中西方商务礼仪差异论文(英文)

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中西礼仪差异英语作文

中西礼仪差异英语作文In an increasingly globalized world, understanding thecultural etiquette differences between the East and the Westis not only beneficial but also necessary for fostering international relationships. China, with its rich history and traditions, has a unique set of social norms that can sometimes contrast with those prevalent in Western societies. This essay aims to explore and compare some of the key etiquette differences between China and the West.Greetings and IntroductionsIn Western cultures, a firm handshake is a common form of greeting, often accompanied by direct eye contact and a smile. Introductions are straightforward, with a first name basis being the norm from the outset. In contrast, Chinesegreetings may involve a slight nod and a bow, especially when showing respect to elders or superiors. The handshake inChina is less common and is typically reserved for formal business settings.Gift-GivingThe act of gift-giving is a delicate art in both cultures,but the approach varies. In the West, gifts are usuallyopened immediately after being received, with the giver expected to express genuine appreciation. In China, however,it is considered polite to refuse a gift several times beforeaccepting it, and gifts are often opened in private to avoid appearing greedy or boastful.Dining EtiquetteDining is a social affair in both China and the West, but the customs surrounding it differ significantly. Western dining typically involves individual plates and the use of utensils such as knives, forks, and spoons. In China, dishes are shared, and it is common to use chopsticks. Additionally, in Chinese dining etiquette, it is polite to serve others before serving yourself, and it is customary for the host to pick up the bill.Hierarchy and RespectRespect for elders and authority figures is a cornerstone of Chinese culture, often reflected in the language through the use of honorifics and titles. In Western cultures, while respect is still important, there tends to be a more egalitarian approach to social interactions, with less emphasis on hierarchical structures.Business CommunicationBusiness meetings in the West are often characterized by direct communication and a focus on efficiency. In contrast, Chinese business culture values building relationships and trust before engaging in business discussions. This can lead to longer, more informal meetings that may include meals or social activities.Personal SpaceWestern cultures generally value personal space and prefer not to be touched unless in a friendly or intimate context. In China, however, it is more common for people to stand closer to each other during conversations, and light physical contact, such as touching on the arm, is not uncommon.ConclusionUnderstanding and respecting these cultural etiquette differences is crucial for anyone engaging with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. It is important to approach each interaction with an open mind and a willingness to learn, as this can lead to more harmonious and productive relationships in both personal and professional settings.。

中国和外国餐桌礼仪的不同英语作文

中国和外国餐桌礼仪的不同英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Table Manners: A Cross-Cultural ExperienceAs a curious little kid, I've always been fascinated by the different customs and traditions around the world. One area that has caught my attention is the way people eat and behave at the dinner table. From my observations and experiences, I've noticed some intriguing differences between Chinese and foreign table manners.Let's start with the basics: at home, we Chinese often use chopsticks to eat our meals. These slender sticks require a certain level of dexterity and skill to handle properly. I remember the first time I tried using chopsticks; it felt like a challenging task, but with practice, it became second nature. In contrast, many foreigners use forks, knives, and spoons, which seem more straightforward to operate.Another interesting difference lies in the way we hold our bowls or plates. In Chinese culture, it's perfectly acceptable, and sometimes even encouraged, to lift our bowls close to ourmouths when eating. This is especially true when slurping noodles or sipping soup. However, in many Western cultures, it's considered impolite to lift plates or bowls off the table.Speaking of slurping, this is a behavior that's often frowned upon in Western etiquette but is perfectly acceptable, and even appreciated, in Chinese cuisine. When we enjoy a piping hot bowl of noodles or a flavorful broth, slurping is a way to express our enjoyment and appreciation for the dish. It's like a compliment to the chef!Table manners also extend to the way we treat our utensils. In Chinese culture, it's considered rude to stick chopsticks vertically into a bowl of rice or point them at others. These actions are associated with certain cultural beliefs and are best avoided. On the other hand, in many Western cultures, it's perfectly fine to rest utensils on the plate or table between bites.Another interesting aspect is the way we interact with others during meals. In Chinese culture, it's common to share dishes and serve others at the table, especially elders or honored guests. This is seen as a sign of respect and hospitality. However, in some Western cultures, it's more common for each person to have their own individual plate or portion.One thing that seems universal, though, is the importance of good table manners. Across cultures, it's generally considered polite to chew with our mouths closed, avoid talking with food in our mouths, and keep our elbows off the table. These basic etiquette rules help create a pleasant and respectful dining experience for everyone.While these differences may seem trivial to some, they reflect the rich tapestry of cultural traditions and beliefs surrounding the act of eating. As a curious child, I find it fascinating to observe and learn about these variations. It's a reminder that even in something as simple as sharing a meal, there's a world of diversity and beauty to explore.Whether it's the delicate art of wielding chopsticks or the proper way to hold a fork, table manners are more than just rules; they are windows into the cultural heritage and values of a society. By embracing and respecting these differences, we can not only enjoy delicious foods but also gain a deeper appreciation for the richness of human experiences.So, the next time you sit down for a meal, take a moment to observe and appreciate the unique customs and traditions that shape the way we dine. Who knows, you might just discover anewfound appreciation for the wonderful diversity that exists right at our dinner tables.篇2Table Manners: China vs. Other CountriesHave you ever noticed how different adults eat at the table in China compared to other places? I've travelled a bit with my family, and I've seen some really interesting differences in table manners between China and countries like the United States, France, and Japan. Let me tell you about a few of them!In China, it's totally normal and even polite to make some noise when you eat. Slurping your noodles or soup shows you're enjoying your food. But in many other countries like the U.S. and European nations, slurping is considered rude. You're supposed to eat very quietly without making any loud noises.Another big difference is how we use chopsticks in China. We hold them in one hand and pick up food with them. But in Japan and some other Asian countries, people hold the chopsticks with both hands, especially when eating rice or picking up food from shared dishes. I think using two hands makes it harder to eat!When it comes to sharing food, things are very different too. In China, it's totally normal and friendly to share dishes by picking food from them with your own chopsticks. But in many foreign countries, that's a big no-no. People think it's unhygienic to "double dip" your utensils in shared plates. Instead, you're supposed to put a portion on your own plate first before eating it.Speaking of sharing, in China we don't really use a lot of individual plates. We just eat family-style directly from the shared dishes in the middle of the table. But in western countries, everybody gets their own individual plate that only they eat off of. I guess that cuts down on germs being shared, but it's less fun!Here's another funny one – in China, it's perfectly fine to pick up small bones or pieces of food with your fingers if needed. As long as you use a clean hand, nobody minds. But in many western countries, using your fingers to eat anything at all is a major breach of etiquette. You have to use a utensil 100% of the time, even for small bites.One difference I actually kind of like is that in some other countries, like France, it's considered impolite to start eating before the hostess or eldest person starts. In China, we kind of alljust dig in whenever the food is ready. Having one person initiate the meal makes it feel a bit more formal and organized.On the flip side, there's a Chinese practice that some foreigners may find surprising or even rude. In China, it's not rude at all to leave a little food behind on your plate when you're done eating. It's meant to show that your host provided you with a nice, generous portion. But in many other countries, clearing your whole plate is expected as a sign of appreciation for the food.One last major difference: in China and some other Asian nations, drinking beverages or soup with a slurping sound is no big deal. But in Europe and North America, any slurping of liquids is considered unrefined and sloppy. You're supposed to silently sip your drink while keeping your mouth fairly closed.As you can see, there are so many interesting cultural differences when it comes to what's considered good manners for eating. What one country sees as polite, another may see as rude. It really makes you realize how these customs are just habits that different societies get used to over time.Personally, I'm glad we can be a bit more relaxed with eating sounds and sharing dishes in China. It feels more casual and sociable to me. But I do understand why other places try tominimize messiness and exposing shared food to potential germs. There are good reasons behind lots of these different protocols.No matter where I travel though, I always try my best to learn and respect the local customs around meals. After all, eating is a huge part of any culture. Following the expected manners is just a way of showing politeness and appreciation for my hosts. A few minor adjustments to how I eat is a small price to pay to avoid uncomfortable situations.I can't wait to experience even more fascinating food traditions as I continue exploring the world. Who knows, maybe I'll even pick up some great new habits to bring back home with me! Experiencing different cultures through food is one of the most fun parts of travelling if you ask me. It's just one more reason why I want to keep seeing as much of this planet as I can.篇3Table Manners: A Tale of Two CulturesHi there! My name is Lily, and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing. Today, I want to share with you an interesting topic that I've learned about – the differences between Chinese and foreigntable manners. It's fascinating how something as simple as eating can vary so much across cultures!In China, we have a beautiful set of traditions and etiquette when it comes to dining. For starters, we use chopsticks instead of forks and knives. I remember when I was little, my parents taught me how to hold them properly, and I practiced using them every day. It wasn't easy at first, but now I can wield chopsticks like a pro!When we sit down for a meal, we always wait for the elders or hosts to start eating first. It's a sign of respect. We also try to keep our elbows off the table and avoid making loud noises while chewing or slurping our soup. My grandma always reminds me to take small bites and chew with my mouth closed. She says it's impolite to talk with your mouth full, and I try my best to follow her advice.One thing that's really different from Western cultures is how we share our food. In China, it's common to have several dishes in the center of the table, and we all take a little bit from each one using our own chopsticks. This way, we get to try a variety of flavors and show our appreciation for the chef's hard work.Another unique aspect of Chinese table manners is the importance of maintaining harmony at the dining table. We try to avoid confrontation or heated discussions during meals, as it's considered disruptive and disrespectful. Instead, we focus on enjoying the food and each other's company.Now, let's talk about some foreign table manners that I've learned about. In many Western countries, people use forks, knives, and spoons to eat their food. They also have different utensils for different courses, which can be quite confusing for someone like me who's used to just using chopsticks!One thing that really stood out to me is how they often keep their elbows on the table while eating. In China, that's considered impolite, but in some Western cultures, it's perfectly acceptable. It's amazing how something so simple can have such different meanings across cultures.Another interesting difference is how Westerners often pass dishes around the table instead of sharing them from the center. They also tend to serve themselves individually, rather than taking from shared plates like we do in China.I've also noticed that in some Western cultures, it's perfectly fine to have lively discussions or even debates during meals. In China, we try to keep things more peaceful and harmonious atthe dining table, but in other parts of the world, it's seen as a way to stimulate conversation and engage in intellectual discourse.Overall, learning about these cultural differences has been really fascinating for me. It's made me appreciate the rich diversity of traditions and customs that exist around the world. At the same time, it's also reminded me that no matter where we come from, we all share the basic human need for nourishment and the joy of sharing a meal with loved ones.So, the next time you sit down for a meal, whether it's with chopsticks or a fork and knife, take a moment to appreciate the cultural significance of the table manners you're practicing. And who knows, maybe you'll even pick up a few new habits from another culture along the way!篇4Dining Etiquette: China vs. The WorldHi there! My name is Lily and I'm a 10-year-old student. Today, I want to share with you some interesting differences I've noticed between Chinese and foreign table manners. Get ready for a delicious adventure!Let's start with the basics: how we hold our chopsticks and spoons. In China, we use chopsticks for most dishes, and it's considered polite to hold them with your thumb and index finger towards the top end. But in many Western countries, people use forks, knives, and spoons instead. It felt really strange when I first tried using a fork and knife! My aunt had to show me how to hold them properly.Another big difference is the way we serve and eat food. In China, we usually share dishes from the middle of the table, using our own bowls and chopsticks to take food from the shared plates. It's like a big family feast! But in some other countries, each person gets their own plate with a separate serving of food. My friend Sarah was surprised when I tried to take food from her plate during our playdate!Speaking of sharing, Chinese table manners say it's perfectly fine to reach across the table to grab something you need, like a sauce dish or an extra pair of chopsticks. But in many Western cultures, that's considered rude. My teacher told me that in places like the United States or the United Kingdom, you should politely ask someone to pass you what you need.Here's a funny one: in China, it's totally normal to make slurping sounds when you're eating hot noodles or soup. In fact,some people even think it's a compliment to the chef, showing you're really enjoying the meal! But in other countries, slurping is seen as rude and impolite. I had to learn not to slurp when I visited my pen pal Emilia in France.Chinese table manners also have some interesting rules about serving and being served. For example, when an elder or guest is served first, it's considered respectful for them to refuse the first serve politely, and wait until the second or third time they are offered. On the other hand, in many Western cultures, it's seen as impolite to refuse the first serve.One thing that's the same almost everywhere is that it's considered rude to talk with your mouth full or chew with your mouth open. Nobody wants to see half-chewed food, right? Yuck!Now, let's talk about finishing your meal. In China, it's generally okay to leave a little bit of food on your plate or bowl when you're done eating. It shows that you've had enough and were satisfied with the meal. But in some other countries, like the United States, it's expected that you'll clean your plate completely. My grandpa was surprised when the waiter took his plate away even though he hadn't finished everything!Finally, let's not forget about using toothpicks after a meal. In China, it's perfectly acceptable to use a toothpick discreetly at the table to remove any food stuck in your teeth. But in many Western countries, it's considered impolite and should only be done in private, like in the restroom.Phew, that's a lot of differences, right? But don't worry, I'm not trying to say that one way is better than the other. These are just cultural differences, and it's important to respect and understand them when you're dining in different parts of the world.At the end of the day, good table manners are all about being considerate of others and making sure everyone feels comfortable and respected during the meal. Whether you're using chopsticks or a fork and knife, sharing dishes or having your own plate, the most important thing is to enjoy the delicious food and the company of your loved ones.So the next time you sit down for a meal, take a moment to appreciate the fascinating cultural traditions behind the way we eat. Who knows, you might even pick up some new tablema nners along the way! Bon appétit!篇5Table Manners in China and Other CountriesHi friends! Today I want to tell you about something I find really interesting - the different table manners in China compared to other countries. Table manners are the polite ways we are expected to behave when eating. While some manners are the same everywhere, there are also lots of differences between cultures. Let me share what I've learned!In China, we have certain rules about how to use chopsticks properly. First, you should never stick your chopsticks straight up in your rice bowl as this reminds people of incense stuck in ashes during funeral rituals. It's considered very unlucky! You also shouldn't cross or point your chopsticks at someone else, as that's impolite. When you aren't using your chopsticks, you're supposed to rest them across the top of your bowl or plate.Using chopsticks takes practice! Some foreign friends find it really hard. In many other countries, people mainly use forks, knives and spoons instead of chopsticks. Funny story - when I went to America, I actually struggled more with using the big fork and knife than they did with the chopsticks! I kept dropping my food.Another difference is how we treat rice and noodles. In China, it's normal to pick up your bowl and bring it closer to yourmouth when eating rice or noodles. Some people even make a nice little sauce plate out of their rice bowl by pushing the rice up around the sides. But in the West, picking up your plate or bowl is usually considered rude table manners.Here's something I found really weird when eating abroad - it's often expected that you keep your elbows off the table! Can you imagine? We're so used to resting our elbows on the table in China. But doing that in countries like America or Britain is seen as bad manners. Their tradition is to keep your arms off the table when eating.Speaking of arms, you're also not supposed to reach across the table for things in many Western countries. In China it's normal to stretch out and grab what you need. But elsewhere, you should politely ask for something to be passed to you instead of reaching over people's plates. It's consideredmore hygienic and courteous.Here's another big one - in China we can burp quietly after a nice meal to show we're full and satisfied with the food. But in most other places, any kind of burping is considered extremely rude and disgusting at the dinner table! You have to hold it in or excuse yourself. My cheeks got so puffed up trying not to burp when eating abroad.Slurping is also treated differently. In China, it's okay (and sometimes even encouraged!) to slurp your noodles and broth a bit to show you're enjoying it. But pretty much everywhere else, slurping loudly is seen as rude and impolite. You're supposed to stay silent when eating noodles and soups to have good manners.Let me tell you about one manner that's similar across cultures - it's rude pretty much everywhere to chew with your mouth open and make loud smacking sounds. No one wants to hear all those gross mouth noises! We're all expected to keep our mouths closed while chewing.Another shared manner is saying "Please" and "Thank you" when asking for things or being served food. It's the polite thing to do in China and in other countries too. Being grateful for what you're given to eat is good manners all around the world.One last thing I noticed - in many Western families, there are assigned seats at the dinner table. Like the parents sit at the ends and the kids have their own specific spots. But in my Chinese family, we don't really have assigned seats. We just kind of sit wherever when we eat!I could keep going, but I've already covered a lot! As you can see, there are quite a few differences in what's considered goodor bad table manners in Chinese culture compared to places like America or Europe. Some manners we share, but often the same behavior can be totally fine in one culture yet rude in another.Isn't it fascinating how many little customs and traditions vary around the simple act of eating a meal? I feel lucky to have experienced meals in multiple cultures. It's reminded me that there's no single right way to have good manners - it's all about understanding and respecting each culture's values and expectations around food. A little politeness can go a long way, no matter what side of the table you're on!篇6Table Manners: China vs. the WestHi there! My name is Lily and I'm a 10-year-old student. Today I want to talk to you about something I find really interesting - how table manners are different in China compared to Western countries. It's fun to learn about different cultures!In my Chinese family, we have certain ways of behaving properly when we eat meals together. Some of the rules are very different from what kids in the United States or Europe might be used to. Let me tell you about some of the biggest differences I've noticed.Holding UtensilsIn China, we use chopsticks instead of forks, knives, and spoons for most dishes. It's considered rude to stick your chopsticks straight up in your rice or food. That reminds people of incense sticks used at funerals, which is related to death. Yuck! Instead, you should lay your chopsticks neatly across your plate when you aren't using them.In the West, kids are usually taught to rest their fork and knife on their plate in a specific way when they aren't actively eating too. But the proper way to do it is a little different than with chopsticks.Serving & Passing FoodAnother big difference is how we serve and pass food around the table. In my Chinese family, there are usually lots of shared dishes in the middle that everyone takes food from. We never hand dishes or utensils directly to each other though. That's considered impolite.Instead, you're supposed to hold the dish with both hands and let the person take it from you. Or if you're giving utensils to someone, you lay them on the table first and let them pick them up. This shows respect.In America and other Western countries from what I've seen, it's normal to just hand food and utensils directly across the table to each other. To me that seems a little rude, but it's just what people are used to in their culture.Sounds at the TableThis one might seem a little weird, but in China it's okay to make louder eating sounds like slurping soup or noodles. In fact, those noises show you are enjoying your food! My grandma always tells me "The more noise, the more delicious."But in Western countries, those same eating sounds are usually considered bad manners. Kids are taught to eat quietly without making loud chewing, sipping, or slurping noises. I've had to be careful about that when eating with my American friends so I don't gross them out!Leaving Food BehindOne big no-no in Chinese dining etiquette is leaving a clean plate behind. It's seen as greedy, like you are looking for more food. My parents always tell me I have to leave at least a little food on my plate when I'm done to show I'm full and satisfied.On the other hand, cleaning your whole plate in Western meals is usually just fine. In fact, parents often praise kids forbeing "good members of the clean plate club" and not wasting any food. Sometimes they are even expected to ask for second helpings if they've cleared their plate.Using ToothpicksHere's another interesting difference - in China, it's perfectly okay to use a toothpick at the table after eating if you need to pick something out of your teeth. The polite way is to cover your mouth with one hand while using the toothpick with the other.But doing that at a meal is considered shockingly rude in most Western countries! You're supposed to excuse yourself and go to the bathroom if you need to use a toothpick. Just taking one out at the table would not be proper etiquette.There are lots of other small differences too, like:In China, burping is no big deal but in the West it's very rudeChinese people don't usually put their napkin in their lapsMost Westerners don't pick up bowls/plates and eat out of them like Chinese people doIt's really interesting to learn about the different manners and etiquette traditions around the world, isn't it? I'm glad I understand table manners in both Chinese and Western culture.That way, I can show respect no matter whose house I'm eating at!What about you? Do you know any unique food etiquette rules from other cultures? I'd love to hear about them. Studying different cultures and customs is not only fun but helps build understanding between people too. Maybe you can teach me some new things!。

中西方商务礼仪差异论文英文

AbstractBusiness etiquette, a behavior science, is the norms in the business activities, , which plays an important role in the business communication .understanding Chinese and western etiquette and their distinctions is of great importance in promoting international business exchanges. With the changing role China played in the international exchanges, we communicate and cooperate frequently with foreigners . It is the notable position that makes us have a more normative and courteous criteria in the international business communication, especially in the business activities with westerners. This thesis ,from the international business etiquette , lays emphasis on the comparison between Chinese and western business protocol, it mainly described the general definition of business etiquette, characteristics of business etiquette, embodiment in business interactions, influencing factors (Cultural factors) of Chinese and western etiquette and the relevant solutions of the differences. The thesis let us comprehend and receive different stages of Chinese and western business etiquette , “recognition—understanding—comprehension ”,through lots of examples, aiming to help us to apply these theories into practice. The consequence of this study shows that in order to avoid the misunderstandings in business activities, especially in international business exchanges, not only should we know some basic business norms, but also we need to understand the distinctions of business etiquette mainly caused by different cultures profoundly.Key words : business etiquette norm business exchange摘要商务礼仪是商务活动中的行为规范，它是一门行为科学，在商务交往中扮演着重要的角色，了解中西方的礼仪及其差异对促进国际间商务交往的顺利进行有着举足轻重的作用。

中西方礼仪差异英语作文

Etiquette is an integral part of every culture,and it varies significantly between the East and the West.Understanding these differences is crucial for effective communication and fostering good relationships in a globalized world.Greetings and IntroductionsIn Western cultures,greetings are often more casual and straightforward.A handshake is the most common form of greeting,accompanied by a direct gaze and a smile. Introductions are made with a first name basis,reflecting a more egalitarian approach to social interactions.On the other hand,Eastern cultures,particularly in countries like China and Japan,place a higher emphasis on respect and hierarchy.Bowing is a common form of greeting,with the depth of the bow indicating the level of respect.Introductions are more formal and may include titles and surnames,reflecting the importance of social status.Gift GivingThe act of giftgiving is a universal practice,but the customs surrounding it differ greatly. In Western societies,it is common to present a gift with both hands,and it is acceptable to open it immediately to show appreciation.The focus is often on the thought and sentiment behind the gift rather than its material value.In contrast,Eastern etiquette dictates that gifts should be presented and received with both hands,but it is considered polite to open the gift later in private.The wrapping of the gift is also significant,as it adds to the presentation and perceived value of the gift. Dining EtiquetteDining is a social activity that highlights cultural differences in etiquette.In Western cultures,it is common to start eating only after everyone at the table has been served. Using utensils correctly and maintaining table manners,such as not speaking with a full mouth,are important.Eastern dining etiquette,especially in countries like China,places a strong emphasis on the communal aspect of meals.Sharing dishes is customary,and it is polite to serve others before oneself.The use of chopsticks has its own set of rules,such as not sticking them vertically into a bowl of rice,which is associated with funeral rites.Business EtiquetteBusiness interactions are another area where cultural differences are evident.In Western business settings,punctuality is highly valued,and meetings often start and end on time. Direct communication and a more informal approach to hierarchy are common.Eastern business practices,however,may involve more patience and a slower pace. Building relationships is often prioritized over immediate business transactions.Meetings may start with small talk to establish rapport,and there may be an expectation of indirect communication to maintain harmony.Respect for Elders and AuthorityThe concept of respect for elders and authority figures is deeply rooted in Eastern cultures.In many Asian societies,it is customary to show deference to those who are older or hold higher positions.This is often reflected in language,where different forms of address are used based on age and status.In Western cultures,while respect is still important,there is generally a more relaxed approach to addressing elders and authority figures.First names are often used in informal settings,and there is less emphasis on formal titles.ConclusionUnderstanding and respecting these differences in etiquette is essential for successful crosscultural interactions.Whether its in personal relationships,business dealings,or social events,being aware of and adapting to these cultural nuances can lead to more meaningful and harmonious connections.。

中西方餐桌礼仪的差异-商务英语-毕业论文文档

What are the differences between Chinese and western table manners?April 28,2006Of course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial. Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares. If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you're in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup then will be served (unless in Guangdong style restaurants) to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings.If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprises a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests. In formal dinners, there are always "public" chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. It is always polite to eat the food. If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed. When you have had enough, just say so. Or you will always overeat!浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异及其原因On Chinese-Western Diffe英文版本文10页，1万余字符Abstract: With the development of China’s opening-up, more and more Western culture gets into our sight. As we face with unfamiliar cultures and countries, some inevitable cultural conflicts might happen in the communication, which will seriously affect the contacts being carried out smoothly. Table manners have a decisive position in the communication between China and Western countries. During communication we will show our best image and avoid cultural conflicts. Learning and using the right etiquette will not only step up our own impression, but also promote the benefit and strife of the company. This paper focuses on the differences of table manners between the West and China, and analyzes the reasons that caused the differences.Key words: etiquette，table manner，difference，culture，reason关键词:礼仪餐桌礼仪差异文化原因On Chinese-Western Differencesin Table MannersⅠ. The importance of table manners in international communicationWith the development of opening-up policy, foreign etiquette enters to our daily life day by day. Besides the commercial etiquette, the dinner table etiquette is very important, too. As there are many different cultures between China and Western countries, we have different dinner.....Outline:Ⅰ.The importance of table manners in international communicationⅡ.The Specific of table mannersA 、arrival of timeB、the concept of dishesC、the atmosphere on tableD、seat arrangementE、customary action on tableⅢ. The causes of different dining customs between the West and ChinaA、different time conceptsB、different ideasC、different behaviors regulationⅣ. ConclusionsBibliography:1.顾江禾，东西方文化对比小议《太原重型机械学院学报》，2001年第22卷第4期，279-2822.华厚坤，试论跨文化语境下的大学英语教学《黑龙江高教研究》，2003年第6期，153-1543.吴锋针，中西习俗文化“冲突”《绥化师专学报》，2003年第1期，90-92“中西方饮食文化差异”以及“中西方餐桌礼仪的区别”一)基本的讲究排列座次时，国内外的基本作法有所不同。

中西商务礼仪的比较与分析

中西商务礼仪的比较与分析
英文：Comparison and Analysis of Chinese and Western Business Etiquette
中国与西方商务礼仪的差异明显，商务活动中应该保持基本的礼仪原则。

其核心是保证互相尊重，严格遵循礼仪规范，以礼相待和遵守有效的沟通模式。

因此，认识不同国家及其商务文化的传统习俗是促进商务活动成功的关键。

首先，外国人对中国的期望与他们的期望完全不同。

中国人更强调大家互相尊重，关注形象和重视礼貌，例如向别人敬酒、拱手礼等等。

而西方人更强调行事的速度，两个国家的文化差异显而易见。

另一方面，中国以其古老的传统而备受赞誉，重视宴席文化，因此，一张桌子上是否有“空果”对中国人来说意义重大，而西方人可能不会给它太多的注意。

此外，正确使用餐具，不但可以使商业会议有规则，同时也是一种礼貌的表示。

同样，拉开总统般的门等客套方式也是不错的选择，明示与对方的尊重，以及良好的心态，其他如赞赏、拥抱、亲吻等等都是两者差异的另一例。

总而言之，中国与西方商务礼仪具有显著的不同，特别是对于商务宴席、客套用语等方面。

只有通过了解、学习两者文化之间的差别，适应当地商务环境才能获得有效的沟通和协调。

因此，在跨文化交流中掌握国际礼仪常识，对成功的商务活动来说必不可少。

中西方商务礼仪(英文)

Different Business Etiquette between China and theWestI. IntroductionBusiness etiquette is a kind of civilization accumulation of human being.It becomes fixed during the business communication, being handed down from generation to generation. It is also a kind of standard behavior observed by the businessmen in their communication. Different countries have different culture traditions, so their business etiquette is also different from one another. There are great cultural differences between the cultural cores of Confucian in China and the cores of Christian in the West, which leads to some differences in the business etiquette between China and West.II. The Influence of Cultural Differences on Business Etiquette Differences Between China and the WestGenerally speaking, the differences on business etiquette between China and the West are influenced by several cultural factors, such as values, view of time, view of space, view of diet, verbal habits and nonverbal. The paper mainly focuses on time and space approach.2.1 From the approach of timeThoreau once said,“If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.”Now, we use the phrase “the beat of a different drummer”to explain any different pace of life. The attitudes toward time vary from culture to culture. And it is understandable that people of different cultures hold different views toward time. When it comes to international business, the view of time can be divided into two types, such as monochromic time and polychromic time. Countries that follow monochromic time perform only one major activity at a time, while countries obeying polychromic time perform several activities simultaneously. (Jeanette S. 113)The United States is a monochromic culture. In monochromic culture, time is regarded as something tangible. Time is seen as linear and manageable. Therefore, people concentrate on the task at hand, taking time commitments seriously and being accustomed to short-term relationships. For example, in the West, time is a kind ofprecious and limited resource. The business people attend the business meeting on time. If someone was late, he would be considered to be lack of honesty. And the U.S. business people always expect to solve their business problems within twenty to thirty minutes. In monochromic cultures, it is considered a rude to do two things at once, such as reading a journal in a meeting or answering the telephone while someone is in your office. Schedules and keeping appointments are consistent with value of people in monochromic cultures.Chinese people are typical example of polychromic cultures. Chinese people are well adapted to doing several things at once and do not mind interruptions. In their opinion, people are more important than schedules to members of polychromic cultures. Their lifestyle is less organized than that of monochromic people. In their eyes time is just like a circle that does not have the end. So Chinese people are highly distracted and subject to interruptions. They consider time to be casual and flexible. For example, to most Chinese today, time simply flows from one day to the next. If a job is not done today, maybe it will be done the next day or the next. And the business meeting would generally last for several hours.Compared with the Westerners, few Chinese equate time with money. When foreign businessmen arrive in China, most Chinese will make them settle down in hotels and give them an opportunity to rest up. Because Chinese do not expect them to immediately rush into business. However, generally this arrangement will be politely but firmly rejected by visitors. When Chinese are involved in international business, they will get familiar with the Western concept“time is money”. But they do not automatically relate it to the pace of business.Besides, Chinese do not pay much attention to the appointment. Sometimes even if there is an appointment, the Chinese would not stick to it seriously. When people of different cultures interact, misunderstandings often arise as a result of different time view. For instance, in the Western countries, the business contact would be pre-arranged within three to four weeks. Business people pre-arrange the business contact at least two weeks in America. The appointment is holy to Americans. In the business communication, if someone asks to have a business contact at the lastminute, he will be considered to make trouble or insult the others. On the contrary, the Chinese people pay more attention to relationship. In their business activity, if there is an important person need to be contacted, they could cancel the primary appointment to meet him. It is unacceptable to American business people. This example shows the cultural differences in time sense between China and the West. And it becomes increasingly important as modern business communications put more and more businessmen in daily contact. If we are to avoid misunderstanding, we need to know better about our own cultural biases and those of others. (Wen Yaoqing, 127) 2.2 From the approach of spaceSpace, is the physical distance between people when they are interacting. It is deeply influenced by culture. When people are having a conversation, the distance between them changes dramatically from one culture to another.Generally speaking, there are four zones when U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone. The intimate zone, less than 0.46 meters, is reserved for a close friend. And it appears briefly when the business colleagues shake hands. The personal zone, from 0.46 meters to 1.2 meters, is used for giving instructions to someone in an office. The social zone, from 1.2 to 3.6 meters, is used for impersonal and formal business meeting. The public distance, over 3.6 meters, is the most formal zone. (Lillian H. 83)Americans tend to need more spaces than Chinese. When having a conversation with Chinese, Americans will back away for the Chinese partner is standing too close. Standing too close to someone in the United States may leave a bad impression on the others, as it implies the person is upset, overbearing, or he is making sexual advances. These negative positions should be avoided in the United States. In China, people prefer to stand close to each other and they think it is a normal and friendly way to communicate with each other.Besides, the arrangement of desks, chairs, and conference table also feature the different styles of communication. When the United States people are conversing, they prefer the face-to-face arrangement of chairs whereas the Chinese prefer side-by-side arrangement. They like this arrangement because they could avoid directeye contact through it.IV. ConclusionWith the globalization of the world economy, organizations are culturally diverse in handling all kinds of business activities, especially multinational cooperation. More and more business people have become aware of the strong impact from culture. And they should have a good understanding of the other business etiquette culture beforehand, which is beneficial for both sides of the business people. Only in this way will it be possible for them to expand their business and make it more prosperous.ReferencesDu, Li.(2004).Comparison of Wine Culture between China and the West.Culinary Science Journal of Yangzhou University,(l):l-4 .Jeanette S.,Martin.Global Business Etiquette.Westport,CT:Praeger,2006.Lillian H., Chaney. Intercultural Business Communication. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall, 2004.Wen,Yaoqing.“Comparison analysis of multinational business culture”. 《International business research》，4（2001）：p121-30。

西方商务礼仪英语作文（精选3篇）

西方商务礼仪英语作文（精选3篇）西方商务礼仪英语篇1People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in Western culture.Knowing them will help you make a good impression.Having good table manners means knowing,for example,how to use knives and forks,when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.Beside your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine,one for the red wine,and one for water.There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table,forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate.When you see two spoons,the big one id for the suop and the samll one for the dessert.The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a litte bit bigger than the ones beside them.When you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your lap.In Chinese you sometime get a hot,damp cloth to clean your face and face and hands,whinch,however,is nat the custom in Western countries.Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called a starter.Sime people pray before they start eating , and other people may keep silent for a moment. Then you can say"Enjoy your meal"to each other and everybody start eating.For the starter,which you eat with the smaller pair,you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left.After the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one boel of soup and never ask for a seconf serving.The next dish is the main course.Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird. Some people can use their fingers when they eating chickenor other birds,but never touch beef or other meat in bones.It is polite to finish eating everthing on your plate,so don't take more food than you need.At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do not laugh all the time.Most Westerners like soft drink if they will drive home.Many of them drink white or red wine with the food.When drinking to someone's health,you raise your glasses,but the glasses should not touch. The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once,but Westerners usually take only a sip.For drinking during a dinner,the best advic is never to drink too much.Table manners change over time.They follow the fashion of the day .Beside,table manners are only important at formal dinner parties.If you're not sure what to do ,you can always follow your hosts.Although good manners always make you look good,you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family西方商务礼仪英语作文篇2Western refers to Western European countries diet cuisine.Western etiquette.T oday, I introduce to you to eat Westernstyle food etiquette.When seated, the body upright, elbow not placed on, may e your fork and knife, fork, the right hand holds the knife; when the cutting things, keep the fork in the left hand hold the food, right hand with a knife cut into small pieces, fork in the entrance.Do not sip the soup to eat, chew when to shut up.Don't lick the lips or smacking sound.Overheating, can be cooled before eating, not mouth blown.A cup of coffee when ready to add milk or sugar, add the following to use tsp stirring, TSP will be placed on the coffee saucers.Drink cups should put his right,left hand end saucer, direct mouth to drink, do not use a spoon to scoop a spoonful spoonful of drink.Western food is not only a kind of etiquette, is also a kind of civilization.The westernstyle food etiquette, you learn?西方商务礼仪英语作文篇3When helping a woman pull her chair to the table, hold it and guide it. Don't shove it against the back of her legs.If you're seated at a table with eight or fewer guests, wait for everyone to be served and for the hostess to begin eating before you dig in. At a long banquet table, it's OK to start when several people are seated and served.All things not having to do with food should remain off the table: keys, clutch bags, cigarette packs, sunglasses, BlackBerrys.Don't snap your napkin open or unfurl it showily like it's an Olympic flag.If you prefer not to have wine while dining out, don't turn your glass upside down, and don't make a big deal of saying you don't drink. Simply place your fingertips on the rim of the glass and say "Not today, thanks."If you're eating and want to take a sip, dab your mouth with your napkin to avoid staining the rim of the glass.Grabbing a bowl of salad or a saltshaker as it's being passed to someone who asked for it is the equivalent of cutting in line: greedy and rude.On the subject of passing: Dishes go counterclockwise, but if someone to your left asks for something, you can hand it directly to him.When you excuse yourself to go to the restroom, just say "Please excuse me."When out with friends or family - even at a fancy restaurant - it's OK to ask for your leftovers to be wrapped. But don't do it at a business lunch or dinner.。

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随着中国在国际交往的角色发生改变，中国的对外交流和合作日益频繁，国际地位越来越明显，国际间的交往，尤其是和西方国家的商务交往就更应该规范化、礼仪化；本文从国际间商务礼仪入手，对中国和西方的商务礼仪的异同点予以概述和比较，主要论述了商务礼仪的有关概念、中西方商务礼仪的主要特征、中西方礼仪在商务活动中的不同体现、影响中西方商务礼仪的主要因素（文化因素）及相关的解决办法。

用大量的实例来反映礼仪差异，让读者从“初步认知——初步了解——了解”各个不同阶段对中西方商务礼仪进行理解和接受，并将它用于实践。

研究结果表明，为了避免商务活动中，尤其在国际商务交往中的误解，除了了解一些基本的商务规范，更需要深层次地了解由不同文化间产生地商务礼仪差异。

关键词：商务礼仪规范商务交往Comparison between Chinese and Western businessetiquette1. IntroductionBusiness etiquette is a code of conduct, which embodies mutual respect in the day-to-day business activities. It is also the norms for people who is engaged in commercial activities and business communications, in other words,how to master basic business activities, so you can meet the requirements for business; how to make yourself familiar with the norms and disclose your dignified demeanor ;how to avoid the embarrassing questions you encountered : such as dress wrong ,dining at a loss; how to eliminate a small matter ,which will have the unexpected negative image to the individuals or companies. Only have you know some knowledge of Chinese and English etiquette , all these problems can be easily solved .Therefore business etiquette helps to create good personal image and corporate image.Business etiquette is coordination and communication functions with cohesion emotional role. With the development of society, the business relations are getting wider and wider, in a variety of business contacts gradually formed a code of conduct and guidelines, guidance on business conduct themselves in society, and as a code of society, coordinating human relations and human and social relations, so that people are friendly to each other, respect the other's premise, compliance with the protocol norms, in accordance with the protocol norms restrain itself, it is easy for people to have interpersonal communication. Therefore , emotional pool plays to the role, and establish mutual respect, mutual trust, friendship and cooperation relations, what’s more, it will help the development of various undertakings. Business etiquette is a behavior science, and should be trained seriously and systemically. Due to geographical and historical background, various kinds of differences occurs between the systems, but the desire to reflect the aspirations is the same, and to abide by the norms and codes of conduct is consistent.Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than just knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client. Unfortunately, in the perception of others, the devil is in the details. People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do. Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously. Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people (and making them comfortable around you!) People are a key factor in your own and your business' success. Many potentially worthwhile and profitable alliances have been lost because of an unintentional breachof manners.Dan McLeod, president of Positive Management Leadership Programs, a union avoidance company, says, "Show me a boss who treats his or her employees abrasively, and I'll show you an environment ripe for labor problems and obviously poor customers relations. Disrespectful and discourteous treatment of employees is passed along from the top."( Dan McLeod：2008) Which strongly emphasize the importance of courtesy, therefore , it’s necessary to know etiquette, especially the business etiquette.2. Characteristics of business etiquetteAs regional and historical reasons, understandings of people from different regions and ethnic varies , as the development of whole world .Chinese people have attached great importance to the foreigners , especially the westerners ,trading between the two regions is becoming more and more frequent ,establishing good relations with western people is of great importance ,therefore ,knowing the business etiquette is essential . As China's reform and opening up the pace accelerated, people’s living and working in foreign exchanges increased. Understanding the content of foreign-related rituals and requirements, and mastering the skills of contacts with foreigners is particularly important.In the business occasions , how to make business etiquette effect completely and how to create the best interpersonal relationships is closely related to the principles of business etiquette , which can be concluded into four aspects:(1) The principle of sincerity and respectSocrates had made a very famous statement: “ there must not be a gift to a friend, you have to contribute to your sincere love ,learning how to use legitimate means to win a person’s heart .”(Voice of English ，2005) Which tells us that if you contact with the people , sincere respect for the ritual is the primary principle . Only you treat others sincerely and courteously ,can you create a harmonious happy relations, for good faith and respect are complementary to each other. Sincerity is a practical and realistic approach to communicate with other people ,especially in the business activities , it can be directly reflected .Sincere and respect for the first performance with some people :do not lie ,not hypocrisy ,do not insult people ,the so called “cheating once ,for life no friends.” also the practical reflection of business dealing . Sincere dedication, be fruitful harvest, only sincere respect for the two sides can be affiliated, friendship for a long time.(2) The principle of moderate equalityIn the social field ,ritual behavior is always expressed as the two sides ,for instance, if you treat your business guests sincerely and thoughtfully , others wouldshow the identical courteous respond to your hospitality ,and they would become the potential regular customers . If you performed impatiently and hasty ,there is no doubt that you would get the same response .The purposes of this protocol must emphasize the principle of equality, equal exchanges between the two parts, for equality is the foundation to establish emotion with other people. If you want to maintain a good interpersonal relationship with your business partners or your customers , you should locate modesty in the first place ,because it is the essential way to make more friends. Moderate principle requires us to measure the criteria of etiquette , in accordance with specific circumstance , specific situation and the exercise of the corresponding ritual .For instance ,when doing business with some people both warm and urbane are required ,one can not be rude and frivolous ,lively and modest ,but lethargic and sophisticated.(3) Self-confidence and self-disciplineThe principle of self-confidence is a mental health principle in the social occasion , especially in the commercial contact .Only someone is self-confident ,can he master things freely. Self-confidence is a very valuable psychological quality, people who have full confidence will not discourage when they encounter difficulties , on the contrary , they will counterattack when they are reduced to a rattrap, they are also willing to show their helping hand to people who are involved in jeopardy. People who are not confident enough will run into snags everywhere , even despair of their life .In the process of social interaction and business communication , establishing a sense of moral values and norms of self-cultivation in the mind to our behaviors .Achieving the balance of self education ,self management and self-confidence correctly , placing a rational and active attitude to fulfill the great obligation the life leaves us , refusing self-righteous and arrogant . Nothing great can be achieved without these traits.(4) honesty and toleranceHonesty stresses the principle of credibility , Confucius , a great philosopher , made the statement : people can’t live without credit , if you affiliate with your friends, honesty should be laid in the first place; Which also emphasize the principle of keeping promises. Trustworthiness is the virtue of the Chinese nation , in particular ,it is necessary to stress punctuality , and people should not delay when they go to the fixed appointments, meetings , talks and conferences, etc. One should not make promise so easily ,unless you are really sure about it ,or else you would end with a bad image of dishonest , especially in the business activity , honesty is of great importance .Tolerance is a great human thinking , the idea of tolerance is a magic weapon to create a harmonious interpersonal relationship in interpersonal exchanges .Tolerate others ,understand others and do not always pursue perfection. For a famous saying goes : failure is the mother of success . All in all ,if you consider things from others’position , I think you have found the best way to win friends ,to win business guests.3. Comparison between Chinese and Westernbusiness etiquetteWith the increasingly close business contacts , people’ conduct in the business exchange reflected more frequently in the past ,the actions and manners in business interactions can be best and directly embodied during their communications ,therefore , learning and understanding the appropriate business behaviors between Chinese and foreigners become special significant .3.1 Chinese etiquette in business occasionConfucius, one of China's greatest thinker, established a system of ethics, morals, hierarchies and behaviors, setting the rules for people dealing with other people, and establishing each person's proper place in society, which have very profound influence in the interaction of our ancestors , especially in the field of business communications.1）Chinese courtesies have always been formal to follow strict rules, although sometimes Chinese people seem to be impolite according to Western norms in public places. If you want to understand Chinese well and be more propitious in doing business with Chinese people , some behaviors should be especially noticed: When you first meet a Chinese person, they might seem unfriendly, but that is because they are taught to not show emotions in public, because it is thought to be unacceptable. Chinese like being formally introduced to a person by another person. When being introduced to a person, shake their hands. A smile, a wave, a nod, or a bow are good. At the same time kissing and hugging are bad. You can only do this when you are very familiar with that person . At your friend’s house you will be given tea automatically. If your friend asks you if you want tea, that probably means that they don’t want to serve you tea, but they want to seem hospitable. You should know what to do. When you leave your friend’s house, they will “see you off”, meaning that they will accompany you to your car, or elevator. When you get to know your friend very well, all formalities change, and they will say “ I wont be seeing you off “ and in turn you must quickly say ‘ That never crossed my mind!” Personal space varies from country to country. The Chinese have less personal space than the westerners, so if you find that they are really close, it is normal. You might step backward, but they might just take a close step. If you are in China, and pushed in a line, don’t feel bad, the Chinese aren’t use to standing in lines, and you aren’t required to be polite to strangers. Chinese don’t like when you point your index finger to point, use this only to call a person( use you open palm to point), snap fingers, and whistle. At the same time, westerners don’t like when you slurp your soup, or when you eatand talk at the same time , Yet the Chinese don’t mind. Chinese consider gifts as an important part to show courtesy. It is appropriate to give gifts on occasions such as festival, birthday, wedding, or visiting a patient. If you are invited to a family party, small gifts like wine, tea, cigarettes, or candies are welcomed. Also fruit, pastries, and flowers are a safe choice. As to other things, you should pay a little attention to the cultural differences. Contrary to Westerners, odd numbers are thought to be unfortunate. So wedding gifts and birthday gifts for the aged are always sent in pairs for the old saying goes that blessings come in pairs. Though four is an even number, it reads like death in Chinese thus is avoided. So is pear for being a homophone of separation. And a gift of clock sounds like attending other's funeral so it is a taboo, too. As connected with death and sorrow, black and white are also the last in the choice. Gift giving is unsuitable in public except for some souvenirs, your good intentions or gratitude should be given priority to but not the value of the gifts, otherwise the receiver may mistake it for a bribe.To sum up, do in Rome as Rome does, but you need not worry about these cultural barriers, since most Chinese are hospitable and amiable and will not mind your nonproficiency.2）What’s more, some other courteous actions always occurs in the communication ,which can be evidently embodied in business interaction.(1)Greetings and IntroductionsThe Chinese usually do not like to do business with strangers, and will make frequent use of go-betweens. Whenever possible, try to use established relationships, or an intermediary known by both sides, to make the first contact .Chinese prefer to be formally introduced to someone new. This applies to both Chinese and foreigners. The Chinese may seem unfriendly when being introduced. They are taught not to show excessive emotion, thus the reference to Chinese and other Asians as inscrutable. Always stand up when being introduced and remain standing throughout the introductions. When being introduced to Chinese, the accepted form of greeting is the handshake, even among Chinese. Chinese may also nod or slightly bow (Unlike the Japanese, the Chinese bow from the shoulders rather than the waist). One would then present a business card.(2) Business Card EtiquetteUse both hands when presenting business cards and be sure the writing faces the person to whom you are presenting your card. Cards should also be received with both hands. Do not immediately put the card in a pocket or bag-this is considered rude. Follow with the standard "I am pleased to meet you, or "ni hao" in Chinese. When seated, place cards on the table. This shows respect and is also an excellent way to remember names. Business cards should be printed in English on one side and Chinese on the other. Be sure to use simplified Chinese characters for China, not the classical characters used in Hong Kong and Taiwan. If traveling to China and Taiwanor Hong Kong, it is a good idea to put the different cards in separate boxes to avoid mix-ups. Remember that China is the People's Republic of China and Taiwan is the Republic of China(3)Titles & Forms of AddressThe Chinese will state their last name first, followed by the given name (may be one or two syllables). For example, Liu Jianguo, in Chinese would be Mr. Jianguo Liu using the Western style. Never call someone by only his or her last name. Unless specifically asked, do not call someone by his or her first name. Addressing someone by his or her courtesy or professional title and last name conveys respect. In Chinese the name precedes the title. For example, Liu Xiansheng for Mr. Liu, and Liu Jingli for Manager Liu. Women's names cannot be distinguished from men's names. Chinese women use their maiden names even after marriage, but may indicate marital status by using Mrs., Ms, Miss, or Madam. Mrs. Wang might be married to Mr. Liu. Chinese who frequently deal with foreigners or travel abroad on business may adopt a Western first name, such as David Liu. They may request that they be referred to as David, once a relationship has been established. Do not use the term "comrade" in China.(4)Personal Questions & ComplimentsDo not be surprised when asked personal questions regarding age, marital status, children, family, income, job, etc. This is done to seek common ground. On the other hand, the Chinese will be uncomfortable with American familiarity, particularly early in a relationship. The arm around the shoulder or pat on the back with "just call me Bob" approach should be left at home. Unlike the Western custom, compliments are not graciously accepted with a "thank you," but rather with "not at all or it was nothing." Accepting and giving direct praise is considered poor etiquette. Do not be gushy with thank yous.(5)Social distance, Touching & GesturesEvery culture defines proper distance. Westerners, particularly Americans, find that the Chinese comfort zone regarding distance is a bit to close for their comfort. Instinctively Westerners may back up when others invade their space. Do not be surprised to find that the Chinese will simply step closer. The Chinese do not like to be touched, particularly by strangers. Do not hug, back slap or put an arm around someone's shoulder. Do not be offended if you are pushed and shoved in a line. The Chinese do not practice the art of lining up and courtesy to strangers in public places is not required. People of the same sex may walk hand-in-hand as a gesture of friendship in China. Western gestures that are taboo in China include:1) Pointing the index finger--use the open hand instead.2) Using the index finger to call someone-use the hand with fingers motioningdownward as in waving.3) Finger snapping4) Showing the soles of shoes.5) Whistling is considered rude.6) Chinese customs that are annoying to Westerners:7) Belching or spitting on the street8) Lack of consideration when smoking and failure to ask permission to smoke9) Slurping food10) Talking while eating(6)Dining and Entertainment Etiquette & ProtocolEntertaining guests at a Chinese banquet is an important way of establishing guan xi. For more formal banquets, invitations will be sent and place cards will be at the table. Guests should sample all of the dishes and leave something on the plate at the end of the meal. A clean plate indicates you are still hungry and it is the host's responsibility to see that you are continually served food and drink. Under no circumstances should chopsticks be placed in the rice standing up. This symbolizes death. There are no firm rules regarding dinner conversation. Depending on the closeness of the relationship, business may or may not be discussed. Follow host's lead. Drinking is an important part of Chinese entertaining and is considered a social lubricant. The drinking officially begins after the host offers a short toast to the group. It is always a good idea for the guest to return the toast either right away or after a few courses have been served. Safe topics for toasts are friendship, pledges for cooperation, the desire to reciprocate the hospitality, and mutual benefit. The Chinese understand if you are unable to drink alcohol. Stating medical reasons is always a good way to get out of drinking alcohol. The most common expression for toasting is gan bei, meaning "dry cup", or bottoms up. The Chinese are not as understanding of tipsy guests as are the Japanese or Koreans. If you feel you have had enough, smile and politely indicate this to your host. Do not pour your own drink. It shows a lack of protocol. Do not underestimate the importance of participating in dining and after-dinner entertainment. It is an excellent way to build guanxi.3.2 Western etiquette in business occasionSome essential etiquette have been mentioned that most Chinese business people always abide by ,meanwhile ,I have also had some general idea between Chinese and western protocol ,here I will list some business behaviors of westerners’.(1) The etiquette of greeting and introductionsWesterners always pay much attention to the first impressions when greeting, first impressions can make or break your chances of success. The way you make your greetings says just as much to your prospective partners or employers as does your dress, and if you err in your first greetings, you may never be able to recover. Introductions can be very difficult and awkward situations if not handled properly, but they are extremely important in all business situations. Remembering people's names is an art, and you should find your own ways to learn this art, but here are some rules that can make the first moments in your situation successful.(2) Shaking handsShaking Hands during the introductions can make all the difference to your future relationships. Not shaking hands is a very clear form of rejection and extremely insulting. In the United States, you should offer a firm handshake and make eye contact at the same time. The rules of a hand shake are few, but necessary: Always remember to stand when you are being introduced and when you shake hands. During cocktail parties, or casual gatherings, keep your right hand free as much as possible in order to shake hands. Extend you hand and grip the other person's hand so that the web of your thumb meets. Shake only a few times. Your grip should be firm, but not overpowering; you should absolutely avoid what is consider a wet fish" handshake. End the handshake cleanly before the introduction is complete.(3)Body LanguageBody Language is just as important as verbal language. At the times of introductions, and in all meetings thereafter, when standing, make certain you back is straight and firm and your head is held high and arms by your side or in front of you. Do not slouch, stick your belly out, put your hands in your pockets, or fold your arms. When sitting, again, keep your back straight, and your legs should be in front of you, with your knees together, or you legs should be crossed, either at the knees or at the ankles. DO NOT keep your legs spread apart in order to avoid giving off unconscious sexual signals. When being introduced while you are sitting, if at all possible, you should stand up and squarely face the person to whom you are being introduced before shaking hands. Head movements should be slight during your discussions. Nodding your head up and down slowly shows that you are listening and attentive, but too much nodding can appear silly. Shaking your head from side to side shows disapproval or disagreement. Again, use carefully. Compare with westerners ,our Chinese people much body language when communicating.(4)The Etiquette of DiningYou are what you eat, according to an old American saying. For the rules of business etiquette, you are not only what you eat, but how you eat. Every society has its rules governing the all-important custom of breaking bread, and the United States is no exception. In the business worlds, breakfasts and lunches are usually the best times for business meals. Dinners are usually reserved for very special occasions or out-or-town guests. Occasionally, if you are hosting the meal, and your guest is staying at a local hotel, then an afternoon coffee and tea meeting in the hotel lobby can be very useful. If you are the host of a meal, you should follow a few important rules: In scheduling the meal, never ask the guest where they would like to eat. Instead, pick two restaurants, pick two different hours, and offer your guest those options. A day before the meal, check with your guest to confirm the date, time and location.(5) Business meetingIn this day of the Internet and other communication miracles, many people havecome to believe that the business meeting has become a thing of the past. Don't believe it! Not only does important business get carried out at meetings, but perhaps most importantly, business meetings provide a meeting area where colleagues and potential business partners are give the opportunity to get to know one another. It is around the corporate conference table or in the board room that judgments are formed about each other. In other words, the rules of etiquette are no less important behind the doors of a meeting room as they are in a 5-star restaurant.In companies that minimize hierarchy, the seating arrangements at meetings are usually no big deal, but in more formal settings, and in more traditional companies, there are a few rules to consider when deciding where to sit:1)Don't sit where the host or the most important attendee plans to sit, whichis usually at the head of the table.2)Don't sit directly to the right of the boss. This seat is usually reserved forthe most important person or the boss's assistant. Be willing to be flexible.If the boss or a guest needs your chair, be prepared to move quickly andgraciously.(6) The etiquette of gift givingYou should be careful in the giving of gifts, never give a gift in a job interview or prior to a business meeting. Gifts are usually given during special holidays, or as thank yous" for special invitations or events. At the time of arriving to a special event or social gathering, you may present your gift to the host once the introductions are made. With gift giving, a few rules are in order: Be modest with your gift; do not buy expensive or extravagant gifts .Perishable gifts (a special food from your country, a bottle of wine, candy, flowers) are best if you do not personally know the host very well, but be certain that your gift will not require immediate attention. Your host will be very busy, and you should avoid adding another task to his or her evening. You can usually say something like, "I thought you would like this a little later" when you offer your gift. Be careful of giving alcohol; a bottle of wine is usually all right if you know your host drinks wine, but hard liquor (whisky, scotch, etc) should only be given as gifts only when you know the host and are certain that they would welcome such a gift; Flowers are good, but remember: roses are for personal relationships. Do Not Give roses. Cut flowers are nice if they are in a vase; A small cultural gift from your country is usually very appropriate .Make certain your gift is packaged nicely, with a nice card attached to it.4 . Influencing factors of Chinese and western etiquette4.1 Traditional viewpoints of Chinese peopleUnder the influence of traditional viewpoint , Chinese people have their own understanding in the communication ,especially in the business interaction, which will。