者《史记》列传的难度。
文中教材（包括文选与常用词）浮上过的词语将不会注释。
2．有关知识：通论：一、怎样查字典辞书（一）字典辞书的编排、注音与释义方式（二）常用工具书简介1．《说文解字》2．《康熙字典》3．《经籍纂诂》4．《辞源》5．《辞海》6．《经传释词》第1 页/共9 页7．《词诠》8．《诗词曲语辞汇释》二、古今词义的异同（一）词义变化的类型1．词义的扩大2．词义的缩小3．词义的转移（二）古汉语同义词的辨析四、词的本义和引申义（一）词的本义1．定义2．词的本义的探求主意（二）词的引申义1．引申义与本义的联系方式A、相似类比B、相关借代C、相因推导2．词义引申的脉络A、连锁式B、辐射式五、汉字的构造（一）汉字的构造与“六书”理论1．“六书”的名称及许慎的定义2．四体二用3．汉字结构辨析（二）汉字结构与本义的探求1．文字的本义2．文字本义的探求主意六、古今字，异体字（一）古今字定义、形体、成因、辨识（二）异体字定义、类别、辨识七、判断句，也字（一）古代汉语判断句的特点（二）古代汉语判断句的基本形式（三）语气词“也”的特点八、讲述句，矣字，焉字（一）古汉语的双宾语句（二）古汉语的宾语前置句1．用代词复指的宾语前置2．代词“是”作宾语前置（三）动量成分的位置1．数词直接作状语2．数词作谓语（四）古代汉语中常见的被动句式1．介词“于（於、乎）”引出动作行为的主动者2．介词“为”引出动作行为的主动者3．助动词“见”表示被动4．“为……所……”式5．“被”字式（五）语气词“焉”的用法九、一定句，一定词（一）一定句代词做宾语前置（二）“弗”“毋”“未”“无”“莫”的用法十、疑问句，疑问词（一）疑问句中疑问代词作宾语前置（二）疑问代词“孰”“安”“恶”“焉”“奚”的用法（三）疑问语气词“乎”“诸”的用法十一、词类活用（一）古代汉语词类活用定义（二）古代汉语词类活用的类型1．使动用法第3 页/共9 页2．意动用法3．名词活用做动词4．名词作状语（三）使动用法和意动用法的区别十二、人称代词，、指示代词，者字，所字（一）“者”的用法（二）“所”的用法（三）“者”和“所”的区别十三、连词，介词（一）介词“于”（於）“以”“为”的用法（二）连词“而”“以”“则”“且”的用法（三）“然而”“然则”“固然”的用法十四、句首句中语气词；词头，词尾（一）语气词“夫”“其”“唯”的用法（二）词头“有”“其”“言”“于”“薄”的用法（三）词尾“然”“乎”“焉”“如”“尔”的用法十五、双声叠韵和古音通假（一）什么是双声（二）什么是叠韵（三）三十六字母（四）什么是古音通假（五）假借字的两种情况十六、古书的注解（上）（一）古注的意义和历史（二）常见的体例本文、毛传、郑笺、孔疏、陆释文（三）古注的内容（四）古注的术语曰、为、谓之；谓；犹；貌；之言、之为言；读如、读若；读曰、读为十八、古书的注解（下）如字；变读；衍文；脱文第二部分语言学理论第一章语言的功能第一节语言的社会功能1．语言的人际互动功能第二章语言是符号系统第一节语言符号的性质和特点语言与符号第二节语言符号的系统性1．语言符号的随意性和线条性2．语言符号的层级体系3．组合关系和聚合关系第三章语音和音系第一节语音和音系的区别和联系1．语音和音系的最小线性单位2．国际音标第二节从声学看语音1．语音四要素2．音质的声学分析第三节从发音生理看语音1．两类音素：元音和辅音第四节音位和音系1．对立和互补2．音位和音位变体3．音质音位和非音质音位第五节音位的聚合1．区别特征2．音位聚合群第六节语音单位的组合第5 页/共9 页1．音节2．语流音变第四章语法第一节语法和语法单位1．语法的组合规矩和聚合规矩2．语法单位第二节组合规矩1．语素组合成词的规矩2．词组成词组合句子的规矩第三节聚合规矩1．词类2. 形态3．语法范畴第四节变换1．变换和句法同义2．变换和句法多义第五节语言的结构类型和普遍特征语言的语法结构类型第五章词义和语用第一节词汇和词义1.词和词汇2.词的词汇意义3.词义的概括性第二节词义的各种关系1．一词多义2．同义关系3．反义关系第三节句义1．句法语义范畴和属于说话者的人类经验映像第四节语用1. 话题和说明2. 焦点和预设第六章文字和书面语第一节文字和语言1．文字及其作用第三节共时文字系统的特点和分类1．从文字的次小单位看文字的个性和分类 2．从文字的最小单位看文字的不同类型第四节文字的发展与传扬1．自源文字和他源文字2. 文字适应语言和文字的相对自立性第五节书面语1. 口语和书面语2. 书面语的规范第七章语言演变与语言分化第一节语言演变的缘故和特点1．社会、人际交流是语言演变的基本条件 2．语言中各种因素的互相影响和语言的演变 3．语言演变的特点第二节语言的分化1．语言随着社会分化而分化2．社会方言3．地域方言4．亲属语言和语言的谱系分类第八章语言的接触第二节不成系统的词汇借用1．借词第三节语言联盟与系统感染1.语言联盟2.系统感染第7 页/共9 页第四节语言的替换和底层1. 语言替换2. 语言换用与底层遗留第五节通用书面语、民族/国家共同语进入方言或民族语的层次1. 文白异读与汉语方言中的通用语层次2. 共同语第六节语言接触的异常形式——混合语1. 洋泾浜2. 混合语3. 世界语第九章语言系统的演变第一节语音的演变1．何以知道语音的演变2. 语音演变的逻辑性和演变机制3. 语音对应关系和历史比较法第二节语法的演变1．组合规矩的演变2．聚合类的演变3．类推4．结构的重新分析5．语法化第三节词汇和词义的演变1.词义的演变三、试卷结构1．考试时光：180分钟2．试卷分值：150分3．题型结构：古代汉语部分（1）文言文翻譯（25分）（2）阅读分析题（25）（3）论述题（25分）语言学理论部分：（1）解释术语 25分（2）简述 20分（3）论述 30分四、参考书目1．《古代漢語》(一、二册)，王力主編，中華書局校訂重排本。
语言学历年真题试卷汇编21_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
语言学历年真题试卷汇编21(总分68, 做题时间90分钟)1. 多项选择题多项选择题下列各题的备选答案中，至少有一个是符合题意的，请选出所有符合题意的备选答案。
1.下列各组词中属于同义义场的有( )(2011年中山大学考题)SSS_MULTI_SELA 瞥、视、盯B 坚强、坚定、坚决C 充满、充实、充足D 笨、拙、傻E 滋味、味道、口味分值: 2答案:A,D2. 案例分析题1.举例说明下列五对语音特征在汉语普通话中能否成为区别特征。
(2006年南开大学考题)前：后圆唇：不圆唇送气：不送气塞：鼻双唇：齿间SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 2答案:正确答案：前：后能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／u／是后高圆唇元音，／y／是前高圆唇元音，通过舌位的前后相区别。
圆唇：不圆唇能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／i／是前高不圆唇元音，／y／是前高圆唇元音，通过圆唇与否来区别。
送气：不送气能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／p／是双唇清塞音、不送气，／p‘／是双唇清塞音、送气，通过送气与否来区别。
塞：鼻能成为汉语普通话区别特征，例如／p／是双唇清塞音，／m／是双唇浊鼻音，通过塞音和鼻音，清和浊来区别。
双唇：齿间不能成为汉语普通话区别特征，汉语普通话中没有齿间音。
2.分析“父亲、母亲、儿子、女儿”四个词义的义素。
(2002年山东师范大学考题)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 2答案:正确答案：直系亲属男性长辈父亲 + + + 母亲 + － + 儿子 + + －女儿+ －－下列各题有无歧义，如果有，试用适当的方法加以分析。
(2005年山东师范大学考题)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.山上架着炮分值: 2答案:正确答案：有歧义，属于语义特征不同导致的组合歧义。
“架”可以表示持续：山上正在架着炮；也可以表示存在：炮架在山上。
SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.他可以接待分值: 2答案:正确答案：有歧义，属于语义关系不同导致的组合歧义。
英语专业语言学历年真题试卷汇编14_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编14(总分54, 做题时间90分钟)1. 判断题1.The phatic function refers to language function for establishing or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.(清华2001研)SSS_SINGLE_SELA TrueB False该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：（寒暄功能是指建立与保持社交联络而不是交换信息。
)2.Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words**bined to form sentences in a language.（大连外国语学院2008研)SSS_SINGLE_SELA TrueB False该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：（句法学研究词汇构成句子的规则。
)3."Competence" and "performance" are two distinctive terms proposed by Saussure.（北二外2005研)SSS_SINGLE_SELA TrueB False该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:B解析：（语言能力与语言表现的区别是由乔姆斯基提出的。
)4.The **petence originally refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situation.(南开大学2004研)SSS_SINGLE_SELA TrueB False该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：（语言能力与语言在具体情况下的应用无关，语言表现是语言在具体情况下的表现。
现代语言学自考题-14_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
现代语言学自考题-14(总分90, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.Consonant sounds can be either voiced or voiceless, while all vowel sounds are v______.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:voiced[解析] 辅音要不就是清音要不就是浊音，而所有的元音都是浊音。
2.Of all the speech organs, the t______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:tongue[解析] 在所有口腔的器官中，舌头是最灵活的，它比其他任何发声器官在发音变化中所起的作用都要大。
3.To satisfy the needs of the phoneticians in the study of speech sounds, a set of symbols called d______ are added to broad transcription to show the more subtle differences between similar sounds.SSS_FILL分值: 2.5答案:diacritics[解析] 鉴于人类所发出的语音经常会在特别细微的方面有所不同，国际音标向其使用者提供了一套叫做“变音符号”的附加符号，它们附加在字母上面作为字母标音方法的补充，以标示仅靠字母本身所不能解决的那些微妙的语音差别。
因此，我们现在有了两套标示语音的方法。
语言学概论【过程性考核作业二】
【过程性考核作业二】第三章语音和音系（占形考成绩的20％）第1次99分试题列表单选题题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：一般得分：21下列说法，只有（）正确。
A振幅越大，声音就越弱。
B振幅越大，声音就越长。
C频率越高，声音就越低。
D频率越高，声音就越高。
正确答案：D学生答案：D答案解析：振幅越大，声音就越强；频率越高，声音就越高。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：中等得分：22下列说法，（）是正确的。
A汉语中的音高具有区别意义的作用。
B妇女的声带比男子要厚。
C汉语中的音长具有区别意义的作用。
D汉语“天”、“空”两个音节的音高不同。
正确答案：A学生答案：A答案解析：汉语中音高指声音的高低，是由发音体形状及振动频率快慢决定的，具有区别意义的作用，音长不具有意义区别的作用，故选A。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：较难得分：23汉语拼音中的ü、c、h，国际音标分别写作（）A[u]、[c]、[h]B[y]、[ts']、[x]C[u]、[ch]、[h]D[x]、[y]、[k]正确答案：B学生答案：B答案解析：请参考如下元音、辅音国际音标图：image.pngimage.png题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：简单得分：24汉语拼音方案是以（）字母为基础制订的。
A英语B法语C拉丁D希腊正确答案：C学生答案：C答案解析：《汉语拼音方案》是以拉丁字母为基础制定的。
由国家制定的汉语拼音字母连同它的拼写规则方案，就叫《汉语拼音方案》。
它是中华人民共和国法定的拼音方案，是世界文献工作中拼写有关中国的用名词和词语的国际标准。
1958年2月11日，第一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议正式通过了《汉语拼音方案》，并批准公布推行。
《汉语拼音方案》是采用国际通用的拉丁字母，采用音素化的音节结构拼写以北京语音为标准音的普通话。
题型：单选题客观题分值2分难度：简单得分：25从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。
A元音B辅音C音素D音位正确答案：C学生答案：C答案解析：音素是按一定规则组合成的音节的最小语音单位。
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。
祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages intoa _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguisticbehavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel./doc/e412750833.htmlually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or withouta hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguisticform refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to ExercisesPractice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. []10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F。
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I.Define the following terms: (15%) 5个II.Indicate the following statement true or false, mark “T”for the true statements and “F” for the false. (10%) 10题III.From A, B, C and D, choose the appropriate one to complete the following statements. (20%) 20题IV.Fill in the blanks with the following word which completes the statements.(20%) 20题V.Answer the following questions. (35%) 四题1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English. (5%)Exampl e：[i] front mid-high unrounded short2. Pick out ten minimal pairs from the following words. (10%)3. Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two sentences that paraphrase the multiple meanings. (10%)4. Answer the questions (10%)复习题1. Language is passed on from one generation to the next through , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. learning and teachingD. acquisition2.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? .A. Lend/BorrowB. Single/MarriedC. Hot/ColdD. Old/Young3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? .A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D.[r]4. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to .A. breakdown of the conversationB. confusion of one`s intentionC. conversational implicaturesD. hostility between speakers and listeners.5. is concerned with all the speech sounds that occur in the world`s languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Psychology6. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about .A. language and MTB. SLA and languageC. language and thoughtD. language and LAD7. Morphemes such as “bed”, “tree” are called .A. bound morphemesB. word formationC. free morphemesD. stem morphemes8. What`s the meaning relationship between the two words “flower” and “rose”? CA. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy9. “Commerce / begin” and “facilitate / help” are two examples of variety.A. genderB. sexC. ageD. register10. The relation, Saussure originally called associative, is a relation holdingbetween elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.A. syntagmaticB. chainC. horizontalD. paradigmatic11.Halliday proposed three ：the ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.A. micro-functionsB. macro-functionsC. meta-functionsD. functions12. Bloomfield drew on psychology when trying to define the meaning oflinguistic forms.A. structuralB. behavioristC. conceptualistD. mentalist13. are produced by moving from one vowel position to anther throughintervening positions.A. DiphthongsB. MonophthongsC. V owelsD. Consonants14. Words such as “male/female”and “present/absent” are .A. gradableB. complementaryC. converseD. relational15. A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which canbe added.A. an inflectional affixB. a derivational affixC. a compoundD. a blending16. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for, is known as the theory.A. cohortB. assimilationC. referentialD. dissimilation17. The smallest meaning unit of language is .A. allomorphB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme18. Style refers to in a person`s speech or writing or a particular person`s use of speech or writing at all times or to a way of speaking or writing at a particular period of time.A. dialectB. registerC. languageD. variation19. is the language which a person is learning , in contrast to a firstlanguage or mother tongue.A. Target languageB. Second languageC. Native languageD. Mother language20. The members of the same class are .A. hyponymsB. antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms21. Which description of the meaning components of the word “mother” is correct?A.＋human,＋adult,－maleB. ＋human,－adult,＋maleC. －human,＋adult,－maleD. ＋human,＋adult,＋male22. According to Saussure, refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. languageD. langue23. The Cooperative Principle is proposed by .A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons24. Saussure is a linguist and the founder of modern linguistics.A. BritishB. SwissC. FrenchD. Russian25. The study of language as a whole is often called linguistics.A. generalB. averageC. ordinaryD. particular26. The word “language” sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person`s language is called .A. idiolectB. formal languageC. informal languageD. social language27. Writing is the secondary language form based on .A. body languageB. gestureC. soundsD. speech28. L. Bloomfield is a famous structural linguist.A. BritishB. AmericanC. SwissD. Russian29. When stress is organized to form a regular rhythm, the term used for it is .A. metreB. stressC. intonationD. pattern30. Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of .A. oppositionB. synonymC. relevanceD. antonym31. is a matter of class membership.A. AntonymyB. HyponymyC. Co-hyponymyD. Synonymy32. A r-expression , as the abbreviation of a , covers all the otherr-expression except anaphors and pro-nominals.A. referenceB. relationshipC. relevanceD. referential-expression33. Those in which there is only one head ,with the head being dominant and the otherconstituents dependent are constructions.A. coordinateB. subordinateC. endocentricD. exocentric34. is the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure.A. ValidityB. ReliabilityC. ConsistencyD. Agreement35. Frequency effect describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed dueto its more .A. recentB.recencyC. frequencyD. frequent36. Which of the following pairs is a minimal pair? The pair of .A. boo t：butB. bea n：pinC. rop e：roadD. bea t：put37. Traditional grammarians used the method of to describe sentencestructure.A. analysisB. traditionC. phonemeD. parsing38. H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and transcriptions.A. wideB. bigC. broadD. large39. Recency effect describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due toits repeated in the discourse or context.A. appearanceB. absenceC. distanceD. occurrence40. Linguistic refers to the differences between men and women inlanguage use which are brought about by women`s social place.A. sexismB. genderC. femaleD. sexist参考答案1.C2..B3.A4.C5.B6.C7.C8.C9.D 10.D 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.A16.C 17.D 18.D 19.A 20.C21.A 22..D 23.C 24.B 25.A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.A 30.C 31.B 32.D 33.B 34.A 35.D 36.A 37.D 38.C 39.D 40.A。