德意志帝国宪法

《德意志帝国宪法》

德国制定宪法的历史始于1815年，全国统一宪法的制定始于1848年革命时期的《法兰克福宪法》。就对近代德国政治生活的影响而言，最重要的要推1850年的《普鲁士宪法》和1867年的《北德意志联邦宪法》，前者是一部以树立国王绝对权威和加强军国主义势力为内容的宪法，后者的基本内容来自《晋鲁士宪法》。

1871年制定的《德意志帝国宪法》是以1867年《北德意志联邦宪法》为蓝本，仅加以稍微修改，反映容克与资产阶级共同意志、混杂着封建因素的资产阶级性质的宪法。其内容和特点是：（1）规定德国是一个联邦制国家，由22个邦和自由城市组成。帝国中央拥有极大权力，各邦地位很不平等。事实上，德意志各邦已成为联邦政府的地方自治单位，失去了其原有的独立性。上述规定肯定了德国统一的事实，有利于促进资本主义的发展。

（2）帝国政权组织形式是君主立宪制，由普鲁士掌握帝国最高行政权，宪法赋予皇帝和宰相以极大权力。

（3）宪法规定帝国立法权由联邦参议会和帝国议会两院制议会行使，但由选民直接选举产生的帝国议会完全处于从属地位。这在一定程度上表明，德国资产阶级在统一后的国家机构中，只获得很小一部分权力。

（4）宪法以专章规定了帝国的军事制度，把普鲁士的军事法律施行于全国。这样，也就是把普鲁士的军国主义推行于全帝国。

因此，1871年德意志帝国宪法所确立的国家制度，具有浓厚的专制色彩，国会只是点缀。劳动大众和资产阶级并未获得多少实际的政治权利。

Paulskirchenverfassung:

The so-called Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt) of 1849 was the first constitution of a German Empire (German Empire usually being associated with the Empire founded by Bismarck in 1871), and as such was actually titled Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches (Constitution of the German Empire). It was proclaimed by the Frankfurt Parliament, during its meeting in the Paulskirche church on 27 March 1849, and came in effect on 28 March,[1] when it was published in the Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt 1849, p. 101-147.

Thus, a united German Empire, as successor to the German Confederation, had been founded de jure.[citation needed] De facto, though, most Princes on German soil were not willing to give up sovereignty and resisted it, so it did not succeed on land, with the German Confederation being restored a year later. On the other hand, this first and democratic German Empire, with its small Reichsflotte navy founded a year earlier, fought the First War of Schleswig at sea with the Battle of Heligoland. The fleet's black-red-gold war ensign was one of the first instances of the official use of the Flag of Germany.

After long and controversial negotiations, the parliament had passed the complete Imperial Constitution on 27 March 1849. It was carried narrowly, by 267 against 263 votes. The version passed included the creation of a hereditary emperor (Erbkaisertum), which had been favoured mainly by the erbkaiserliche group around Gagern, with the reluctant support of the Westendhall group around Heinrich Simon. On the first reading, such a solution had been dismissed. The change of mind came about because all alternative suggestions, such as an elective monarchy, or a Directory government under an alternating chair were even less practicable and unable to find broad support, as was the radical left's demand for a republic, modelled on the United States.

The people were to be represented by a bicameral parliament, with a directly elected Volkshaus (House of commons), and a Staatenhaus (House of States) of representatives sent by the individual confederated states. Half of each Staatenhaus delegation was to be appointed by the respective state government, the other by the state parliament.

The constitution's text opens with § 1 Sentence 1: …Das deutsche Reich besteht aus dem Gebiete des bisherigen deutschen Bundes.“ (The German Empire consists of t he area of the German Confederation).

德意志帝国宪法（1871年）

简介：1871年4月16日由帝国制宪会议通过，宣告德意志帝国是君主立宪制的联邦国家，标志着德意志民族统一运动的最后完成，标志着德国走上资本主义发展道路。该宪法在俾斯麦一手包办下由《北德意志