2008年高考英语试题及参考答案(湖北卷)
2008年高考英语试题及参考答案(湖北卷)
008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语试题参考答案第一部分：听力（每小题1.5分，满分30分）1. C2.B3.C4.A5.C6.B7.A8.B9.C 10.A11.A12.C 13.B 14.A15.C 16.B 17.B 18. A19.C 20.B第二部分：英语语言知识运用第一节多项选择（每小题1分，满分10分）21.B 22.A23.C 24.A25.C 26.D 27.B 28.D 29 A30.D第二节：完成句子（每小题1.5分，满分15分）31. The three longest rivers32. have they played33. in which /where I grew up34. It cost me35. hadn't forced me36. have/get your car washed37. what my hometown will be/look like38. that determine39. have stayed up40. are being transported第三节：完形填空（每小题1.5分，满分30分）41.B 42.C 43.A44.C 45.A46.D 47.C 48.D 49.B 50.A51.A52.B 53.D 54.C 55.D 56.B 57.A58.C 59.D 60.B第三部分：阅读理解（每小题2分，满分40分）61.C 62.D 63.A64.D 65.B 66.D 67.C 68.B 69.D 70.C71.A72.C 73.B 74.D 75.B 76.A77.C 78.A79.B 80.A第四部分：书面表达（满分25分）Possible version:Dear Sir,I am writing to you for the mobile phone of Dephone-S250 I bought on 20th Apr.2008 at Tele Mall in Wuhan, P.R.China. Ten days after that, it didn't ring and send short messages. Then I took it to the seller, but was told that the model had been sold out and I had to wait at least three months for a new one. Later I went to the repairman. He said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts. I was so desperate on hearing that. How can I wait that long? Therefore, I require that you send me a new one of the same model within a month.Thank you for your consideration.Sincerely yours,Bu Manyi。
2008高考英语湖北卷-阅读理解试题与答案
2008高考英语湖北卷-阅读理解试题与答案Margaret，married with two small children，has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner，cleaning offices in a big building.She was trained as a nurse，but had to give it up when her elder child became seriously ill. “l would have liked to go back to it，but the shifts(工作班次)are all wrong for me，as I have to be home to get the children up and off to school.”So she works as a cleaner instead，from 9 till 6 five nights a week for just ￡90，before tax and insurance. “It’s better than it was last year, but I still think that people who work ‘unsocial hours’should get a bit extra.”The hours she’s chosen to work mean that she sees plenty of the children，but very little of her husband. However, she doesn’t think that puts any pressure on their relationship.Her work isn’t physically very hard，but it’s not exactly pleasant，either. “I do get angry with people who leave their offices like a place for raising pigs. If they realized people like me have to do it，perhaps they’d be a bit more careful.”The fact that she’s working all night doesn’t worryMargaret at all. Unlike some dark buildings at night，the building where she works is fully lit，and the women work in groups of three. “Since I’ve got to be here，I try to enjoy myself—and I usually do，because of the other girls. We al have a good laugh，so the time never drags.”Another challenge Margaret has to face is the reaction of other people when she tells them what she does for a living. “They think you’re a cleaner because you don’t know how to read and write，” said Margaret. “I used to think what my parents would say if they knew what I’d been doing，but I don’t think that way any more. I don’t dislike the work though I can’t say I’m mad about it.”61. Margaret quit her job as a nurse because_______.A. she wanted to earn more money to support her familyB. she had suffered a lot of mental pressureC. she needed the right time to look after her childrenD. she felt tired of taking care of patients62. Margaret gets angry with people who work in the office because_______.A. they never clean their officesB. they look down upon cleanersC. they never do their work carefullyD. they always make a mess in their offices63. When at work，Margaret feels_______.A. light-hearted because of her fellow workersB. happy because the building is fully litC. tired because of the heavy workloadD. bored because time passes slowly64. The underlined part in the last paragraph implies that Margaret’s parents would_______.A. help care for her childrenB. regret what they had saidC. show sympathy for herD. feel disappointed in herBKathy started at my nursery school at the age of three. She settled into the group easily，and would be first on the slide and highest up the climbing frame. She could put on her coat without help and not only fasten her own buttons but other children’s too.She was a lovely child but unfortunately a scratcher. If anyone upset her or stood in her way, her right hand would flash out fast and scratch down the face of her playmates. Children twice her age would fly in fear from her.This must have been very rewarding for Kathy but obviously it had to be stopped. Al the usual ways failed and then I remembered an account by G. Atkinson of Highfield School，of how fights in the playground had been stopped. No punishment had been given, but the attacker had been ignored and the victims rewarded. So I decided to try this out on Kathy.With a pocketful of Smarties I folowed Kathy around. She was so quick that it was impossible to prevent her scratching，but I was determined to stay within arm’s length all afternoon.All was peaceful but then I saw Kathy’s hand moved and heard the scream. Gently I gathered up the little hurt one in my arms and said “Nice，nice sweetie” and I put a Smartie into her mouth. Kathy opened her mouth，expecting a Smartie and then looked puzzled when she got nothing.Soon came another scream，this time from John. While holding him in my arms，I said，“Look，Kathy，a nice Smartie for John” and put it into John’s mouth.A smile of understanding flashed across Kathy’s face. Minutes later，she came to m e and said loudly, “Give me a Smartie! I have hurt my finger!”“No，”I replied，“you’ll get it if someone hurts you.”On purpose，she turned and scratched a nearby boy，Tom，and waited quietly while I mothered and rewarded him，then she walked away.She has never scratched a child since.Parents who find older children bullying younger brothers and sisters might do well to replace shouting and punishment by rewarding and giving more attention to the injured ones. It’s certainly much easier and more effective.65. From the passage，we know that Kathy is__.A. sensitive but slowB. smart but a bit rudeC. independent but selfishD. quick but sort of passive66. Kathy scratched Tom because__.A. she was angry at Tom，who was in her wayB. she wanted to get a Smartie from the teacherC. she was in the habit of scratching other childrenD. she wanted to know if the teacher meant what she had said67. According to the passage，the underlined word “bullying” is closest in meaning to “__”.A. helpingB. punishingC. hurtingD. protecting68. The writer of this passage aims to recommend anapproach to__.A. rewarding children’s good behaviorB. correcting children’s bad behaviorC. punishing badly—behaved childrenD. praising well—behaved childrenCOne August afternoon，Richard Allen dropped off his last passenger，Mrs. Carey. Lifting two grocery bags，he followed her across the yard and stood on the step of her house. Glancing up，he saw a large wasp(黄蜂)nest under the roof. Allen had heard that wasps can become more likely to sting(sting，stung，stung蜇)in summer. He mentioned this to Mrs. Carey，who had opened the door.“Oh，they don’t bother me，”she said lightly. “I go in and out al the time.”Anxiously，Allen looked at the nest again——to see the wasps flying straight at him. “Hurry!” he shouted to Mrs. Carey. “Get in!”She stepped quickly inside. Allen ran for his mini—bus. Too late；they were upon him. Just as he jumped aboard，half a dozen red spots showed on his arm，and he felt more on his back and shoulders.As he was driving down the road, Allen felt as if something was burning at the back of his neck，and the “fire” was spreading forward toward his face. An immediate anxiety took hold of him. Allen knew that stings could cause some persons to die. But he had been stung the previous summer and the after-effects soon passed. However, what he didn’t know was that the first sting had turned his body into a time bomb waiting for the next to set off an explosion.Miles from the nearest medical assistance，Allen began to feel his tongue thick and heavy and his heartbeat louder. Most frightening，he felt his breathing more and more difficult. He reached for the radio mike(话筒)，trying to cal the mini—bus center，but his words were hardly understandable. Signals were also poor that far out. He knew a rescue team was on 24-hour duty at the Amherst Fire Department’s north station. So his best chance was to make a run for it.Rushing down the mountain，Allen tried not to panic，focusing his mind on each sharp turn. He was almost through the last of them when he felt sure he was going into shock(休克). Just then he rea ched for the radio mike again.“ Call fire station，” he shouted，concentrating to form the words. “Emergency. Beesting. Emergency. There in ten minutes.”“Five—ten，”the center replied.Hold on，Allen thought. Keep your eyes open. Breathe. Keep awake.At last he reached the station. Two firemen ran out. Allen felt their hands grasp him before he hit the ground. You made it，he thought.69. It is mentioned in the passage that wasps are more likely to attack when__________.A. there are huge noisesB. strangers are approachingC. the air is filed with food smellD. the hottest season comes around70. Allen didn’t know that if stung by wasps again，he would__________.A. have no after-effectsB. suffer from sharper painC. surely lose his lifeD. become more sensitive71. Allen failed at his first attempt to send his message to the mini-bus center because__.A. he was unable to speak clearlyB. his radio equipment was poorC. he was in a state of shockD. no one was on duty72. Which would be the best title for the passage？A. Allen，A Helpless DriverB. Wasps，Bloody KillersC. A Race Against DeathD. War Against WaspsDOne morning a few years ago，Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. For this busy man，it was a sort of alarm：after years of non-stop hard work，he might wear himself out and die an early death.Only after a week’s leave-during which he read novels，listened to music and walked with his wife on a beach-was Rudenstine able to return to work. In our modern life，we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. Amazingly, within this world there is a universal but silly saying：“I am so busy.”We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax-this has becomethe model of a successful life.Because we do not rest，we lose our way. We miss the guide telling us where to go，the food providing us with strength，the quiet giving us wisdom.How have we allowed this to happen？I believe it is this：we have forgotten the Sabbath，the day of the week-for followers of some religions-for rest and praying. It is a day when we are not supposed to work，a time when we devote ourselves to enjoying and celebrating what is beautiful. It is a good time to bless our children and loved ones，give thanks，share meals，walk and sleep. It is a time for us to take a rest，to put our work aside，trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world.Rest is a spiritual and biological need；however，in our strong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities，we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact，“Remember the Sabbath” is more than simply permission to rest；it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.73. The “alarm” in the first paragraph refers to “__”.A. a signal of stressB. a warning of dangerC. a sign of ageD. a spread of disease74. According to Paragraph 4, a successful person is one who is believed to__.A. be able to work without stressB. be more talented than other peopleC. be more important than anyone elseD. be busy working without time to rest75. Some people feel guilty when taking time to rest because they__.A. think that taking a rest means lacking ambitionsB. fail to realize that rest is an essential part of lifeC. fail to realize that religions force them to restD. think that taking a rest means being lazy76. What is the main idea of this passage________？A. We should balance work with rest.B. The Sabbath gives us permission to rest.C. It is silly for anyone to say “I am so busy.”D. We should be available to our family and friends.EDowning the last drop of an expensive famous brand H2O as well as remembering to throw the empty bottle in the recycling bin, makes you feel pretty good about yourself, right？It shouldn’t. Even when the bottles are recycled, thereare al kinds of other consequences of swallowing bottled water, says Melissa Peffers, the air-quality program manager for Environmental Defense. The containers are often filed in faraway lands, then shipped from abroad, and stored in refrigerators at your local store. Compare that with the influence on environment of turning on your tap, filing a glass, and drinking up!Anyone who is choosing bottled water for health reasons is misguided, says Peffers, “Most bottled water is just tap water.” And what comes out of your tap is carefuly monitored to follow the strict rules. Consider another fact that bottled water is surprisingly expensive，especially when compared with the alternative，which is almost free，and it is astonishing that America’s desire for bottled water seems impossible to satisfy，reaching nearly 30 billion bottles a year.“My parents’generation never had bottled water，”says Isabele Silverman，an Environmental Defense legal adviser. She has made a commitment to going bottle free. “You don’t need to fetch it home from the store，and it’s cheaper，”she adds.Bottled water’s role as a status symbol needs to change, Peffers points out. So when a waiter at an expensive restaurant offers “And what’s your drink？”that’s no reason to forget yourconviction(信念). “Don’t be afraid to say，‘l’ll have tap.’Say it loud enough that the other tables nearby can hear you，”Peffers says. “And then spend that money on a dessert.”77. In the first paragraph，the underlined sentence “It shouldn’t.” suggests that people__.A. shouldn’t feel pleased with finishing the water in the bottleB. shouldn’t feel good about drinking an expensive brand H2OC. shouldn’t be content with just recycling empty bottlesD. shouldn’t be satisfied with drinking only bottled water78. According to the author，tap water is__.A. as safe as bottled waterB. more likely to be pollutedC. healthier than bottled waterD. less convenient than bottled water79. The underlined part “going bottle free”(in ) means“__”.A. making bottled water freeB. abandoning bottled waterC. recycling used water bottlesD. providing free water containers80. Why does Peffers ask people to say “I’ll have tap.”loudly？A. To encourage them to set an example for others to follow.B. To advise them to save the money for one more dessert.C. To remind them to be aware of their social status.D. To persuade them to speak confidently in public.Answers:。
2008年高考英语试题及参考答案(湖北卷)
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(湖北卷)语文本试卷第一、二、三大题为选择题，第四、五、六、七大题为非选择题。
全卷共8页。
满分150分。
考试用时150分钟。
★祝考试顺利★注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。
2.选择题的作答：每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
答在试题卷进上无效。
3.非选择题的作答：用0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔直直接答在答题卡上对应的答题区域内。
答在试题卷上无效。
4.考试结束，请将本试题卷和答题卡上并上交。
一、(15分，每小题3分)1.下列各组词语中加点的字注音全都正确的一组是A.卓(zhuō)著质(zhǐ)量褒(bǒo)义词因噎(yē)废食B.比较(jiào) 恫吓(hè) 着(zhuó)重号熠熠(yì)生辉C.处(chù)理恪(kè)守瞭(liào)望哨刚愎(bì)自用D.供(gōng)应参与(yǔ) 骨(gǔ)子里装聋(lóng)作哑2.下列各组词语中没有错别字的一组是A.鸿鹄之志如愿以偿一偏概全归纳演译B.冥思苦想自行其是风姿潇洒烟波浩荡C.气喘吁吁相辅相成匪夷所思安分守己D.蛊惑人心一愁莫展鼎力相助面容安详3.下列各句中加点词语使用不恰当的一句是A.听到这个噩耗，老人家瘫坐在地上号啕痛哭，双手也情不自禁地颤抖起来。
B.王宝强在电影《天下无贼》中成功地扮演了胸无城府、朴实憨厚的傻根这一角色。
C.双塔镇医生王东东为了敛财，公然宣称注射他的免疫球蛋白即可预防EV71疫病。
D.同学之间应该团结友爱、互相帮助、互相体谅，绝不能因一点小事就耿耿于怀。
4.下列各句没有语病的一句是A.第二航站楼交付使用后，设备可达到国际领先水平，旅客过安见通道的时间，将从目前的10分钟缩短至1分钟，缩短了10倍。
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试湖北卷含答案
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）语文一、基础部分(15分，每小题3分)1.下列各组词语中加点的字注音全都正确的一组是A.卓(zhuō)著质(zhǐ)量褒(bǒo)义词因噎(yē)废食B.比较(jiào) 恫吓(hè) 着(zhuó)重号熠熠(yì)生辉C.处(chù)理恪(kè)守瞭(liào)望哨刚愎(bì)自用D.供(gōng)应参与(yǔ) 骨(gǔ)子里装聋(lóng)作哑2.下列各组词语中没有错别字的一组是A.鸿鹄之志如愿以偿一偏概全归纳演译B.冥思苦想自行其是风姿潇洒烟波浩荡C.气喘吁吁相辅相成匪夷所思安分守己D.蛊惑人心一愁莫展鼎力相助面容安详3.下列各句中加点词语使用不当的一句是A.听到这个噩耗，老人家瘫坐在地上号啕痛哭，双手也情不自禁．．．．地颤抖起来。
B.王宝强在电影《天下无贼》中成功地扮演了胸无城府．．．．、朴实憨厚的傻根这一角色。
C.双塔镇医生王东东为了敛财，公然宣称．．注射他的免疫球蛋白即可预防EV71疫病。
D.同学之间应该团结友爱、互相帮助、互相体谅，绝不能因一点小事就耿耿于怀．．．．。
4.下列各句没有语病的一句是A.第二航站楼交付使用后，设备可达到国际领先水平，旅客过安见通道的时间，将从目前的10分钟缩短至1分钟，缩短了10倍。
B.在那些艰难的日子里，不管他的身体有多差，生活条件再不好，精神压力有多大，他都坚持创作。
C.艾滋病(AIDS)是一种传染病，其病毒通过性接触或血液、母婴等途径传播，侵入人体后，使人体丧失对病原体的免疫能力。
D.社区服务中心为孩子们准备了跳绳、羽毛球、拼图、棋类、卡拉OK等19项体育活动，并将20万元活动经费发动到各社区。
5.下列各句标点符号使用合乎规范的一项是A.开班会时，班主任正式向全班同学宣布：学校这次征文比赛确定了两个主题：一是支持奥运，二是抗震救灾。
2008年高考全国统考英语试题(湖北卷)--查看_新浪考试_新浪网
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2008年高等学校全国统一考试英语试题(湖北卷)
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2008年全国卷Ⅱ英语高考试题文档版(含答案)
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷II）英语本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。
第一卷1至12页。
第二卷13至16页。
考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一卷第一部分英语知识运用（共三节，满分50分）从A、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四个选项中，找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例：haveA. gaveB. saveC. hatD. made答案是C。
1.courseA. journeyB. fourC. labourD. hour2. matchA. separateB. marryC. machineD. many3. riseA. purseB. elseC. praiseD. mouse4. batheA. faithB. clothC. mathsD. smooth5. BritainA. certainB. trainC. againstD. contain第二节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从A、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例：We ___ last night, but we went to the concert instead.A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studiedD. would study答案是C。
6. –Do you know Anna’s telephone number?-- ____. As a matter of fact, I don’t know any Anna, either.A. I think soB. I’m afraid notC. I hope soD. I’d rather not7. A small car is big enough for a family of three ____ you need more space for baggage.A. onceB. becauseC. ifD. unless8. It’s not ___ good idea to drive for four hours without ___ break.A. a ; aB. the ; aC. the ; theD. a ; the9. – What are you reading, Tom?–I’m not really reading, just ___ the pages.A. turning offB. turning aroundC. turning overD. turning up10. -- Could I ask you a rather personal question?-- Sure, ____.A. pardon meB. go aheadC. good ideaD. forget it11. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it ____ all day.A. rainedB. rainsC. has rainedD. is raining12. The director had her assistant ___ some hot dogs for the meeting.A. picked upB. picks upC. pick upD. picking up13. Stand over there ___ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better.A. butB. tillC. andD. or14. If their marketing plans succeed, they ____ their sales by 20 percent.A. will increaseB. have been increasingC. have increasedD. would be increasing15. Modern equipment and no smoking are two of the things I like ____ working here.A. withB. overC. atD. about16. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A. itB. whatC. whichD. that17. Liza ___ well not want to go on the trip --- she hates traveling.A. willB. canC. mustD. may18. Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it ____.A. collectedB. containedC. loadedD. saved19. The house still needed a lot of work, but ___ the kitchen was finished.A. insteadB. altogetherC. at onceD. at least20. It was in New Zealand ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.A. thatB. howC. whichD. when第三节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、Ｂ、Ｃ和Ｄ）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
2008年高考英语听力（湖北卷）
听第 10 段材料，回答第 17 至 20 题。 17. What’s the problemo f some of the university students?
A. They don’t spend all their time on studies.
B. They don’t know what to do with their free time. C. They don’t have choices for outside class activities. 18. How is the students’ high school life? A. Controlled and busy. B. Regular and colorful. C. Active and independent. 19. According to the speaker, what is the role of outside class activities at
第一部分： 听力 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.B
2008年高考英语试题及参考答案(湖北卷)
2008年高考英语试题及参考答案(湖北卷)D出院患者预约随访制度1、临床各专科制作专科医生诊疗服务联系卡，联系卡上标明专科特色、诊疗范围、专科电话号码、出门诊时间。
患者出院时交给患者，以便于联系。
2、加强对出院患者复诊的预约服务，可利用电话交流病情、宣传健康知识、指导用药。
特别是对恶性肿瘤、高血压病、糖尿病等慢性病出院后的患者进行跟踪管理，实施复诊预约服务。
3、凡是预约专家、特需的患者，医院将保证号源的提供。
4、凡按时间段预约看病的患者，医院将尽量保证在预约的时间段内就诊。
5、预约复诊的患者如有特殊检查检验的项目，在同等病情情况下，优先检查及检验。
出院患者健康教育相关制度一、为健康教育按评估患者及家属实际需求进行，由医务人员、患者及家属共同确定完成。
二、各病区建立健康手册，为患者提供健康教育资料。
三、责任护士应评估出院患者的健康需求，主要包括以下几点：1、患者、家属现有文化水平和获取健康知识的能力与需求。
2、患者住院日长短和患者能力进行教育。
3、患者、家属和医务人员的目标是否一致。
4、健康教育的障碍，主要包括：（1）宗教信仰;（2）文化程度/语言;（3）阅读、视、听、讲方面的障碍；（4）心理成熟程度；（5）其它响健康教育的生理障碍、生理并发症。
（6）经济状态；（7）影响健康教育的消极情绪。
四、出院教育的内容，要包括如下列各项1、住院须知；2、患者权利与义务；3、关于患者特定的疾病和健康状况及其治疗方案的教育和培训；4、围手术期宣教；5、各种治疗方案的结果和不遵从治疗方案可导致的结果；6、疼痛管理；7、有效的使用药物包括药物潜在的副反应；8、安全有效的使用医疗设备；9、药物、食物潜在的相互作用的预防；10、营养和健康指导。
五、出院患者健康教育的书写记录1、健康教育评估单；2、在出院小结及出院证明书上记录。
患者病情评估制度及操作规范为了保证医疗质量，保障患者生命安全，使患者从进院开始就能够得到客观科学的评估，医生能够做出详细科学的治疗计划，当病情变化的时候能够及时调整修改治疗方法，使患者得到科学有效的治疗，特制定我院患者病情评估制度。
2008年高考英语试题及参考答案(湖北卷)
We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, and to be unable to find time to relax—— this has become the model of a successful life.
Rest is s spiritual and biological neong ambition to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, we may feel terribly guilty when we take time to rest. The Sabbath gives us permission to stop work. In fact, “Remember the Sabbath” is more than simply permission to rest; it is a rule to obey and a principle to follow.
2008年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(湖北卷)
英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。
3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。
4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。
7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。
9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。
11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。
12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。
13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。
14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。
16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。
17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。
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实训内容整理如下2012—06—11路线一：广东水利电力职业技术学院—水院围墙旁—校道旁的石灰岩1.土是如何形成的？概念：地质历史最新时期在底壳表层广为分布的由固体矿物颗粒、水、和气体组成的天然物质。
形成：由岩石在风化作用下形成的碎屑物残留在原地或经由不同的方式被搬运到地表低洼处形成的沉积物。
2.风化作用（影响因素、概念、类型）？概念：在气温变化、水溶液、气体及生物等自然因素作用下，逐渐产生裂隙、发生机械破碎和矿物成分的改变，丧失完整性的过程。
因素：气温变化、水溶液、气体及生物等自然因素，岩石性质，地质构造。
类型：物理风化作用、化学风化作用和生物风化作用。
3.第四纪沉积物的特征（残积层）？(1)、残积层是位于地表以下、基岩风化带以上的一层松散破碎物质。
(2)、残积层的物质成分与下伏基岩成分密切相关。
（3）、残积层厚度与当地地形、降水量、水中化学成分等多种因素相关。
（4）、残积层具有较大的孔隙率，较高的含水率，强度较低。
残积土4.石灰岩（形成原因、主要矿物、特征）？形成原因：主要是在浅海的环境下形成的，其按成因可以划分为粒屑石灰岩（流水搬运、沉积形成），生物骨架石灰岩和化学生物化学石灰岩；按结构构造可细分为竹叶状灰岩、状灰岩、团块状灰岩等主要矿物：一种沉积岩，它是一种以方解石为主要成分的碳酸盐岩。
有时含有白云石、粘土矿物和碎屑矿物；有灰、灰白、灰黑、黄、浅红、褐红等色；硬度不大，结构较为复杂。
特征：有致密状、结晶粒状、生物碎屑等结构，性脆，遇稀盐酸发生化学反应产生气泡。
石灰岩5.岩溶发育的条件、影响因素？条件：（1）可溶岩层的存在，（2）可溶岩必须是透水的，（3）具有侵蚀能力的水，（4）溶岩水的运动与循环。
影响因素：（1）岩层产状的影响（2）地质构造的影响（3）地壳运动的影响6.地质罗盘仪测量产状的方法？走向：测量时将罗盘长边与层面紧贴，然后转动罗盘，使底盘水准器的水泡居中，读出指针所指刻度即为岩层之走向。
倾向：测量时，将罗盘北端或接物觇板指向倾斜方向，罗盘南端紧靠着层面并转动罗盘，使底盘水准器水泡居中，读指北针所指刻度即为岩层的倾向。
倾角：测量时将罗盘直立，并以长边靠着岩层的真倾斜线，沿着层面左右移动罗盘，并用中指搬动罗盘底部之活动扳手，使测斜水准器水泡居中，读出悬锥中尖所指最大读数，即为岩层之真倾角。
小结：路线二：2012—06—12 桃园大道—桃园镇—桃园中学—密石洞风化作用：1.风化作用的类型概念：指地表或接近地表的坚硬岩石、矿物与大气、水及生物接触过程中产生物理、化学变化而在原地形成松散堆积物的全过程。
根据风化作用的因素和性质可将其分为三种类型：物理风化作用、化学风化作用、生物风化作用。
2.岩石风化程度分级概念：岩石风化程度是风化作用对岩体的破坏程度，它包括岩体的解体和变化程度及风化深度。
岩石的解体和变化程度一般划分成：全风化、强风化、弱风化、微风化等四级。
3.风化程度：风化是在气温变化、水溶液、气体及生物等自然因素作用下，逐渐产生裂隙、发生机械破碎和矿物成分的改变，丧失完整性的过程。
风化程度划分为全、强、弱、微、未风化。
如下图所示：该风化为强风化程度。
如图，为风化岩层：地质观察点的岩性：地质观察地点：密石村高架桥旁地质观察点照片如下：由现场观察分析可得：该岩石具有明显的层理构造，这是沉积岩的特殊构造，故初步判断该岩石为沉积岩。
形成完整、坚硬的沉积岩石需要经过压固脱水、胶结、重新结晶作用，由沉积岩的形成过程可知，沉积岩的产状均为层状。
（1）形成沉积岩层理厚度不一的原因？（a）每个地质时期沉积物的不同（b）构造运动的发生，发生地层的抬升和降低（c）受到上部地层压力的不同。
（2）沉积岩岩层形成初是什么产状？沉积盆地（海洋或大型湖泊）中心，形成的岩层是水平的或近水平的，而边缘、岛屿，水下隆起等周围的沉积物产状具有一定的倾角，称为原始倾斜。
原始水平的岩层，经构造变动后，可变为倾斜、直立、倒转以及各种褶皱形态，但也有仍保持近水平状态。
（3）沉积岩为什么会有一层层的分界面？沉积岩中普遍具有一层层的构造，是属于沉积岩构造的一中。
我们常常看到一层层的构造一般是层理构造。
层理是沉积物以层状形式堆叠而在岩层内部形成的层状行迹，它由沉积质点的颜色、成分或形状、大小等的差异而表现出的岩石成层构造。
绝大多数层理都是在沉积作用过程中形成的，主要与流体的机械作用有关，部分还与化学和生物作用有联系。
如图，岩层所形成的分界面：岩层层理节理：（1）概念：是指岩层受力断开后，裂面两侧岩层沿断裂面没有发生明显的相对位移的断裂构造。
（2）节理密度：是用节理面的裂隙度、间距或体密度来表示。
（3）判断节理是否发育，发育的等级？如图所示，节理图如下：使用地质罗盘仪，将节理的倾向、走向、倾角测出来；再使用皮尺等工具测量计算出节理的张开度、线密度等。
将所测数据整理，记入节理产状记录表中。
节理的产状记录表，如表：由表可得：该节理很发育，节理的线密度较大，大多为张节理，填充物质主要为土。
发育等级为节理很发育。
（5）高桥下小溪旁砂岩素描图：如图：方位：比例尺：图例：边坡支护措施：地质观察地点：高架桥旁观测点1如图，观测点1：由该图可得：该边坡使用钢筋混泥土将边坡坡面紧紧粘结在一起，提高了坡面的整体性和稳定性，使之达到稳定边坡的目的，防止边坡崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害。
地质观察地点：高架桥旁观测点2：如图，观测点2：由该图可得：该边坡由于坡面较高，首先采用了分段式处理的方法；接着，采用排除地表水的方法，防止水降低岩土的强度；最后，采用洒草种的方法，加固坡面的坚固度。
小结：路线三：2012—06—13 广东水利电力职业技术学院—从化某石料场判断地层断裂构造（1）节理概念：是指岩层受力断开后，裂面两侧岩层沿断裂面没有发生明显的相对位移的断裂构造。
（2）断层概念：岩体受力作用断裂后，两侧岩块沿断裂面发生显著位移的断裂构造岩体在构造应力作用下发生破裂，沿破裂面两侧的岩体发生显著的位移或失去连续性和完整性而形成的一种构造形迹。
（3）断层、节理的区别节理是岩石中的裂隙，其两侧岩石没有明显的位移，也就是说没有破坏岩石的整体构造，在上层地壳中非常常见。
而断层则都破坏了岩层的连续性和完整性，从一米到上百米或上千米。
而且断层基本都由大型地质构造形成。
可以由岩层是否被破坏判断为节理还是断层。
断层1、断层的类型？（1）正断层：断层面几乎是垂直的，上盘（位于平面上方的岩石块）推动下盘（位于平面下方的岩石块），使之向下移动。
反过来，下盘推动上盘使之向上移动。
由于分离板块边界的拉力，地壳被分成两半，从而产生断层。
（2）逆断层：断层面也几乎垂直，但上盘向上移动，而下盘向下移动。
这种类型的断层是由于板块挤压形成的。
（3）平移断层：岩石块沿相反的水平方向移动，正如转换板块边界中所述，地壳块相互滑动时形成这些断层。
2、断层存在的判别：（1）构造线标志（2）岩层分布标志（直接判别依据）（3）断层的伴生现象：擦痕，阶步和摩擦镜面；构造岩；牵引现象。
（4）地貌标志：断层崖和断层三角面；断层湖和断层泉；错段的山脊，急流的河流。
3、断层运功方向的判别：（1）在断层两侧同一高程处，通常上升盘出露地层较老，下降盘出露地层较老。
地层倒转相反（2）当断层横截面褶曲时，背斜上升盘核部地层较宽，向斜上升盘核部地层较窄（3）刻蚀的擦痕凹槽较浅的一端、阶步陡坎方向，均指示对盘运动方向。
牵引想象弯曲方向则指示本盘指示的运动方向。
4、断层的表示方式：断层一般采用粗红醒目地标表示出来，断层性质用相应符号表示。
正断层和逆断层符号中，箭头所指为断层的倾向，角度为断层面的倾角，断齿所指为下降盘。
平移断层符号中箭头所指的方向为本盘运动方向。
5. 普通地质图包括地质平面图、地质剖面图和岩层综合柱状图。
地质观察点地质观察地点1：从化石料场某一岩层面地质观察点素描图如下：方位：比例尺：图例：地质观察地点照片如下：由图观察可得：该岩石初步判断为变质岩，具有破裂结构，且有岩浆岩的存在。
地质观察地点2：从化石料场某一岩土堆观察变质岩（1）碎裂岩：具有碎裂结构或碎斑结构的岩石，碎裂岩是原岩在较强的应力作用下破碎而形成。
其粒化作用仅发生在矿物颗粒的边缘，而尚未达到糜棱阶段，因而颗粒间的相对位移不大，原岩的特征尚部分被保存下来。
据此可以判断原岩的性质。
碎裂岩碎裂岩可由各种岩石破碎而成，在断裂带比较常见，主要在刚性岩石中发育。
（2）糜棱岩：具有糜棱结构，是在强烈破碎塑变作用所形成的岩石，往往分布在断裂带两侧，由于压扭应力的作用，使岩石发生错动，研磨粉碎，并由于强烈的塑性变形，使细小的碎粒处在塑性流变状态下而呈定向排列。
糜棱岩的粒度细小，但一般比较均匀，外貌致密，坚硬。
糜棱岩糜棱岩常具条带状和纹层状构造，条带和纹层的形成系由矿物成分、颜色、颗粒大小等差别造成的。
路线四2012—06—14 石门公园—山间幽谷—杜鹃园区岩溶（1）概念：。