英语语言学概论morphemes(马震旦)
《语言学morpheme》课件
汇报4
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Morpheme是语言学中的基本单位，用于表示词的构成和变化。 Morpheme可以分为自由morpheme和粘附morpheme。 自由morpheme可以独立存在，如英语中的dog、cat等。 粘附morpheme不能独立存在，需要依附于其他morpheme，如英语中的-ed、-ing等。
前缀可以改变词根的词性， 如名词变为形容词
前缀可以改变词根的词义，如 “un-”表示否定，“re-”表
示重复
词根是构成词 的基本单位， 是词的核心部
分
词根可以单独 使用，也可以 与其他词根或 词缀组合成新
词
词根可以分为自 由词根和黏着词 根，自由词根可 以独立存在，黏 着词根需要与其 他词根或词缀组
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自由 morpheme： 可以独立存在的 morpheme，
如英语中的 "dog"
粘附morpheme： 不能独立存在， 需要依附于其他 morpheme的 morpheme，如 英语中的"-less"
复合morpheme： 由两个或多个
morpheme组成 的morpheme，
教学目标：让学生理解morpheme的概念 和作用
教学方法：通过实例讲解和练习，让学生 掌握morpheme的分析方法
教学案例：分析英语单词 "unfriendly"中的morpheme，让学 生理解morpheme在单词中的作用
教学反馈：通过课堂讨论和作业，了解学 生对morpheme的理解和掌握情况，及时 调整教学方法和进度。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案(2)
ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixA. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrowcan be read as______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates themaxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in thesense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ ofsentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange viola tes the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds ina particular language are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached tocreate amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory in semantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the categoryof the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring orcollocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules thatarrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a realsituation of communication or simply in context.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。
英语语言学概论morphemes顾珍宇
2. Allomorphs（同质异形） English has several morphemes that vary in sound but not in meaning.
as /əd/ or /ɪd/ in verbs whose stem ends with the alveolar stops /t/ or /d/, such as 'hunted' /hʌntɪd/ or 'banded' /bændɪd/
act act-ive act-iv-ate re-act-iv-ate
2. How to classify English morphemes?
1. Free and bound morphemes( 自由语素和粘着语素) Morphemes can be classified into two types, namely, free morphemes and bound morphemes.
3. Roots, stems and affixes（词根，词干，词缀）
A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it
conveys the main lexical meaning of the word
Every word has at least one root. root是一个单词的基本形式,表达该词的意思,而且不
论是加上前缀或者后缀都不会改变root的意思.准确的 说,root是当一个单词去掉所有的词缀（前缀和后缀） 后剩下的那一部分.如：unusefully,去掉-un,-ful和-ly后, 词根就是use.
A stem is a part of a word. The term is used with
Lecture6 Morphology 语言学导论
2. Relative uninterruptibility Generally, nothing can be inserted into a word without the destruction of its structure. Cf. Paul and Rebecca are my friends. Paul, (Jane)… and Rebecca are my friends.
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What are words?
The groups of letters separated from another group of letters by a space at either side? In the spoken language there are no pauses between most words.
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一批新的词汇随着美国宇航员成功登上月球及卫星、太空技 术的发展也落入寻常语言中，比如：moonwalk（月球上行 走）、moonrock（月球标本石）、earthrise（地出）、 softlanding（软着陆）、command module（指挥仓）、 splashdown（溅落）、space sickness（太空病）、 space age（太空时代）、deep space（深空间）、pulsar （脉冲星）、black hole（太空黑洞）等等。
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其次，在20世纪饱经磨难，遭受多次大战，复杂多变的政治 社会舞台、经济社会导致许多国际性组织风起云涌，如： European Union（欧盟）、OPEC（石油输出国组织）、 APEC（亚太经济理事会）等；
政党间的分歧也致使新词汇出现，如：the Eagle（鹰派）、 the Dove（鸽派）、Watergate（水门事件）等； 妇女解放运动产生了如：chairwoman（主席）、monosex（单性）之类的词汇； 经济危机、通货膨胀和经济发展同样带来了如：deflation （萧条膨胀）、value added tax（增值税）、Euro（欧 元）等新词汇。
英语语言学概论-简答题
英语语言学概论-简答题1.Synchronic vs diachronicLanguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.2. Langue and paroleLangue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, It does not change frequently, while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.3. Competence and performanceChomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.4. ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, language is arbitrary. This means thatthere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.On the other hand, we should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature it is not entirely arbitrary; certain words are motivated. The best examples are the onomatopoeic words, such as rumble, crash, cackle, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. For example, while photo and copy are both arbitrary, the compound word photocopy is not entirely arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language. The arbitrary nature of language is a sigh of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.5. ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Much of what we say and hear are saying or hearing for the first time.6. DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which are found at the higher level of the system.7. Displacement Language can be used to refer to thingswhich are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement”means. This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place.In contrast, no animal communication system possesses this feature. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation, i.e. in contact of food, in presence of danger, or in pain. Once the danger or pain is gone, calls stop.8. Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted, i.e. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.9. Broad transcription and narrow transcription:Broad transcription is the transcription withletter-symbols only, this is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics, this is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. Withthe help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.10. Sense and referenceSense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.11. ContextIt is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other. Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s inter pretation of what is said to him.1. Prescriptive and descriptivePrescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct and standards” behavior in usinglanguage. i.e. to tell people what they should say and whatthey should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. It differs from earlier studies of language normally known as “grammar”in that the latter is based on “high”(religious, literary) written language. It aims to set models for language user to follow. On the other hand, modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective and its task is to describe the language people actually use, be it correct or not. Modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language use should be described and analyzed in their investigations.2. Competence and PerformanceChomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. Despite his perfect knowledge of his own language, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use, e.g. slips of the tongue, and unnecessary puses. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and embarrassment. Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speaker's competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied. Although a speaker possesses an internalized set of rules and applies them in actual use, he cannot tell exactly what these rules are. So the task of the linguists is to discover and specify these rules.While Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view oflanguage and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.3. Assimilation RuleThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. Assimilation of neighbouring sounds is, for the most part, caused by articulatory or physiological processes. When we speak, we tend to increase the ease of articulation. This "sloppy" tendency may become regularized as rules of language.We all know that nasalization is not a phonological feature in English, i.e. it does not mean that vowels in English are never nasalized in actual pronunciation; in fact they are nasalized in certain phonetic contexts. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].The assimilation rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations. The rule is that within a word, the nasal [n] assumes the same place of articulation as the consonant that follows it.Componential analysis—a way to analyse lexical meaning 4. Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components calleddistinctive features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capital letters. For example, the word man is analyzed as comprising the features of +HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantics features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. For example, the two word man and woman share the features of +HUMAN, +ANIMATE, and +ANIMATE, but differ in the feature of MALE. And the words man and boy share the features of +HUMAN, +ANIMATE, and +MALE, but differ in the feature of ADULT.Componential analysis provides insight into the meaning of words and a way to study the relationships between words that are related in meaning.1.The scope of linguistics:phonetics(语音学)phonology(音系学)morphology(形态学)syntax(句法学)pragmatics(语用学)2.Interdisciplinary branches of linguistic study: Sociolinguistics: the studies of all there social aspects of language and its relation with society Psycholinguistics: it relates the study of language to psychology.Applied linguistics3.Distinctions in linguistics:Prescriptive VS Descriptive Synchronic VS diachronic Speech VS writing Langue VS parole(瑞，saussure)Competence VS performance Traditional grammar VS linguistics4.Functions of language:descriptive,expressive,social,performative,persuasive,informative./doc/dc15480450.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication.6.Design features(Charleshock美1960)arbitrarinessproductivity duality displacement culturaltransmission7.Phonetics, the study of the phonic medium of language.branches: articulatory~, auditory~, acoustic~.8.Articulatory apparatus: Pharyngeal/oral/nasal cavity,9.音素phone,音位-phoneme,音位变体-allophone.10.Rules in phonology: sequential/assimilation/deletionrules,11.Suprasegmental features(超音段音位)：stress, tone,intonation12.Morpheme词素:free and bound morphemesMorph 语素:distinguish the sound of a morpheme from the entire morphemeAllomorph 同位语素：express indefiniteness in english 13.Derivational morphemes-派生词素 inflectionalmorphemes-屈折词素(tense,number,degree,case)/doc/dc15480450.html,pounds:1)when the two words are in the samegrammatical category.the compound will be in thiscategory2)in many cases, the two words fall into different categories, The class of the second or final word will bethe grammatical category of the compound(not with a preposition).3)it is often the case that compounded wordsequence. 4)the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts. Some words in the basic wrd stock are said to be stable because they refer to the commonest things in life.WelcomeTo Download !!!欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
自考英语语言学Chapter 3 Morphology
Chapter 3 Morphology形态学一、本章纲要二、本章重点1.DefinitionsIt is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Two sub-branches: inflectional morphology / lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies inflection and the latter word-formation. 形态学研究单词的内部结构和构词规则，有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支，前者研究语法屈折和语法意义的表达，后者研究单词的构成和同义的表达。
2.Morpheme语素2.1 Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language语素：语言最小的意义单位。
（2004填空）The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. 单词不是语义的最小单位，因为单词可以解析为在意义上更小的意义成分。
语义的最小单位是语素。
语素表达的意义有两种：语法意义和词汇意义。
2.2 Types of morphemes语素的类型2.2.1 Free morphemes自由语素（2005，选择；2006，填空；2007选择）Morphemes, which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 自由语素有着完整的语义，它们被称为自由语素是因为它们可以作为单词独立使用，如helpful中的help就是自由词素，因为help可以作为独立的单词来使用。
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
英语语言学概论morphology
年至年第学期第周星期
课题名称（含教材章节）：Morphology
教学目的和要求：本章介绍了形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）、直接成分分析、以及构词法。通过本章的学习，了解并掌握形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别（包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）、直接成分分析、以及构词法。
教学重点：语素的定义以及几组重要概念之间的关系或区别包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间，前缀、后缀和中缀之间，屈折词缀和派生词缀之间，词根、词干和词基之间，语素、语子和语素变体之间，空语子和零语子之间）。
教学难点：直接成分分析方法以及构词法。
教学内容（要点）
Definition of Morphology
Morpheme
Classification of Morpheme
Word formation
IC analysis
徐州工程学院教案纸
5. Orthographic change (拼写变化): Changes at the graphic level
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Words consisting of one or more morphemes
One
Two
Three
More than three
and
cat
cats
teach
teacher
teachers
act
act-ive
act-iv-ate re-act-iv-ate
Classification of Morphemes：
Classification of Morphemes：
Bound Morpheme (黏着语素)： A morpheme that must be attached to another one is
a Bound morpheme.
黏着语素必须粘附在其他语速上构成单词，不能作为单词单独使 用。
Free Morphemes (自由语素): A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a
free morpheme.
自由语素含有完整的语义，它们被称为自由语素是因为它们可以 作为单词单独使用。
For example, ① cat ② ‘help’ in the word ‘helpful’
wiser
-er is an inflectional affix, expresses
comparative degree
derivational affixes: -tion, -ify, -ful, -ly
Allomorphs
An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.
Examples:
antecedent -ante is an affix, means before
(先行的) -ced is a root, means go
-ent is an affix, means a thing or a person
books plural
-s is an inflectional affix, expresses
Morphemes
——the minimal units of meaning
小组成员： 马震旦 虞梦露 吴晓栋
张琪玉 王茹 史浩磊
Brief Introduction:
In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language.
For example: ① ‘-s’ in the word ‘cats’ ② ‘-ful’ in the word ‘helpful’
Bound Morphemes:
Bound morphemes（黏着语素）
Root (词根)
Affix（词缀）
Derivational（派生词缀）
Inflectional（屈折词缀）
/ɪd/ /t / /d/
Morphological:
a & an
a book a red apple
an interesting book an apple
Thank you
语素变体是两个或更多个互补的语素在不同的语音或形态环境之 下的表现。
In another word, the variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs.
Examples:
Phonological:
-ed: spotted walked rolled
The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone. When it stands by itself, it is considered a root because it has a meaning of its own and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function.