天津市武清区杨村第一中学2021届高考一轮复习第一次统练(必修一第一至四单元)
天津市武清区杨村一中2023-2024学年度高一年级第一学期第一次形成性检测语文试卷含答案解析
天津市武清区杨村一中2023-2024学年度高一年级第一学期第一次形成性检测语文试卷第Ⅰ卷选择题共26分一、（14分，每小题2分）1. 下列词语中加点字读音全都正确的一项是（）A. 包扎（zhā）霓虹（ní）憎恨（zèng）遒劲有力（qiú）B. 执拗（niù）荫庇（yīn）讷讷（nà）啧啧称赞（zé）C. 揳入（xiē）辗轧（yà）罅隙（xià）窸窸窣窣（sū）D. 踯躅（zhí）梵文（fán）慰藉（jiè）锲而不舍（qiè）[知识点]字音[答案]C[解析]本题考查学生识记现代汉语常用字字音的能力。
A.“包扎”的“扎”应读作zā；“憎恨”的“憎”应读作zēng；B.“荫蔽”的“荫”应读作yìn；“讷讷”的“讷”应读作nè；D.“梵文”的“梵”应读作fàn。
故选C。
2. 下列选项中字形正确的一项是（）A. 竞相战栗瞟一眼嗑嗑绊绊张皇失措B. 掂量沧桑荧火虫冥顽不化云蒸霞蔚C. 忸怩推搡一炷香委屈求全撼天动地D. 熨帖娇嗔笑眯眯不事雕琢涣然冰释[知识点]字形[答案]D[解析]本题考查学生识记并正确书写现代常用规范汉字的能力。
A.“嗑嗑绊绊”的“嗑”应为“磕”；B.“荧火虫”的“荧”应为“萤”；C.“委屈求全”的“屈”应为“曲”。
故选D。
3. 下面所列文学常识相关信息，对应正确的一项是（）A. AB. BC. CD. D[知识点]文学常识综合[答案]C[解析]本题考查学生掌握文学常识的能力。
A.“创造社”应为“新月社”。
B.“近体诗”应为“古体诗”。
D.“现实主义”应为“浪漫主义”。
故选C。
4. 下列加点词的解释全都正确的一项是（）A. 少无适俗韵（适应）枉用相存（存在）B. 一去三十年（离开）羁鸟恋旧林（约束）C. 峥嵘岁月（艰苦的岁月）海不厌深（满足）D. 粪土当年万户侯（使……成为粪土）何时可掇（拾取，摘取）[知识点]一般文言实词[答案]B[解析]本题考查学生理解文言实词在句中的含义的能力。
天津市武清区杨村第一中学2021届高考一轮复习第三次统练(必修二第一至四单元)
天津市武清区杨村第一中学2020届高考一轮复习第三次统练（必修二第一至四单元）学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．唐代以前，百姓消费的日用品主要来自当地或周边地区；从唐代开始，日用品的生产不仅满足当地需要而且加入到长途贩运的行列。
出现这一现象表明唐代A．社会生产力水平显著提高B．长途贩运贸易已十分发达C．百姓的消费水平提高D．市场管理进一步放松2．汉初，土地荒芜，民生凋弊。
汉高祖下令“贾人毋得衣锦、绣、绮、穀、絺、纻、罽，操兵，乘骑马。
”汉文帝及臣僚晃错等人均提倡“孝悌力田”、“贵粟贱商”。
这表明A．商业的发展造成了农民的贫困B．抑商是当时统治者的现实选择C．重农抑商思想在中国开始兴起D．重农抑商符合经济发展的规律3．“17世纪的新兴势力——尼德兰、瑞典、英国、法国都在北部。
一些成长神速的城市也一样——阿姆斯特舟、巴黎、伦敦。
相比之下，地中海显得停滞不前。
……16和17世纪在欧洲北部做生意比在欧洲南部有着无可争议的优势。
”这里的“优势”主要是指A．欧洲新贸易中心的形成B．垄断性贸易公司的建立C．最终确立世界殖民霸权D．工业资本取代商业资本4．18世纪中期以后，在英国国家财政收入的构成中，土地税所占的比例呈现了一种逐步下降的趋势。
这一现象产生的主要原因是A．经济结构的变化B．农业生产的衰退C．对外贸易的发展D．税收政策的调整5．1903年，有英国企业家宣称：最初，自己单独经营一家企业，后来有了几个合作者。
当实业超过了合作者所提供的资本，于是，就组织了股份公司。
现在，又需要把若干股份公司集合成为我们所谓的一种联合。
这说明“联合”A．加剧了市场的不稳定性B．适应了工业化发展的需要C．推动了自由主义的发展D．标志着世界市场的扩大6．下图条曲线反映了1840—1956年我国五种经济形态，即自然经济、民族资本主义经济、外国资本主义经济、洋务经济与四大家族官僚资本主义经济的发展变化情况，下列对此图解读不正确的是A．曲线①反映的经济形态在我国近代长期占据主导地位B．曲线②③反映的经济形态均具有资本主义性质C．曲线④反映的经济形态最能代表我国近代经济发展的主流D．曲线⑤反映的经济形态压制了中国民族资本主义经济的发展7．19世纪末20世纪初，洋纱大量进入直鲁地区，农民们购洋纱织布提供给市场，这种布比土布更结实、价格更便宜、销售流通更广，排挤了传统土布，也抵制了洋布。
天津市武清区杨村第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试卷
天津市武清区杨村第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期第一次月考英语试卷一、单项选择1．— Mum, I gained a full mark in the first English test.— _________! Your hard work in the summer holidays was finally repaid.A．Good luck B．Good for you C．Go ahead D．Good idea2．I try my best at school to live up to my parents’ expectations in order that I will not ________.A．turn them down B．let them down C．make them up D．help them out 3．He performed beyond everyone’s ________ with his accurate shooting and continuous efforts.A．comprehension B．description C．expectations D．expression4．The Chinese people______the spring festival with a wide range of events.A．spend B．present C．observe D．appreciate5．The poet’s strong love for his country is________ in his recent published poems.A．awarded B．reflected C．recognized D．recovered6．If you have health examination________, any disease you may have can be discovered early.A．regularly B．particularly C．gradually D．typically 7．People were left________ when they saw the flood water rising so fast.A．in particular B．in panic C．in sight D．in order 8．—That important document is nowhere to be seen.—Don't worry! You ___________ it somewhere. Calm down and think it over.A．might leave B．might have left C．should leave D．should have left 9．Although the scientist is over 80 years old, he still devotes himself to his research, ______ moved many people greatly.A．which B．what C．that D．where10．______ impressed me most was that those disabled athletes tried their best to compete in the games.A．That B．It C．What D．Which11．_______ arguments over “stupid things” now and then, Alistair agrees that having a brother isan advantage.A．Although B．Despite C．While D．Whether12．A fisherman claimed to have witnessed a giant sea turtle this morning _______ almost two meters long.A．measured B．having measured C．measuring D．to be measured 13．—Haven’t seen you for ages! Where have you been?—I went to Ningxia and_______there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.A．had lived B．live C．am living D．lived 14．（2018·江苏）Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _______ the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.A．having exceeded B．to exceedC．exceeded D．exceeding15．— I’m afraid I can’t win the competition.— Don’t worry. As long as you _________, you will make it.A．go all out B．play safe C．take the lead D．take your time二、完形填空My faith in human nature has never been so great as it was last weekend after our family get-together in the town of Vail.On Saturday, we all went to the market right in the middle of the town. Near the end, we all16 at the fountain near the bridge, and the kids waded（蹚水）around in the fountain until we17 . This is one of the busiest walking streets.After we returned to the hotel late in the afternoon, my 7-year-old son Ponder 18 that nowhere could he find his backpack, which 19 his Gameboy and his watch. After a thorough 20 we determined that he must have left it at the fountain.Ponder has never 21 anything. So we just take for granted that he needs no supervision（指导）for managing his 22 .He was upset, not about the Gameboy, but about the watch. "But Dad," he said, through massive 23 , "they don't make that kind of watch anymore." We were all very 24 .Our dinner reservation was at a restaurant just on the other side of the bridge, so I 25him that we would not only search the area around the fountain when we went back for dinner, but we would also find the police and ask them if the backpack had been 26 .As we exited from the parking garage, we could see the fountain as we walked down the long staircase. I saw something black 27 there, but it was right next to a woman standing by the fountain, so I could not 28 what it was or if it was hers."See it, Dad?" Ponder shouted. "Don't get too 29 because that may not be it," I said. But that was it. It had been five or six hours since we left the fountain, and it was 30 there. There was no ID in it, and it looked like someone had looked through it and then set it right out where all could 31 it.I literally 32 when we reached it and it was his！Everyone in our party was blown away by this "miracle（奇迹）". In my wildest 33 , I would never have imagined that this could happen nowadays.What a charmed life, eh? I believe this was a perfect 34 for a child in losing something important…to lose it and feel the full 35 of that loss, and then to miraculously get it back.16．A．drove B．hiked C．met D．united 17．A．landed B．left C．settled D．slept 18．A．responded B．recognized C．realised D．recalled 19．A．contained B．combined C．comprised D．covered 20．A．preparation B．checkup C．revision D．search 21．A．wasted B．lost C．sough D．deserted 22．A．emotion B．time C．money D．stuff 23．A．tears B．fists C．reliefs D．outbreaks 24．A．hesitant B．curious C．sad D．eager 25．A．promised B．informed C．warned D．taught 26．A．worn out B．caught up C．put away D．turned in 27．A．hiding B．sitting C．swinging D．flowing 28．A．assess B．declare C．tell D．predict 29．A．excited B．puzzled C．relaxed D．amused 30．A．already B．even C．almost D．still31．A．take B．see C．touch D．protect 32．A．panicked B．exploded C．collapsed D．cried 33．A．dreams B．claims C．efforts D．passions 34．A．mode B．lesson C．option D．plot 35．A．range B．pressure C．weight D．harvest三、阅读理解The popularity of studying abroad is growing increasingly, and what are growing along with it are the people who want to share their experiences and the amount of information available. Here are some blogs that can help you if you plan to study abroad.“From I to U” Overseas Study Abroad BlogAmong thousands of colleges in the USA, Indiana University’s Office of Overseas Study is by far the best at promoting studying abroad. Students of Indiana University write blogs each term. They provide hands-on information about their locations, academic interest and cultural experiences on the “From I to U” Overseas Study Abroad Blog in an effort to help you earn IU credits in over 37 countries. Not an IU student? Check it out anyway.CIS AbroadLike most other study abroad organizations, CIS Abroad is committed to giving you the best value in studying abroad, i.e. affordability, support, cultural immersion (沉浸) and academic relevance. What most people find unique about CIS is their La Vida Local culture series, which aims to help you see where the locals eat, shop and hang out. You can also learn to understand the culture in your host country.Abroad101 BlogIt is the first and largest study abroad review website. Founded in 2007, Abroad101 providesin-depth study abroad reviews and listings of thousands of study abroad programs. It has a wealth of information covering study abroad news, stories, and advice.CEA Study Abroad CEA prides itself on making the administrative aspect of studying abroad as easy as possible for you. Along with helping you find the right program and financial aid, it also helps you know the student visa process, select housing, prepare for your health and safety in your host country, and make sure your credits transfer (转到) to your home university.36．Who would most probably be attracted to the “From I to U” Overseas Study Abroad Blog?A．Non-IU students who want to share their life.B．Teachers of Indiana University who love sharing stories.C．Students interested in Indiana University’s students’ life.D．Parents wanting to get professional views on studying abroad.37．What’s the purpose of the La Vida Local culture series?A．To help students learn about local life.B．To advertise the traditional local culture.C．To encourage students to adopt a healthy lifestyle.D．To tell about differences among different cultures.38．Where can students find many study abroad programs?A．On CIS Abroad.B．On Abroad101 Blog.C．On CEA Study Abroad.D．On “From I to U” Overseas Study Abroad Blog.39．What is a feature of CEA Study Abroad?A．Making students feel proud of themselves.B．Putting foreign students’ health and safety first.C．Helping students with the administrative process.D．Helping students gain enough credits in key subjects.40．What is the text meant to do?A．To encourage students to study abroad.B．To recommend some study abroad blogs.C．To help international students adapt to their new life.D．To call on people to share experiences of studying aboard.Growing up as a kid in the UK, I was fascinated by insects. Wanting to protect them, I started building houses for ants, using little pieces of wood and leaves. I then moved on to making little cups and saucers from silver foil (箔纸) for the magical creatures. When seeing my work, my mother told me that the smaller I made things, the bigger my name would become.As the years went by, my designs became more complicated. Making sculptures isn’t actually enjoyable. I sometimes work for 16 hours a day without breaks, and it takes me up tothree months to finish a sculpture. I have to hold my breath during the sculpting process.One time, a fly landed on a Cinderella carriage sculpture I was working on. The fly’s wings blew it away, and it was lost. I was heartbroken. Another time, I accidentally breathed in a microscopic Alice from Alice in Wonderland. Alice is now in the Wonderland forever. But it did give me the chance to make an even better one the second time around.My sculptures have taken me to incredible places. In 2012, I met the queen, giving her a crown on the head of a pin. In 2013, I received my first Guinness World Record for creating the smallest sculpture by hand, a 24- carat gold motorbike that fitted inside a hair. In 2017, I beat my record with a sculpture of a human fetus (胎儿) that measured 0. 078 mm by 0. 053 mm.I was diagnosed with autism (自闭症) as an adult. In school, my teachers had pointed me out as an example of failure; now, I see my autism as a gift. It’s pushed me to be the best I can be.I hold workshops in schools for neurodiverse children, sharing my story and helping them create their own miniature figures.The microscopic world has always been my happy place. I’ve tried to make bigger sculptures, but small- is best for me. We need to appreciate the little things in life. Small things can also be mighty, too.41．What drove the author to make tiny sculpture at the beginning?A．His interest in insects.B．His desire to make a name.C．His dream of setting a record.D．His awareness of wildlife protection. 42．Which of the following can best describe the author’s sculpting process?A．Eventful and enjoyable.B．Complex and frustrating.C．Money- wasting but entertaining.D．Time- consuming but fulfilling. 43．Which is NOT the theme of the author’s sculptures?A．Houses for ants B．Little cups and saucers.C．Fairy tales.D．Historical events.44．How does the author deal with his autism now?A．He receives medical treatment.B．He takes full advantage of it.C．He regards it as the source of failure.D．He shares it and asks help from others. 45．What message does the author mainly convey through the text?A．Great art comes at a cost of loss.B．Childhood experiences sculpt a career.C．Minor things in life can carry weight.D．Hard work contributes to great achievements.For decades, scientists thought of the brain as the most valuable and consequently most closely guarded part of the body. Locked safely behind the blood-brain barrier, it was broadly free of the harm of viruses and the battles started by the immune system (免疫系统). Then, about 20 years ago, some researchers began to wonder: is the brain really so separated from the body? The answer, according to a growing body of evidence, is no.The list of brain conditions that have been associated with changes elsewhere in the body is long and growing. Changes in the makeup of the microorganisms in the digestive system have been linked to disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. There is also a theory that infection during pregnancy could lead to brain diseases in babies.The effect is two-way. There is a lengthening list of symptoms not typically viewed as disorders of the nervous system, but the brain plays a large part in them. For example, the development of a fever is influenced by a population of nerve cells that control body temperature and appetite. Evidence is mounting that cancers use nerves to grow and spread.The interconnection between the brain and body has promising implications for our ability to both understand and treat illnesses. If some brain disorders start outside the brain, then perhaps treatments for them could also reach in from outside. Treatments that take effect through the digestive system, the heart or other organs, would be much easier and less risky than those that must cross the blood-brain barrier.It also works in the opposite direction. Study shows mice have healthier hearts after receiving stimulation to a brain area involved in positive emotion and motivation. Activation of the brain reward centre — called the ventral tegmental area (VTA) — seems to cause immune changes that contribute to it. Working out how this happens could help to destroy cancers, enhance responses to vaccines and even re-evaluate physical diseases that, for centuries, have not been considered as being psychologically driven.46．What do the researchers focus on about the brain?A．Its protecting system.B．Its exposure to diseases.C．Its controlling function.D．Its connection to the body.47．How does the author support his idea in paragraph 2?A．By explaining a theory.B．By providing examples.C．By making comparisons.D．By presenting cause and effect. 48．Which best describes treatments that do not cross the blood-brain barrier?A．Cheaper.B．More specific.C．Safer.D．More direct.49．What does the study suggest in the last paragraph?A．Brain health depends on immune changes.B．Brain stimulation leads to negative emotions.C．The brain can help enhance psychological health.D．The brain may be key to treating physical diseases.Lao Zi once said, “Care about what other people think and you will always be their prisoner. ”People-pleasing, or seeking self-worth through others’ approval, is unproductive and an exhausting way to go through life. Why do we allow what others think of us to have so much power over how we feel about ourselves? If it’s true that you can’t please all people all of the time, wouldn’t it make sense to stop trying?Unfortunately, sense often isn’t driving our behavior. For social beings who desire love and belonging, wanting to be liked, and caring about the effect we have on others, is healthy and allows us to make connections. However, where we get into trouble is when our self-worth is dependent on whether we win someone’s approval or not.This need to be liked can be traced back to when we were children and were completely dependent on others to take care of us: Small children are not just learning how to walk and communicate, they are also trying to learn how the world works. We learn about who we are and what is expected of us based on interactions with others so, to a four-year-old, if Mommy or Daddy doesn’t like him or her, there is the danger that they will abandon them. We need to understand that when we desperately want someone to approve of us, it’s being driven by that little kid part of us that is still afraid of being abandoned.As you become more capable of providing yourself with the approval you seek, your need for external approval will start to disappear, leaving you stronger, more confident, and yes, happierin your life. Jmagine how much time we lose each moment we restrain our authentic selves in an effort to be liked.If we base our worth on the opinions of others, we cheat ourselves of the power to shape our experiences and embrace life not only for others but also for ourselves, because ultimately, there is no difference. So embrace the cliché (老话) and love yourself as you’ll not regret it. 50．What can we conclude from Lao Zi’s quotation?A．We should see through other people’s attempt to make a prisoner of us.B．We can never really please other people even if we try as hard as we can.C．We can never be truly free if we care about others’ opinion of us.D．We should care about other people’s view as much as they care about our own. 51．What will happen if we base our self- worth on other people’s approval?A．Our desire to be loved will be fulledB．Our Identity as social beings will be affected.C．Our life will be unfruitful and exhausting.D．Our sense of self will be sharpened and enhanced.52．What may be the reason for our need to be liked or approved of?A．Our desperate longing for interactions with others.B．Our understanding of the workings of the world.C．Our knowledge about the pain of being abandoned.D．Our early childhood fear of being abandoned.53．What can we do when we become better able to provide ourselves with the desired approval?A．Enjoy a happier life.B．Exercise self- restraint.C．Receive more external approval.D．Strengthen our power of imagination. 54．What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph?A．Embrace life for others.B．Love ourselves as we are.C．See our experiences as our wealth.D．Base our worth on others’ opinions.阅读下面短文，请根据短文后的要求答题。
2020-2021学年天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三英语一模试题及答案
2020-2021学年天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三英语一模试题及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AEver wonder why there are so many people polluting the earth? Ever say to yourself：Hey, I wish that I could do more to help the environment? Have you ever thought about trying to help the earth but never really did it? Well, here are some pretty easyand skillful ideas for that green - earth desire inside you.●Turn off your computer. By leaving it on all day you are creating more CO2than a regular passenger would, driving to and from work in one day.● Ride your bike or carpool (合用汽车).Obviously, youare creating less CO2which will help the ozone(臭氧).● Make a garden. Even simply grow some plants in your kitchen, which will help produce more oxygen while eating up some of that evil CO2.● Buy local groceries. It creates less impact on the environment. Besides, you're supporting your local farmers.● Recycle. You had to see this coming. But you have no idea how much you are helping the environment by simply reusing a water bottle instead of buying a huge pack at the store.● Don't run the water while brushing. It saves you money and helps the water resources.● Open the curtains. Natural light is much prettier and it will keep the energy usage down.● Rechargeable batteries. You have no idea how much it takes to get rid of batteries. Do yourself a favor. Save some money and some energy.1. If you don't want to create more CO2, you may_______.A. turn off your computer or open the curtainsB. turn off your computer or ride your bike or carpoolC. make a garden or open the curtainsD. use rechargeable batteries or make a garden2. Which of the following can best describe the function of the first paragraph?A. Main body.B. Argument.C. Lead - in.D. Conclusion.3. The main idea of the passage is about________.A. the importance of environmental protectionB. some ways about how to prevent pollutionC. some suggestions about how to save energyD. some suggestions about environmental protectionBMany Americans experience surprise (or disappointment) when they wake up on Christmas Day. They might be surprised or disappointed by a family member’s actions. They might be happy or unhappy about a Christmas gift. Imagine a child expects to get an Xbox or PlayStation for Christmas. On Christmas morning, they quickly open their gift. Inside is an English grammar book. They might feel disappointed. The Everyday Grammar team would prefer the new English grammar book. But if you are like most young people, you would probably rather have a new video game.Today, we are going to explore those feelings-feelings of surprise and disappointment. In other words, we are going to explore how speakers show that reality was better or worse than their expectations.Many languages use words to express expectation. Speakers also use words to express how events are not happening as expected. This idea is known as “counter expectation”.Do not worry about the term. Just remember that it means that speakers use words to show that reality is countering their expectations.English has many words that serve this purpose. Three of the most common are the words “even”, “still” and “actually”. You will often hear them in informal, everyday speech. Speakers use these words to show disappointment. The pitch of their voice tells you what they mean. Let’s study examples of each word.Speakers often use the word "even” to show disappointment or surprise. Imagine a young child that expects a phone call from a family member-perhaps an uncle or grandparent. The phone call never comes. The child might say the following: “What’s wrong with him? He didn’t even call me on Christmas day.” Americans sometimes use “still” for showing how reality does not quite meet their expectations: “You’re still here? It’s over! Go home. Go!” Another common word that shows surprise or disappointment is “actually”: “I can’t believe it! Uncle Bob actually stole her Christmas gift.”4. What might most young Americans prefer as a Christmas gift according to paragraph 1?A. A newly made video game.B. An English grammar book.C. A new designed school bag.D. A unique jacket from their parents.5. What does the underlined phrase “counter expectation” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Expression of disappointment.B. Something expected to happen.C. The same with one’s expectation.D. A result against what is expected.6. What do the three words “even”, “still” and “actually” have in common?A. They are easy to understand.B. They express disappointment.C. They show delighted feelings.D. They are used most at Christmas.7. What’s the last paragraph mainly about?A. Expectations from loved ones.B. Different uses of the three words.C. Examples of the use of the three words.D. Emotions of disappointment and surprise.CThis past year, I've found myself returning again and again to lines of poetry by Emily Dickinson. Like many people, I've needed the curing effects of reading more than ever. As scientists and psychologists will tell you, books are good for the brain and their benefits are particularly vital now.Books expand our world, providing an escape and offering novelty, surprise and excitement. They broaden our view and help us connect with others. Books can also distract us and help reduce ourmental chatter.When we hit the “flow state" of reading where we're fully lost in a book, our brain's mode network calms down. It's a network of brain that is active and gets absorbed in thinking and worrying endlessly when we are not doing anything else.There is so much noise in the world right now and the very act of reading is kind of meditation. You disconnect from the chaos around you.You reconnect with yourself when you are reading. And there's no more noise.In 2020, the NPD Group recorded the best year of book sales since 2004. Yet even as people are buying more books,many are reporting they're having a harder time getting through them. It's difficult for your brain to focus on a book when it's constantly scanning for threats to keep you alive.Our fight-or-flight response has been consistently activated.Sometimes I picture my brain as a cartoon brain with little arms and legs, fighting with a book I am holding and screaming: “Can't you see I'm busy!” Anxiety causes our brain to produce a flood of stress,which consumes our energy and makes it harder to concentrate.Then one day in December sitting on my couch, I remembered how much I like to read"The House of Mirth" every few years around the holidays. The memory inspired me to pick up the familiar book, opened it up and started reading.I just kept going.The comfort and distraction and brain-opening experience gave me peace.Soreturn to something familiar.8. What does the underlined part “mental chatter” in Paragraph 2 mean?A. Getting lost in a book.B. Non-stop inner anxiety.C. Chatting with the author.D. Powerful network of brain.9. What do we know about reading according to the text?A. It can treat our headache.B. It can calm down the noisy people.C. It forces us to concentrate.on thinking.D. It makes us communicate with ourselves.10. Why was it difficult for people to finish reading books in 2020?A. People bought too many books.B. The books were too difficult to understand.C. People just wanted to escape from the threat.D. The life threat disturbed people's focus on books.11. Why is the author's experience mentioned in the last paragraph?A. To rid people of concern for safety.B. To present an effective reading way.C. To wake up memories of an old book.D. To recommend the book he/she reads.DWe've all heard it before：to be successful, get out of bed early. After all, Apple CEO Tim Cook gets up at 3：45 am, Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne at 3：30 am and Richard Branson at 5：45 am﹣and, as we all know, "the early bird's catches the worm. "But just because some successful people wake up early, does that mean it's a trait most of them share？And if the idea of having exercised, planned your day, eaten breakfast, visualized and done one task before 8 am makes you want to roll over and hit snooze till next Saturday, are you really doomed to a less successful life？For about half of us, this isn't really an issue. It's estimated that some 50% of the population isn't really morning or evening﹣oriented, but somewhere in the middle. Roughly one in four of us, though, tend moretoward bright﹣eyed early risers, and another one in four are night owls. For them, the effects can go beyond falling asleep in front of the TV at 10 pm or being regularly late for work.Numerous studies have found that morning people are more self﹣directed and agreeable. And compared to night owls, they plan for the future more and have a better sense of well﹣being.Although morning types may achieve more academically, night owls tend to perform better on measures of memory, processing speed and cognitive（认知）ability, even when they have to perform those tasks in the morning. Night﹣time people are also more open and more creative. And one study shows that night owls areas healthy and wise as morning types﹣and a little bit wealthier.Still think the morning people sound more like CEO material？Don't set your alarm for 5 am Just yet. As it turns out, overhauling（全面改革）your sleep time may not have much effect"If people are left to their naturally preferred time, they feel much better. They say that they are much more productive. The mental capacity they have is much broader, " says Oxford University biologist Katharina Wulff. On the other hand, she says, pushing people too far out of their natural preference can be harmful. When they wake early, for example, night owls are still producing melatonin（褪黑素）. "Then you disrupt it and push the body to be in the daytime mode. That can have lots of negative physiological consequence. " Wulff says, like a different sensitivity to insulin and glucose（葡萄糖）which can cause weight gain.12. What does the authordo in the first three paragraph？A. raising the problem→analyzing the problem → solving the problemB. leading in the topic→challenging a viewpoint → discussing about the topicC. presenting a viewpoint → providing supporting proofs→making a conclusionD. introducing a viewpoint →raising the question→presenting author's viewpoint13. What can we know from the 4th and 5th paragraph？A. Morning types tend to have clear goals and better mood.B. To beat night﹣time people ask them to do math calculation in themorning.C. Night owls tend to sacrifice their health for their wealth.D. Neither night owls nor morning persons perform better than the middle ones.14. Which of the following does Katharina Wulff support？A. Don't fall sleep in front of the TV.B. Avoid being regularly late for work.C. Stop setting your alarm for 5 am.D. Better not overhaul your sleep time.15. Why does the author write this article？A. To explain why some people are more successful.B.To compare the differences between early risersand night owls.C. To advise people to get up neither too early nor too late.D. To argue against this view that the Carly bird catches the worm.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2021届天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三生物一模试题及答案
2021届天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三生物一模试题及答案一、选择题：本题共15小题，每小题2分，共30分。
每小题只有一个选项符合题目要求。
1.酶和ATP是细胞代谢过程中所需的两种重要的化合物，而细胞内还有与ATP结构类似的GTP、CTP和UTP 等高能磷酸化合物，但ATP用途较为广泛。
下列有关叙述中错误的是A. ATP的合成常伴随放能反应，而吸能反应通常伴随ATP的水解B. UTP分子中高能磷酸键全部断裂后的产物中有某些酶的基本组成单位C. 叶肉细胞细胞质中消耗的ATP均来源于线粒体和叶绿体D. 唾液腺细胞分泌唾液淀粉酶的过程可使得ATP转化为ADP的速率加快2.下列有关生物膜系统的叙述中，正确的是（）A.细胞膜、小肠黏膜等都属于细胞的生物膜系统B.所有的酶都附着在生物膜上C.分泌蛋白合成和运输过程中，内质网膜面积减小，细胞膜的面积增大D.生物膜的组成成分和结构都是一样的3.在搭建DNA分子模型的实验中，模型零件中有4个碱基C，6个碱基G，3个碱基A，7个碱基T，脱氧核糖40个，磷酸100个，脱氧核糖和磷酸之间的连接物14个，代表氢键的连接物和脱氧核糖和碱基之间的连接物充足，能搭建一个DNA分子片段的碱基对是（）A.4对B.5对C.6对D.7对4.下图1是种群增长速率随时间变化的曲线，图2是种群数量特征的概念模型，相关分析正确的是A. 根据图1可知，若t0时种群的数量为N，则t2时其为2NB. 根据图1可知，t1→t2时间内，该种群数量呈上升趋势C. 根据图2可知，春节前后，深圳的人口数量变化主要取决于①、②D. 根据图2可知，③和④依次代表年龄组成、性别比例5.下列关于“引来繁花缀满枝，瓜熟蒂落也有时”现象的分析，错误的是A.这一现象是多种植物激素相互作用的结果B.适当喷2，4-D能延长“繁花缀满枝”的时间C.乙烯和脱落酸协同调节了“瓜熟蒂落”的过程D.环境因子只能通过激素来影响植物的各项生命活动6.下列有关细胞中化合物的叙述，正确的是（）A.淀粉和蔗糖彻底水解得到的单糖都是葡萄糖B.人体皮肤细胞中的酪氨酸可转变为黑色素C.丙氨酸的组成元素有C、H、O、N、SD.细胞中的有机物都能为细胞的生命活动提供能量7.人在演讲、排尿、呼吸时所涉及的神经中枢依次位于A. 大脑脑干脊髓B. 小脑大脑脊髓C. 大脑脊髓脑干D. 大脑脊髓下丘脑8.在我国北方，游泳爱好者冬泳入水后，身体立即发生系列生理反应，以维持体温稳定。
2021届天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三英语模拟试卷及答案
2021届天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三英语模拟试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AIn theUnited States, the word "holiday" is synonymous with celebration. The following tenholidaysper year are proclaimed by the federal government.Independence DayIndependence Day is annually celebrated on July 4 and is often known as "the Fourthof July”. It is the anniversary of the publication of the declaration of independence fromGreat Britainin 1776. Now it is celebrated in all the states. The army marks the occasion by firing a 13-gun salute every year. Ceremonies may include parades, official speeches, visits to historic monuments and fireworks displays.Memorial DayThis holiday, on the fourth Monday of every May, is a day on which Americans honor the dead. Originally a day on which flags and flowers were placed on graves of soldiers who died in the American Civil War, now it has become a day on which the dead of all wars and all other dead are remembered the same way.Veterans DayVeterans Day was established to honor Americans who had served in World War I. It falls on November 11, the day when that war ended in 1918, but it now honors veterans of all wars in which the United States has fought Veterans' organizations hold parades or other special ceremonies, and the US president customarily places a wreath on the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National.ThanksgivingThanksgiving Day is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. It has been an annual tradition in theUnited Statessince 1863. Today, people celebrate Thanksgiving to remember these early days. The most important part of the celebration is a traditional dinner. Thanksgiving dinner almost always includes some of the foods served at the first feast: roast turkey, cranberry sauce potatoes pumpkin pies. Before the meal begins, families often pause to give thanks.1. When isIndependence Day?A. May 14，B. July 13.C. July 14.D. July 4.2. Which holiday honors dead soliders?A. Independence Day.B. Memorial Day.C. Veterans Day.D. Thanksgiving.3. What will Americans do on Thanksgiving Day?A. They say thanks.B. They havefriend gatherings.C. They go on holiday.D. They buy many cards.BWhere doyou usually put your toothbrush?Do you keep it in the bathroom? How’s your toothbrush looking these days? Even if you can’t see it with a naked eye, experts say it may be saturated(使饱和)with millions of toilet germs!Dr. Charles Oerba, a germ expert, is amicrobiology professor at the University of Arizona. He says there are approximately 3 million bacteria per square inch in most toilet bowls, and every time you flush it without closing the lid, those millions of bacteria droplets spray into the air as far as twenty feet away and dirty everything in their path. And a common victim is your poor toothbrush, usually, left out on the bathroom sink, right?So, what do we do? Dr. Gerba says it’s easy. Close the toilet lid before you flush—that’ll greatly cut downthe germs, which will otherwise float in the air. And wash your toothbrush every few days in mouthwash or peroxide to get rid of any germs hiding in it. You can even put it through the dishwasher to sanitize(消毒)it. And always store your toothbrush in a closed cabinet.Here’s one more tip from Dr. Gerba, who says our kitchen sink is probably dirtier than our toilet. “If an alien came from space and studied the bacterial counts, he probably would conclude he should wash his hands in your toilet and go to the bathroom in your sink.” He says that’s because the kitchen sink is a great place where E. coli(大肠杆菌)to live and grow since it’s wet and damp. Bacteria feed on the food that people put down the drain or—that’s left on dishes in the sink. To reset your sink’s bacteria count back to zero, you’d better regularly wash it with hot water and sanitize yoursink with special chemicals. In fact, you may want to do it every day or before preparing dinner.4. What is the purpose of the text?A. To show how to brush your teeth.B. To tell people the importance of health.C. To warn people of the invisible germs.D. To introduce a microbiology professor.5. What can we learn from Paragraph 2?A. Bathroom sinks are the dirtiest places.B. Bacteria are bad for people’s health.C. Why bacteria spread through the air.D. How bacteria spread in the bathroom.6. What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 4 refer to?A. The food.B. The toothbrush.C. The sink.D. The chemical.7. Why does Dr. Gerba mention the example of an alien?A. To tell us a fiction story of an alien studying bacteria.B. To show our kitchen sink may be dirtier than our toilet.C. To teach us how to reset sink’s bacteria count back to zero.D. To prove coli prefers to live in the kitchen and the drain.CI come to theUnited Statesten year ago. I would always say that I was trying to study, but there were always things like work and my kids that would not allow me to start.Now I realized that those were only excuses. What stopped me was that I was afraid to start studying again. I always believed I would learn by myself.One day, however, my son told me that he was sad because his friends would come over and I didn’t understand them because I didn’t speak English. He was also sad because I could never help him with his homework. That same day, I told myself, “Rocio, you have to start believing in yourself and you will see you can make it.”The next day, I went downtown to look for a big banner (横幅) in front of the school which said that they offered classes for adults. I came in to see if I could join, but the classes were closed already. That night I took the kids to the movies, and on the way back, I told them we would take a new route. I ended up getting lost. That’s the way I foundChaffeyCollege. The following Monday, I went to ask for information. They told me that summer school was starting that week.That’s how I started studying English last summer. It is difficult, but I have had great rewards. My daughter had to write a story for school. It was about the female they most admired and why . She wrote that I was the person she most admired because I had started going to College. I will never forget this.8. According to the passage, the author probably is a .A. teacherB. doctorC. fatherD. mother9. What made the author make up her mind to study English?A. What her son said.B. What her daughter said.C. Thinking about herself.D. Thinking about her daughter.10. How did they findChaffeyCollege?A. On the way to the movies.B. They took a new route and got lost.C. Ask a stranger for information.D. According to the banner.11. Which of the following is NOT true?A. The author came to theUnited Statesfrom another country.B. The author had two children at least including one daughter.C. What really changed the author’s life was she believed in herself.D. The author wrote that she was the person her son most admired.DI had very good parents. My mother came toAmericafromScotlandby herself when she was 11, and she didn’t have much education. My dad was kind of a street kid, and he eventually went into the insurance business, selling nickel policies door to door.One day, my dad asked his boss, “What's the toughest market to sell?” and the insurance guy replied “Well, black people. They don’t buy insurance.” My dad thought, but they have kids; they have families. Why wouldn’t they buy insurance? So he said, “Give meHarlem.”When my dad died in 1994, I talked about him onThe Tonight Show. I told the story of how he worked in Harlem and how he always taught us to be open-minded and not to say or think things of racism (种族主义). Then one day, I got a letter from a woman who was about 75 years old.She wrote that when she was a little girl, a man used to come to her house to collect policies. She said this man was the only white person who had ever come to dinner at their house. The man was very kind to her, she said, and his name was Angelo—was this my father?The letter made me cry. I called her up and said yes, that was in fact my dad, and she told me how kind he had been to her family. Her whole attitude toward white people was based on that one nice man she met in herchildhood, who always treated her with kindness and respect and always gave her a piece of candy. From this experience, I learned a valuable life lesson: never judge people and be open-minded and kind to others.12. What did my father do after knowing what was the toughest market to sell?A. He asked his boss to give him some insurance.B. He went toScotlandto improve his education.C. He specially went to white families with kids.D. He choseHarlemto face the toughest challenge.13. What can we learn from the third paragraph?A. It was rare that a businessman had dinner in his customer's house.B. Angelo was the only white person to sell insurance inHarlem.C. The little girl admired Angelo very much.D. Racism was a serious problem inAmericaat that time.14. Which of the following can best describe the author’s father?A. Stubborn and generous.B. Patient and intelligent.C. Determined and open-minded.D. Confident and romantic.15. What can be the best title of the passage?A. Memories from a TV Show.B. A Letter from an Old Lady.C. Life Lessons from My Father.D. My Father's Experience inHarlem.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2021年天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三英语第一次联考试题及答案解析
2021年天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三英语第一次联考试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ACovid-19 has brought a great deal of trouble for all of us since March 2020. During this time, mobile phones have been the solution for the boredom and restlessness caused from staying indoors. The most downloaded apps on play store 2020 are;TikTokTikTok was the most downloaded app. With over 111.9 million downloads, TikTok has seen a huge growth in 2020, twice more than what it got in 2019. 20% of its total downloads were fromIndiaand around 9. 3% of the total downloads were in theUS.ZoomZoom was the second most installed app in the overall downloads category. With nearly 94. 6 million installs, Zoom is the most used app for online meetings and virtual classrooms. 17% of its downloads were in theUSandIndia. Offices and educational institutes were shut down and to continue working and studying from home, people relied heavily on Zoom for video conferencing and calling.WhatsAppWhatsApp ranked third in overall downloads with more than 100 million downloads. It is one of the most popular and widely used chat applications; WhatsApp also supports communication between international phone networks.FacebookIt ranked fourth in the overall downloaded list. Facebook is the world’s most popular social networking application. Facebook builds technologies that give people the power to connect with friends and family, find communities and grow businesses.1. What do we know about TikTok?A. It is an India-based app.B. It has most users inAmerica.C. It is used for growing business.D. It has doubled its download than in 2019.2. Which app is the best to turn to for online education?A. TikTok.B. Zoom.C. WhatsApp.D. Facebook.3. What function does Facebook probably serve?A. Communication.B. Training.C. Teaching.D. PaymentBPlanned missions to the moon need to hurry up to avoid hitting one of the busiest periods for extreme space weather, according to scientists conducting the most in-depth ever research on solar storm timing.Scientists at theUniversityofReadingstudied 150 years of space weather data to look into patterns in the timing of the most extreme events,which can be extremely dangerous to astronauts and satellites. This new research on space weather timing allows predictions to be made for extreme space weather. Therefore, it could be used to plan the timing of activities, which could be affected by extreme space weather, for example, major space missions.The researchers found for the first time that extreme space weather events are more likely to occur early in or late solar cycles-such as the one just starting. The findings may have influences on the NASA-led Artemis mission. It plans to make humans return to the moon in 2024, but can be put off to the late 2020s.Professor Mathew Owens, a space physicist at theUniversityofReading, said, “Until now, the most extreme space weather events were thought to berandomin their timing. Though there is no set pattern of the events, this research suggests they are more predictable.”In the new study, the scientists used a new method applying statistical modelling to storm timing for the first time. Previous research generally focused on how big extreme space weather events can be, based on observations of previous events. Predicting their timing is far more difficult because extreme events are rare, so there is ly little historic data to identify patterns. The findings suggest that any major planned space missions , which is beyond the next five years, will have to consider the higher probability of extreme space weather late in the present solar cycle between 2026 and 2030.4. What can we learn about the study from the first two paragraphs?A. It has lasted just 150 years.B. It doesn't refer to space weather data.C. It shows space weather has no effect on astronauts.D. It makes it possible to predict extreme space weather.5. Why might the NASA-led Artemis mission be put off?A. To research solar cycles.B. To avoid effects of space weather.C. To meet the needs of the astronauts.D. To make humans return to Earth in 2024.6. What does the underlined word “random“ in paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Irregular.B. Easy.C. Limited.D. Changeless.7. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The study is useful for future space missions.B. The planned space missions should be put off.C. Extreme space weather will happen before 2026.D. Previous observations make no difference to the study.CIf you easily make mistakes when in a hurry, a new study from Michigan State University—the largest of its kind to date-found that meditation (冥想) could help you improve the situation.The research tested how open monitoring meditation (OMM)—or, meditationthat focuses awareness on feelings or thoughts as they unfold in one’s mind and body—alteredbrain activity in a way that suggested increased error recognition.“People’s interest in meditation is outpacing what science can prove in terms of effects and benefits.” said Jeff Lin, MSU psychology doctoral candidate and study co-author. “But it’s amazing to me that we were able to see how one session of a guided meditation could produce changes to brain activity in non-meditators.”“Some forms of meditation have you focus on a single object, commonly your breath, but open monitoring meditation is a bit different,” Lin said, “It has you tune inward and pay attention to everything going on in your mind and body. The goal is to sit quietly and pay close attention to where the mind travels without getting too caught up in the scenery.”Lin and his MSU co-authors—William Eckerle, Ling Peng and Jason Moser—hired more than 200 participants to test how open monitoring meditation affected how people detect and respond toerrors.The participants, who had never meditated before, were taken through a 20-minute open monitoring meditation exercise while the researchers measured brain activity through electroencephalography (脑电图), or EEG. Then, they completed a computerized distraction (分心) test.“The EEG can measure brain activity at the millisecond level, so we got precise measures of brain activity right after mistakes compared to correct responses,” Lin said. “A certain neural signal occurs about half a second after an error called the error positivity, which is linked to conscious error recognition. We found that the strength of this signal is increased in the meditators to controls.”“These findings show what just 20 minutes of open monitoring meditation can do to improve the brain’s ability to detect and pay attention to mistakes,” Moser said.8. What does the underlined word “altered” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Changed.B. Prevented.C. Started.D. Recorded.9. Why is open monitoring meditation different?A. It is just aimed at a single object.B. It clears your mind of everything.C. It gets too caught up in the scenery.D. It focuses on where the mind travels.10. What did the researchers do for the studyA. They hired people who had meditated before.B. They measured the participants’ brain activity.C. They reminded the participants to avoid errors.D. They had non-meditators design a distraction test.11. What is the best title for the text?A. Turn to OMM to Avoid Acting in a HurryB. You’re Able to Recognize Errors ConsciouslyC. Meditators’ Brain Proves Much More ActiveD. OMM Can Help You Make Fewer MistakesDSome of the oldest art in human history is being damaged, scientists say. And climate change may be speeding up its loss. Newresearch reports that ancient rock art in Indonesian caves is degrading over time, as bits of rock slowly break off from the walls. It's a huge loss for human history.Salt crystals（结晶）building up on the walls are a key part of the problem, the study suggests. These salt crystals go into the cave walls, changing sizes as temperatures rise and fall. This process causes the rock to slowly break down.Salt crystals may become larger when exposed to repeated changes between wet conditions and periods of drought. These kinds of changes are expected to become more obvious as the climate continues to warm.In particular, the researchers say, climate change may cause more intense El Nino（厄尔尼诺）events in the future. These events can strengthen the kinds of conditions that help salt crystals form Scientists are still debating the exact influence of climate change on El Nino, a natural climate cycle that drives changing patterns of warmingand cooling in thePacific Ocean.The new study, led by Jillian Huntley, examined 11 ancient cave art sites in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The researchers found evidence of salt formation at all 11 sites. It's merely a small part There are more than 300 known eave art sites around the region. The researchers note that salt crystals may indeed be part of the problem, adding that climate change is a growing threat, one that deserves more attention.12. What is the main cause of the rocks breaking off from the wall?A. Weather patterns.B. Salt crystals.C. Wet conditions.D. Drought Periods.13. Which of the following may researchers agree with?A. El Nino events prevent salt crystals forming.B. Climate change makes little difference to El Nino.C.Salt crystals may become much larger in wet conditions.D. Constant warm weather may cause salt crystals to change size.14. Which word best describes Huntley's attitude to climate change?A. Worried.B. Curious.C. Doubtful.D. Positive.15. What can we learn from thelast paragraph?A. The formation and patterns of salt crystals.B. The impact of climate change on ancient rock arts.C. The historical value of ancient rock art in cave sites.D. The threats of human activities to ancient eave art sites.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2021年天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三语文第一次联考试卷及参考答案
2021年天津市武清区杨村第一中学高三语文第一次联考试卷及参考答案一、现代文阅读（36分）(一)现代文阅读I(9分)阅读下面的作品，完成下面小题。
材料一2019年6月18日，Facebook发布了数字货币项目Libra白皮书，由此引发了世界各国央行的关注与讨论。
此次央行即将推出的数字货币重点替代M0而非M1和M2，简单而言就是实现纸钞数字化。
我国当前货币体系中，基于商业银行账户体系的M1和M2已经实现了电子化和数字化，所以短时间内没必要使用另一种技术对其进行再一次的数字化改造。
另一方面，目前国内支持M1/M2流转的银行间支付清算体系在市场化的推动下不断演进，支付效率和性能足以满足当下经济发展需要。
所以，央行短时间内不会也没动力再次改造M1/M2。
那为什么要替代M0?首先，现在纸钞、硬币的印制、发行、贮藏等各环节成本相对数字货币都非常高，还需要不断投入成本进行防伪技术研发。
同时由于电子支付的发展，纸钞和硬币便捷性不足，使用场景逐渐萎缩。
其次，M0由于交易匿名和伪造匿名，存在被用于洗钱、恐怖主义融资等风险。
而随着安全意识和数据保护意识的提升，普通用户自身存在一定的匿名支付和匿名交易的需求，但现在的支付工具，无论是移动支付还是银行卡支付都无法摆脱银行账户体系，满足不了匿名的需求，也就不能完全取代纸钞支付。
(摘编自《央行数字货币的“大时代”：从人民币1.0到人民币3.0》，有删改)【注】M0、M1、M2都是用来反映货币供应量的重要指标。
M0是流通于银行体系之外的现金；M1是狭义货币，“M1＝M0＋企业在银行的活期存款”；M2是广义货币，“M2＝M1＋准货币”。
材料二材料三中国人民银行数字货币研究所相关负责人近日表示，目前数字人民币研发工作正在稳妥推进。
这引发了民间对数字货币的属性以及应用的广泛猜想。
经济学上讲货币是一般等价物，具有价值尺度、支付手段、价值贮藏等属性，并且从古到今，货币一直具有实体形态。
而数字货币没有了实体形态。
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天津市武清区杨村第一中学2020届高考一轮复习第一次统练（必修一第一至四单元）学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．王家范在《中国历史通论》中指出：“西周政治里显然有深厚的贵族色彩，而‘共主’名义下的地方分权体制……与秦以后一统的君主‘独制’格局泾渭分明。
因此古贤多称周秦之间为‘天下一大变局’。
”材料中“天下一大变局”指的是A．焚书坑儒代替百家争鸣B．官僚政治取代贵族政治C．土地私有制代替井田制D．察举制度代替世袭制度2．黄宗羲在《明夷待访录》中说：“用一人焉则疑其自私，而又用一人以制其私；行一事焉则虑其可欺，而又设一事以防其欺。
”能体现这一特点的中国古代政治制度有①三省六部制②宋朝在中央设置中书门下，在地方设置通判③明朝的内阁④清朝的军机处A．①②B．①③C．②④D．②③3．钱穆认为，这种选拔方式骤看极合情理，然而切实施行中却存在毛病……读书求学，便有诸多限制，读书机会很不易得。
但对于一个读书家庭来说却是极为简单的。
因此，当时一个读书家庭，很容易变成一个做官家庭，而同时便是有钱有势的家庭。
“这种选拔方式”是指A．世官制B．察举制C．九品中正制D．科举制4．下列四幅图反映了北京地区在不同历史时期名称的变化状况，按时间先后顺序排列，正确的是A．①②③④B．③④②①C．②①④③D．④③②①5．下图反映了雅典民主政治的发展历程，由此可以得出的结论是A．享受民主的主体范围逐渐扩大B．逐步重视参政者的能力与品德C．监督保障机制逐渐完善D．对公民权的限制逐渐松弛6．孟德斯鸠从掌握最高权力范围的角度区分贵族政治和民主政治，即“全体人民握有最高权力时，就是民主政治；一部分人民握有最高权力时，就是贵族政治。
”按此标准，英国制度革新中从贵族政治转向民主政治的关键是A．1215年《大宪章》B．1688年“光荣革命”C．1689年《权利法案》D．1832年议会改革7．“他们认为，1776年的口号已过去了，美国需要的是一体化，而不是州权。
”材料中的“他们”A．要求实现中央集权政治B．主张实行联邦体制 C．确立了国会的最高权力D．极力推行共和主义8．1842年《中英南京条约》的第二条规定：自今以后，大皇帝恩准英国人民带同所属家眷，寄居大清沿海之广州、福州、厦门、宁波、上海等五处港口，贸易通商无碍；且大英国君主派设领事、管事等官住该五处城邑，专理商贾事宜，与各该地方官公文往。
下列说法错误的是A．从社会史观看，五口通商有利于中国民族工业的兴起B．从全球史观看，中国逐渐被纳入了资本主义世界体系C．从文明史观看，五处港口成为中西文明碰撞的前沿D．从现代化史观看，五口通商有利于中国社会的转型9．“合议即成，举国争言洋务：请开铁路者有之，请练洋操者有之，请设陆军学堂、水师学堂者亦有之。
其兴利之治，则或言银行，或言邮政，或请设商局，或请设商务大臣……”“合议即成”是指签订了A．《南京条约》B．《天津条约》C．《北京条约》D．《马关条约》10．武昌起义后全国有15省先后宣布独立，各省先后担任最高军政长官（都督）者背景不尽相同，其中新军将领13人，革命党5人，咨议局议长3人，巡抚3人，布政使1人，提督1人，督练公所总参议1人。
据此可知辛亥革命A．具有广泛社会基础B．具有明显的妥协性C．属于资产阶级革命D．属于自上而下的革命11．“史料可分为两种，有时过去的事件，留下实迹（碑碣及制造品）.有时，也是更常见的，事件所留下的痕迹，是心理的状态--一种文字上的描写和叙谈”.这种“心理的状态”对文字史料的作者影响最少的是A．历史事件发生的地点B．历史事件发生的原因C．该事件所产生的后果D．对该历史事件的评价二、材料分析题12．阅读材料，回答问题：材料一英国历史学家汤因比通过对人类古往今来诸多文明的研究比较，提出了“挑战——应战”模式来解释文明的起源。
他把自然界对人的刺激和人对人的刺激统称为挑战，把人对自然挑战的反应和人对人挑战的反应统称为应战。
——汤因比《历史研究》（1）依据材料一结合所学知识，用“挑战应战”模式说明罗马法的发展演变。
材料二（它）基本上是重申英国人“自古就有的权利”，比如议会必须定期召开，享有讨论国事和言论自由的权利，征税权属于议会，过敏可以自由请愿等等等。
从表面上看，它似乎没什么新意，但事实上却是政体制度上一次真正的革命。
（2）材料二中的“它”指的是哪部法律文件？根据材料二和所学知识，如何理解它“似乎没什么新意……却是政体制度上一次真正的革命？”材料三美国历史学家J·卢姆说：1787年“在费城所起草的宪法是实验时期最伟大的创造性胜利。
……全世界都说过，像美国规模这么大的国家要建立共和制是不可能的。
但是这里居然兴起了一个新型的共和国，一个虽然疆域和人口扩大10倍，但依旧对人民负责的政府……”——《美国的历程》上册商务版1995年（3）依据材料并结合所学知识回答，美国是怎样突破古代民主的局限、维护民主的？材料四中华民国建立和《中华民国临时约法》颁布，是中国政治现代化的里程碑，也是中国国情和美式民主的“混血儿”。
（4）结合所学知识，说明《临时约法》继承了美国1787年宪法的哪些原则，又有什么新发展？有人说，“《临时约法》在中国缺乏有效实施的社会基础”。
你是否同意上述观点，简要说明理由。
13．选官制度的发展与完善，能反映中国古代政治制度的特点及其管理水平。
阅读下列材料，回答问题：材料一阳嘉元年（东汉顺帝年号，公元132年），尚书令左雄议改察举之制。
……雄上言：“郡国孝廉，古之贡士，出则宰人，宣协风教。
若其面墙（无真才实学），则无所施用。
孔子曰‘四十不惑’，礼称‘强仕’。
请自今孝廉年不满四十，不得察举。
皆先诣公府，诸生试家法，儒有一家之学，故曰家法。
文吏课笺奏，副之端门，练其虚实，以观异能，以美风俗。
有不承科令者，正其罪法。
若有茂才异行，自可不拘年齿。
”帝从之，於是班下郡国。
——唐·杜佑《通典》卷十三《选举一》（1）据材料一，概括东汉左雄改革察举制的主要内容。
结合所学知识，指出魏晋时期选官依据与汉代有何不同。
材料二贫若子弟，类皆廉谨自勉，埋首窗下……即纨绔子弟，亦知苦读，以获科第，否则虽富不荣……因此之故，前清时代，无分冬夏，几于书声遍野，夜静三更，钻研制义。
是皆科举鼓励之功有甚于今日十万督学之力也。
——邓嗣禹《中国考试制度史》入仕群体中寒门子弟所占比例（2）根据材料二并结合所学知识，归纳科举制的积极影响。
材料三邑聚千数百童生，擢十数人为生员；省聚万数千生员，而拔百数十人为举人；天下聚数千举人，而拔百数人为进士；复于百数进士，而拔数十人入翰林，此其选之精也。
然内政外交，治兵理财，无一能举者，则以科举之试以诗文楷法取士，学非所用、用非所学故也。
——梁启超《公车上书请变通科举折》（3）据材料四，概括梁启超对科举选才的基本看法。
分析梁启超上述议论的目的。
（4）综上，谈谈你对中国人才选拔制度的基本认识14．鸦片战争以后，西方列强通过一系列侵华战争把中国逐渐卷入世界资本主义市场。
材料一 1840年3月，英国对华棉制品出口商、曼彻斯特商会主席莫克维卡在致英国外交大臣巴麦尊的信中说：“是他们自己陷入了错误的处境，逼得我们不得不走上为国家所受的侮辱，为个人所受的委屈要求补偿的地步。
……当前局势，可能提供机会，完成两国关系的改善，随着关系的改善，我们输出（棉制品）的扩张程度将是不可估量的。
”（1）根据所学知识，指出材料一中莫克维卡所说的“当前局势”指什么。
为什么他认为“扩张程度将是不可估量的”？材料二（甲午战争后）日本政府提交的和平条款汇聚了国内不同集团的各种要求。
陆军坚持割占辽东半岛，这将便于日本控制朝鲜与北京。
海军希望取得台湾，以此作为日后进军南亚的基地，同时也想租用辽东半岛。
财界要求中方赔偿白银2亿两。
……日本政府将这些观点综合为一个十条和谈方案，而把重点放在赔款、割地、朝鲜的独立，以及商业与航海方面的特权上。
——徐中约《中国近代史：1600-2000中国的奋斗》（2）根据材料二并结合所学，简述“日本提交的和平条款《马关条约》”中关于“商业”特权的内容，并说明这一时期列强侵略中国的方式的变化。
材料三中国与欧洲各国立约通商，开埠互市……一国争，诸国蚁附；一国至，诸国蜂从。
滨海七省，浸成洋商世界；沿江五省，又任洋舶纵横。
——摘编自郑观应《盛世危言》材料四 1898年，清总理衙门相继奏请开湖南岳州、福建三都澳、直隶秦皇岛为通商口岸，均获得批准，这是中国第一批自开的商埠。
同年，清廷又颁布“广开口岸”上谕。
——摘编自杨天宏《口岸开放与社会变革：近代中国自开商埠研究》（3）据材料三、四并结合所学知识，概括近代中国通商口岸设立的演变趋势。
参考答案1．B【详解】从材料“西周政治里显然有深厚的贵族色彩，而‘共主’名义下的地方分权体制”可知题目反映的是政治制度的变迁，而焚书坑儒属于思想文化领域，故A错误；题目省略号前阐述的是西周分封制，省略号后阐述的是秦中央集权制度，本题等同于回答专制主义中央集权制度确立的影响，由此可以得出为官僚政治取代贵族政治，故B正确；土地私有代替井田制是指土地制度的变化，而材料反映的是政治体制的变迁，故C错误；材料反映的是政治体制的变迁，但察举制代替世袭制度则是选官制度的变化，故D错误。
2．A【解析】而联系所学知识可知明朝内阁没有体现“权利牵制”，清朝军机处完全听命于皇帝，没有引文所述特点，所以③④不对，排除。
三省六部制度三省分立，互相牵制，而宋初，为了加强对地方官的监察和控制，防止知州职权过重，专擅作大，宋太祖创设“通判”一职，且由皇帝直接委派，辅佐郡政，可视为知州副职，但有直接向皇帝报告的权力，①②对，答案为A。
3．B【解析】世官制与读书无关，仅与血缘关系有关，故A错误；察举制看似与读书无关，但是其注重才能，并且最终强调该制度导致的结果是“一个读书家庭，很容易变成一个做官家庭，而同时便是有钱有势的家庭”所以该制度应该是察举制，故B正确；九品中正制主要与门第有关，与读书关系甚小，故C错误；科举制与读书有关，主要依靠才学来选拔人才，打破了世家大族对官员的垄断，故D错误。
4．B【详解】从①图中的“京师”“直隶”可以看出是清朝时期，从②图中的“大都”“中书省”可以看出是元朝时期，从③图中的“燕”可以看出是西周时期，从④图中的“节度使”可以看出是唐朝时期。
因此正确排列顺序是③④②①，故答案为B项。
其他三项排列错误，排除A、C、D 项。
【点睛】本题属于排序选择题。
此类试题要求考生能根据题目要求，把历史事实或历史现象按一定的顺序加以排列，如时间先后等，其形式有序号式或非序号式两种。
解答此类试题可以采用首尾结合法，即首先找出打头的历史事件的序号，找出备选项的代码；再找出结束事件的序号，结合首尾序号，选择备选项符合顺序排列的那一个。