论哈姆雷特与罗密欧与朱丽叶的悲剧成因
综合作品论述哈姆雷特悲剧实质与原因
综合作品论述哈姆雷特悲剧实质与原因
《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚最著名的戏剧之一，被普遍认为是世界文学的经典之作。
该剧探讨了复仇、爱情、家族关系以及个人认识和行动的道德困境等多个主题。
《哈姆雷特》的悲剧实质可以从以下几个方面进行论述：
1. 内心冲突与犹豫不决：主人公哈姆雷特面对父亲的死和母亲与叔父的婚姻，内心充满矛盾与痛苦。
他犹豫不决，无法迅速行动，这种矛盾与犹豫最终导致了悲剧的发生。
2. 外在干扰与阴谋：剧中有多个角色在进行复仇与权谋的计划，他们通过欺骗、暗杀等手段，不断向哈姆雷特施加压力。
这些外在干扰也加剧了哈姆雷特的困境。
3. 人性的弱点与缺陷：哈姆雷特身上显现了多个人性的弱点，如犹豫不决、怀疑、嫉妒等。
这些弱点使得他在面对复仇时陷入困境，无法做出明智的选择。
4. 命运与悲剧的注定：无论哈姆雷特的选择如何，似乎都注定了悲剧的发生。
剧中多次提到命运的力量与牵引，这也使得悲剧的产生显得不可避免。
总之，哈姆雷特悲剧的实质与原因是多方面的，既包括个人内心的困惑与犹豫，也包括外在的阴谋与干扰，以及人性的弱点与命运的力量。
这些因素交织在一起，最终导致了悲剧的发生。
试析《罗密欧与朱丽叶》悲剧成因
试析《罗密欧与朱丽叶》悲剧成因作者：马逸超来源：《青年文学家》2018年第17期摘要：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚创作的最被人广泛熟知的戏剧。
这部讲述男主人公罗密欧与女主人公朱丽叶之间爱情故事的悲剧，一直是学者们进行文学研究的佳作。
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》流露着悲剧美，启迪着的人的思想，净化着人的心灵。
本人试从三个方面对悲剧的成因进行分析——家族矛盾、人物性格和封建思想。
关键词：矛盾；性格；悲剧作者简介：马逸超（1996.11-），女，汉族，河北张家口人，本科生在读，现就读于河北大学外国语学院英语专业。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2018）-17--01引言：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》这部戏剧的悲剧性质，是非常明显的，因为两位主人公为了爱情双双自杀。
罗密欧与朱丽叶爱情的悲剧结果是必然的，他们二人不存在走到一起的可能性，而他们偏偏要与众多阻挠他们爱情的矛盾进行斗争，结果便可想而知。
在家族有世仇，性格有矛盾，封建思想根深蒂固的情况下，罗密欧与朱丽叶只能通过死亡的方式永远相守。
一、家族矛盾罗密欧是蒙太古的儿子，朱丽叶是贵族凯普莱特的千金，这两家世代为仇，难以相容。
如此深的家族矛盾，必然会是二者爱情的最大障碍。
尽管罗密欧与朱丽叶本身并不在意家族矛盾，深深相爱，但双方长辈将是最大的反对力量。
两个积怨已深、世代为仇家族，不仅难以通过后代之间的相爱结合化解矛盾，反而会因此感到倍受屈辱，以至愤怒。
在强烈的家族矛盾中，后代之间的爱情一文不值，甚至是对家族尊严的挑衅。
家族矛盾与罗密欧和朱丽叶之间的爱情水火不容，必然会存在被消灭的一方。
显然，在力量对比中家族矛盾以绝对优势胜出，罗密欧和朱丽叶的爱情只能被家族矛盾吞噬、扼杀。
而家族矛盾最后却因罗密欧和朱丽叶的殉情终结。
家族矛盾足够强大，但在代表善的爱情面前，代表恶的家族矛盾最终也只能灰飞烟灭。
然而，瓦解家族矛盾的代价是惨痛的，这也是戏剧的悲剧性所在。
《哈姆雷特》中的悲剧原因分析
摘要：《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。
该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。
本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。
透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。
该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。
从而决定了他们最终的归宿。
剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。
作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。
作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。
他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。
然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。
因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。
作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。
关键词：人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争The Tragedy Aspects in HamletAbstract：As one of Shakespeare’s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare’s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists’ h ardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human’s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.Key Words：Tragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throneIntroductionIt is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used topleasant the King.As one of the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: it described a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainness and complication in the period of Renaissance. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudius’s schemes to seize the state power; the ethics between the ghost and his s on; the sincere feelings between Hamlet and Ophelia; friendship’s forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlet’s special artistic charm and literal achieve ment, which reveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.I. The General Introduction of the StoryIt is a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark. The King of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was making further education abroad came back to his country. Out of his imagination, his mother married his uncle Claudius just after the old King’s death. A ghost who looked like the old King emerged one night, and told Hamlet that it was Claudius who killed him, so Hamlet vowed to revenge. He began to pretend to be mad, and left his lover Ophelia. To spy upon the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play which was drawn by him. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept watch on Hamlet to give letter to the king of England to have Hamlet died. But Claudius failed; Hamlet came back to his country again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her father’s death and her lover Hamlet’s drifting apart of her. Her brother Leartes was very angry; he asked to fight with Hamlet. Then Claudius arranged a sword match for them, in which Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen (Hamlet’s mother) died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life.II. Three Simultaneous Plots of RevengeIn Hamlet, there are three simultaneous plots of revenge, which give more details to help us learn the tragedy aspects in it. There are three characters: Hamlet, Laertes andFortinbius,all of whose father are killed. Based on the concept of the time, all the three persons should revenge for their relatives. As the same task, because of their own character and outlook of life, there are three different ways. Of the three persons, thereare two groups of comparison: Laertes and Hamlet are both comparatively young men in a court dominated by the Middle Aged; both are described as being popular with the people in Denmark; their common love for Ophelia units them thematically in the fourth act; and the ensuing swordfight which result in both their death makes clear the extent to which they are each other’s opposites; both give themselves the task of revenging the death of a relative; both are spied on by their parents. Young Fortinblas, who has a few similarities to Hamlet: he too is the nephew of a King; he too is any enemy of Claudius; he too is seeking some sort of vengeance following the death of his father.A. Laertes’s Simple Idea to RevengeOf Laertes’s idea to revenge, it can be described as “simple”. He is noble and dignified in his appearance, while in fact there is nothing in is mind. He is impulsive, narrow minded. Though he realizes his error and reveals the evil plot of the King, he loses his life. As he learns the news that his father Polonius was killed, without asking anyone about the reason, hurriedly he comes back to Denmark and arouses the asses to action. Thinking that the King is the sinner of his fathe r’s death,Laretes leads his masses rush into the court and fight with Claudius. We see Laretes does like that, but in fact, he does not love his father at all. He laughs at his father’s weakness, hates that his father asks someone to keep watch on him. Fo r the reason of his father’s death, he has no interest. Suppose Laertes is willing to learn the reason, he would know that the death of Polonius is caused by himself, for he is so positive to interfere the conflict between Hamlet and the King. What’s more, he supports the King. Hamlet is meaningless to kill Polonius, to which Laertes dose not care about, so he decides to revenge without any doubt. He understands the moral from the point of formalism, according to which he takes action. His principle is measure for measure. What Laertes revenges for is the reputation of his relevant and his family. In the face of such requirement, even the King’s order, it should be delayed. Besides, what Laertes revenges for is his ambitions. When he leads his masses to kill the King, he advocates them support him as the King. It is available that Laertes’s revenge is divorced from the essence, he has ulterior motives.B．Fortinblas’s Abandonment to RevengeFortinblas gives up to revenge. In this drama we do not see the Norway prince somany times. Just because of his uncle’s several words, he abandons to revenge for his father’s death. When the Denmark is frightened to wait for Fortinblas’s attack for his father’s death and the lost land, Fortinblas attacks Poland. No matter what causes Fortinblas to give up revenge, we can regard that his father once provoked to his enemy (the King of Denmark) and gave no choice to him. If the King of Denmark did not kill Fortinblas’s father, the person who would be in death now is himself. Fortinblas realizes that he has no ability to fight with Denmark, so he gives up. But what if he is willing to try his best? He abandons absolutely.Leartes and Fortinblas have their own attitude on revenge. One is to obey the requirement of revenge without any conditions, and the other one is to give upabsolutely. Either of them takes hasty action, and also lacks consideration.C. Hamlet’s Hesitation to RevengeSince the ghost of Hamlet’s father tells Hamlet the truth of his death, the task to revenge is en graved on Hamlet’s mind deeply, he vows to revenge. He loves his father so sincerely and deeply. In his mind, his father symbolizes the top of human virtue. What a base action to keep his father in death! Compared with Leartes and Fortinblas, his motive for revenge is stimulated by his love to his father. While it takes along time for him to complete his task, why? There are three main stages:First of all, he puts off all his action until he has positive proof of Claudius’s guilty, during his process, Haml et arranges a play to spy upon Claudius’s response to prove the truth of the ghost’s words. Secondly, he passes up the opportunity to stab Claudius in the back preferring to wait for chance to kill him in a way more fitting. Because of the religion and superstitious belief, killing the enemy who is repenting is to send the evil person to the heaven. It means that he returns good for evil. Thirdly, however, he gets side-tracked. Forced into confrontation with his mother, he kills the eavesdropping Polonius, thinking that it is Claudius he is stabbing. The fact that Hamlet misfires Polonius has two main effects: it makes Hamlet’s own homicidal campaign lose energy---as if some sort of blood lust had been sated. It also forces Hamlet finally out into the open. Rather than suspects, Hamlet is a threat to Claudius. On the excuse of Polonius’s death, Claudius has opportunity to move against Hamlet, which is sending him off to England to be put in death.III. The Tragedy of CharactersA. The Tragedy of Hamlet1. Thr ee Stages of Hamlet’s TragedyOf the character of Hamlet in this drama, it is not still, but changeable as the struggles go on. According to the development of the character, Shakespeare shows us the tragedy of Hamlet, which is described in three stages logically.The first stage is about his happiness time, during which he studies in Wittenberg. In that period, he has wonderful dream on humanism. To him the world is so bright, charming. In his mind, his father is on behalf perfect man. He also believes that the harmonious relationship between human would come true sooner or later. The second stage of Hamlet is about his dejection and hesitation. Hamlet is so puzzled by the conflict between humanism idea and the gloom reality. When we firstly see the prince, Hamlet appears as a dejected person. He is shrouded by sadness; he does not know where to look for happiness of life. When he realizes all the crimes in the court of Denmark, all his wishes of life have been changed. He decides to change the society, but in action he hesitates. The third stage is about his decision to take activities, which is after the play arranged by Hamlet himself. He can not bear the crime of reality any more. In his own words, he would fill his mind with bloody thoughts. Althoug h Hamlet revenges for his father’s death in the end, he does not achieve the purpose to remove the evil force thoroughly, even he loses his life.2. Hamlet’s DeathHamlet’s death is also his tragedy. It is destined for Hamlet to end with his death, which i s caused by both internal and external course; it is not comprehensive to emphasize either of them. As one of his challengeable enemy, Claudius is on behalf of the evil force; his crime is collected with all the society’s darkness. Hamlet is eager to wipe out such evil force and revenge for his father’s death. But it can not be solved only by having Claudius died, of course to achieve which is not easy. To remove the evil force which is commonly existed in the society and reverses the situation is more diff icult. What Hamlet is hesitating “is not what he should do, but how to do it.” Judging from the objective aspect, Hamlet’s enemy is not only Claudius, and also some villains. As a new style of thought of a newly emerging capitalist class, humanism just exists as a power of thought at that time, which is far away to match with the feudal evil force. The bourgeoisie revolution in England happened in 17th century, judging from the feature of the time, Hamlet’s death is destined. Judging from the character of him, Hamlet has the most weakness which dominates his action. Because of his prince social position, there is no communication with people. Although he has sympathy to them, he also learns people are angry to the evil force, and they also keep hope on him, he is unwilling to corporate with people. What he believes is his own ability; what’s more, in his mind he is the only person who can complete such hard task, which is the root of Hamlet’s social tragedy. So Hamlet’s tragedy is of an advanced humanist’s fa ilure to struggle with powerful evil force of him, of the time, which has strong classic meaning.B．he Tragedy of ClaudiusClaudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is on behalf of the feudal evil force. He kills his older brother, becomes the new King of Denmark, and marries his sister-in-law. What a dissolute gay! He indulges in creature comforts. Although he is so pleased with himself, when he meets Hamlet, who is in mourning apparel, he is frightened, even it is in his new wedding banquet, he can not conceal the fear which is from his inner heart.Claudius lies that the old King (Hamlet’s father) died of a poisonous snake, and then he takes the place of Hamlet’s succeeding to the thro ne. While on the surface, he pretends to care Hamlet very much, treats Hamlet as his own son. He also promises Hamlet that he would let him inherit in the future. In the reply to Hamlet’s outburst, Claudius uses language which seems to be calculated to tak e into account both sides of a question. On one hand, He tells Hamlet that it is ‘sweet and commendable’ of him to be so obviously affected by his father’s death. On the other hand, he continues mourning must end sooner or later, and life must go on. Thus, Claudius’s answer to Hamlet appears at first sight to be the epitome of reasonableness, a balanced combination of sensitivity and down-to-earth common sense.‘Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet,To give this mourning duties to your fatherBut you must know your father lost a father,That father lost, lost his-and the survivor boundIn filial obligation for some temTo do obsequious sorrow. But to persevereIn obstinate condolement is a courseOf impious stubbornness, ‘tis unmanly gr ief,It shows a will most incorrect to heaven,A heart unfortified, a mind impatient,An understanding simple and unschool’d,For what we know must be, and is as commonAs any the most vulgar thing to sense---Why should we in our peevish oppositionTake it to heart? Fie, ‘tis a fault to heaven,A fault against the dead, a fault to nature,To reason most absurd, whose common themeIs death of fathers, and who still hath cried?From the first cores till he that died today,‘This must be so’. (Hamlet, 87-106)When people actually look at the different weight which Claudius gives to the two opposite parts of his argument as his speech develops, it can be realized that Claudius’s ‘balance’ is actually nothing of kind. It is just because that he is under a great deal of strain, and that he is far less in control of the situation than he wants his audience to believe. In another words, Claudius, because he is in a public situation, needs to be a little tactful towards Hamlet, and thus compliments him on his swee t and commendable nature, and assures him that he regards him ‘with no less nobility of love/Then that which the dearest father bears his son’. (Hamlet, II, 110,-II). But Claudius is, after all, King, and his power is absolute. He tries all the ways to eliminate Hamlet, who is regarded to treat him very much. Because Hamlet is deeply loved by people, even pirate is willing to help him, Claudius could not kill him by any reason, he should be very careful. To spy whether Hamlet is mad or not, Claudius asks tw o of Hamlet’s classmates to keep watch on him. Meanwhile, as bait, Ophelia is used to spy upon Hamlet’s inner secrets. After the play, which is arranged by Hamlet, Claudius exposes his guilty conscience thoroughly. Then he plans to murder with a borrowed knife to remove Hamlet for another try. On the excuse of Hamlet’s safety, Claudius sends him toEngland, in secret he asks the man who keeps watch on Hamlet to convey his requirement of having Hamlet died to the King of England. But finally he failed. Then he incited Laertes to revenge for his father’s death, because of which, Hamlet dies from the poison sword.Claudius is dissolute, insidious and sham, while on surface he pretends so kind. Of his character, Shakespeare shows us all the kinds of hideous features of feudal tyrant and the careerist of capitalist class during the time of original accomplishment. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do.C. The Tragedy of OpheliaOphelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and her tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to pleasant the King. She is the victim of feudalism. Her thoughts is tightly bounded it. She believes truth, beauty and kindness, she really loves Hamlet, but she also becomes the tool of Claudius to spy uponthe inner secret of Hamlet when Hamlet is mad. When her father tells her to left Hamlet,she promises him without words. Ophelia is drawn at the end of this drama. It is eventually Ophelia whose madness leads to her actual suicide. But it is clearly that the person who caused Ophelia’s death is the King and her father. Ophelia is also the v ictim of the political. Is there any other reason? Of course that is the feudalism. Ophelia’s death stimulates people to detest the hateful power, and also evokes people’s sympathy for good things, which people have destroyed. IV. The Failure of HumanismA. The Conflict between Humanism and RealityThe Renaissance reached its high tide in 16th century, so did the Humanism. As the fundamental key of Renaissance, the essence of humanism is that human have the right to seek for freedom to advocate the rationa lism and to gain people’s position and development in the world. The elements of humanism are to establish the central status, of human beings, their dignity value, to advocate the spirit of rationalism and science, to protest the super role of God admired during the Middle Ages. In the literature of 16th in England, it was play got the best achievement, so there are so many good works. To some extent, a play is the reflection of the society. The history of 16th century is filled with struggle and conflict, which between the capitalism and feudalism.Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from the medieval prejudices and super station. He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the Heaven. As one of humanists, Hamlet cherishes a profound reverence fo r man, and he believes in human’s power and destiny:What a piece of work is human; how noble in reason;How infinite in faculty, in form and movingHow express and admirable; in action how like an angel;In apprehension how like a god! (Hamlet,85-96)From such ebullient words, vivid figure of speech, it is clear that Hamlet confirms human’s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, wherever exists humanism. He believes that human is valuable, energetic. He regards that the relationship between human being should be equal, and everyone should be respected. He takes “love” to instead of people’s loyalty to him, and the principle of equality and love to the relationship of feudal grade. According to his thought, character, appearance and expression, either of which shows us that he is the model of a perfect humanist. In his mind, his father (the old Hamlet) is a model of human. To love, friendship and life, Hamlet has his own humanism view. And he himself, just as Ophelia’s description, is a youngprinc e of humanism, such a lovely prince, there’s no doubt that anyone would not love him. Even Claudius, his enemy, has to admit that he is loved by the “silly” people, and the ordinary people would have good opinion to him. While at the beginning of the play, Hamlet is covered by the misfortune of his family. He adores and loves his father very much, but he died; he also loves his mother, while very quickly (“A little month, or ere those shoes were old, with which she follow’d my poor father’s body,”) she marr ies his uncle (the new King). The faithful love, friendship, and all a humanist’s valuable dreams began to be destroyed. He laments: “Fraity, thy name is woman!” To find out the reason of his father’s death, Hamlet pretends to be mad. Out of his imaginatio n, his old classmates and friends, even his lover, Ophelia, become Claudius’s accessories. In front of the evil reality, his humanism dream is destroyed completely. He even thinks about “to be or not to be”:To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whet her ‘tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them. To die---to sleep,No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache and the thousand natural shocksTh at flesh is heir to: ‘tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish’d. To die, to sleep;To sleep, perchance to dream---ay, there’s the rub……(Hamlet, 152-180)B. The Failure of Hamlet’s TaskWhat Hamlet is able to do is to reveal the reality that the society is not reasonable and it must be changed, not how to solve such fundamental question; to move the crime existing in the world, not how to wipe out it. Because of the limitation of time and class, humanist does not have the ability which is needed to change the society, wipe out the social crime. It is one of the reasons that the reactionary force is powerful, because of which Hamlet fails to complete his task. Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius represents that between the newly emerged capital humanist and feudal reactionary force, which reflects the conflict between the advanced people and evil force in Renaissance. However, it is a complicated time, with the social crime of feudal force and the capital accumulation, it is a gloom time, and it is destined to fail for the advanced people.ConclusionWith abundant and vivid plots, Hamlet reveals an important thought: in the later of Renaissance, the central state power was stable, the system of government was charged by the King. The King abandoned the capitalist class, arbitrarily and dictatorially, he forcibly occupied all the benefit; in political, he went against the progressive measure, then the feudal force had the chance to state a comeback, all the country was filled with foul, and each trying to cheat the other. Under such background, the capital humanists were angry with it. All the ordinary people even could not bear the exploitation coming from the feudal and original accumulation, but they could do nothing to help themselves. Such phenomenon was just about which happened before the bourgeoisie revolutionary in 1645. Humanists had the thought to remove the unforgivable King and reverse the situation, but they fell into hesitation, because the responsibility for them was hard to complete.Taking the court of Denmark in the Middle Ages for the background, according to the story of Hamlet’s revenge for his father’s death, Hamlet describes the truth England and th e Europe society in the later Renaissance. It reveals the author’s self-questioning on Renaissance movement and his carelessness on people’s life and future. The Renaissance promotes Europe into the time human beings awakening. People’s belief to God began to shake, under the flag of “personality liberation”; it was the custom to do what you like to. For one side, people’s thought liberated, which promoted the development of the social civilization. In the other side, especially in the later of Renaissance, it was full of overflow of selfish desire and social’s confusion. Encountering such an enthusiasm and confused time, instead of the optimistic and romantic brought by the humanism, Shakespeare shows us the hidden danger which hided in the ideal and progress. It is destined to fail for humanists. Hamlet is the reflection of such social phenomena.AcknowledgementsI would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutor—Chen Shunjiang, who offers me academic and constructive advices on composing this paper. His encouragement and help are worthy of high acknowledgement. During the learning of my paper, Mr. Chen gives me much good and valuable advice on my course, and provides me many opportunities to do practice. Because of those opportunities, I can accumulate much practical experience and precious theories for this paper. In the process of composing this paper, he helps me correct this paper and make it more perfect.I would like to express my thanks to those who spend their time in reading my paper, and I will be grateful if you could give me your advice, and I will appreciate them very well. Because I know that will be beneficial and helpful in my life. Meanwhile, I’d like to say thanks to my dear friends, Tang Xuejin, Li Jiangtao, Shu Qing, and so on, who give my ideas in my work, so that I can complete my paper on time.I hope I can apply my knowledge to my practical job in the future, and make some achievements during my career.Bibliography[1] Bradley. A C. Lecture IV: Hamlet. London: Macmillan, 1922.[2] Cartwright Kent. Remembering Hamlet, University Park, Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991.[3] Michael Mangan. A Preface to Shakespeare’s Tragedy. Peking University Press, 2001.[4] William Shakespeare. Hamle, Prince of Denmar.. The Oxford Standard Authors Edition. 1601.[5] Zhang Longxi. Reading Shakespeare: Hamlet. Room G07, Lee Wai Chun Building, CUHK, 2003.[6] 黄源．外国文学史新编[M] ．浙江文艺出版社，1987．[7] 基托．哈姆雷特[M] ．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1981，P427-450．[8] 孟宪强．外国文学[M] ．河南：河南教育出版社，1988．[9] 施咸荣．借鉴与探讨——外国文学部分[M] ．北京：北京十月文艺出版社，1986．[10] 王守仁．英国文学选读（第二版）[M] ．北京：高等教育出版社，2005．[11] 王佐良等．欧洲文化入门[M] ．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005．[12] 杨周翰．莎士比亚评论汇篇[M] ．北京：中社会科学出版社，1981．[13] 张泗洋等．莎士比亚引论[M] ．北京：中国戏剧出版社，1989．[14] 朱维之等．外国文学简编第四版[M] ．中人民大学出版社，1999．[15] 朱生豪．莎士比亚全集[M] ．北京：人民文学出版社，1981．。
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中的悲剧因素
摘要：悲剧的定义出现在亚里士多德的《诗学》里，诗人莎士比亚的最高成就是“悲剧”，而并不是“诗”，这两个现象为文学研究提供了一个思考的契机：悲剧的“诗”性价值何在？该文以《罗密欧与朱丽叶》为例，重新认识悲剧的“诗”性价值，正在于悲剧的“自明性”与“反性”所构筑的“政治教育性质”之中，它不仅仅是为读者提供审美的娱乐，而是要实现其政治教育“成人之美”的功用。
关键词：悲剧；亚里士多德；罗密欧与朱丽叶；莎士比亚诗一、“诗”意新解（一）中文“诗”与英文“Poetry”在形式上的不对等中文传统，以单字“诗”来翻译英语单词“Poetry”，但从其各自所包含的内容来看，似乎有很大的不同：仅从亚里士多德的《诗学》来看，也能发现其中的巨大差异。
《诗学》原题为：“Poetics”，而其中竟然主要谈论的是“Tragedy”（悲剧）。
在中文习惯中，当我们谈到“诗”的时候，很难把戏剧也划到研究的范畴中来。
亚里士多德在《诗学》中大谈特谈“悲剧”问题，却以“诗”来命名，是一个十分奇特的文学现象。
无独有偶，被称为诗人的莎士比亚，最有名，影响力最大的也是“Tragedy”这种戏剧形式，其十四行诗的影响力，与其戏剧作品的影响力比起来，似乎要小得多。
于此得出结论，“Po－etry”在西方文明中应该包括“Tragedy”这种文学形式。
但若真是如此，把“Poetry”与中文“诗”对应起来，就显得是翻译中的一个十分重大的失误，因为，中文“诗”就算把戏剧包含在内，也只是占很小的一个部分，大部分的作品与戏剧没有多大关系的。
英文“Poetry”其占主导地位的是戏剧的文学样式，而中文“诗”占主导地位的却并不是戏剧的文学样式。
寻找新词来重新翻译这个单词，以及其相对应的学问体系，以博得形式上与西方文明的相似，似乎是理所应当的事情。
不过，形式上的不相同，并不意味着实质内容的不一致，因此，在改变约定俗成的翻译之前，理应从形式与实质两个方面来分析，以把握住实质性的要核。
浅论《罗密欧与朱丽叶》地爱情悲剧
浅谈《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的爱情悲剧摘要：爱情是文学作品中永恒的主题。
古往今来，不知有多少人为之倾倒，用挚热的感情唱出一曲曲爱的赞歌。
尽管我们都衷心祝愿有情人终成眷属，文学史上还是留下了许多凄恻哀婉的爱情故事。
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚著名的爱情悲剧之一。
罗密欧与朱丽叶这一对恋人相亲相爱，他们忠于自已的爱情，忠于自己的誓言。
他们为了获得幸福，不顾任何冷酷的现实，最后他们双双殉情自杀。
莎士比亚正是通过罗密欧和朱丽叶的爱情悲剧，把爱情题材和文艺复兴时期的社会矛盾联系起来，批判了封建道德观念，表现了人文主义追求个人自由和个人幸福的理念。
所以，这一时期的社会主义宗教改革和人文主义思想是悲剧产生的一个重点，而作品中的人物性格也是悲剧产生的一个重要的因素。
关键词：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》；人物性格；悲剧原因；宗教；人文主义绪论爱情是文学作品永恒的主题。
古往今来，不知有多少人为之倾倒，用挚热的感情唱出一曲曲爱的赞歌。
尽管我们都衷心祝愿有情人终成眷属，文学史上还是留下了许多凄恻哀婉的爱情故事。
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的悲剧演绎深刻展示了命运的无常，阴差阳错中，造物弄人，在命运面前，爱情是那么无奈，就像是在茫茫大海上的小船，灯塔不断在远处闪烁，却似乎永远无法抵达。
戏中的罗密欧与朱丽叶已永远解不开爱情这个谜底，作品深刻的社会意义首先在于它的鲜明的反封建倾向。
作者把罗密欧与朱丽叶这对人文主义青年男女的爱情故事写成悲剧，而且明确地把悲剧的根源归咎于旧的封建意识，从而把爱情题材和文艺复兴时期的杜会矛盾联系起来，把批判的锋芒指向中世纪衰朽而野蛮的伦理观念，指向现实的封建势力。
倾心相爱的罗密欧与朱丽叶虽然未成眷属，但他们誓死捍卫爱情，追求幸福、自由生活的信念却并没有被命运摧毁。
当然，时代不同了，社会背景不同了，在今天，这种殉情的方式已不可取，但男女主人公坚韧、执著的精神却永远鼓舞着人们去追求幸福、自由，创造更加光明、美好的未来!《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一个爱情悲剧，主题却远远超越了爱情本身。
浅析哈姆雷特的悲剧
论哈姆雷特的悲剧【摘要】《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的经典悲剧。
讲述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特复仇的故事，在整个过程中，主人公的悲剧让读者值得思考，本文将对悲剧根源，悲剧意义进行分析。
【关键词】哈姆雷特；悲剧性格；悲剧根源；悲剧意义一、引言《哈姆雷特》作为莎士比亚著名的四大悲剧之一，在西方文学史上占有重要的地位。
它主要讲述了主人公哈姆雷特丹麦王国一位年轻有为的王子，他有魄力、好思索、接近人民、对人类抱有美好的希望。
他正在德国的威登堡大学学习，国内传来噩耗，父王突然惨死，叔叔克劳斯迪篡夺王位，母亲改嫁克劳斯迪。
哈姆雷特回国奔丧，在一天深夜，他在城堡里见到了父亲的鬼魂，父亲的鬼魂告诉了他自己被害的经过。
哈姆雷特知道真相后，精神恍惚，他整天穿着黑色的丧服，一心想着复仇。
这样的开始演变成一个悲剧的结局。
哈姆雷特是一个处于现实和理想矛盾中的人文主义者，曾经对天地万物、人与社会都充满了美好的希望。
但是现实的严酷与丑恶打破了他的美好理想，他的人文主义的信念破灭了。
作为一个人文主义者，哈姆雷特在复仇道路上的犹豫，显示了他所代表的人文主义与封建势力的悬殊。
渐渐地他的性格也显得悲剧，已然不再是那个快乐的王子。
同时，借此表现了作者对文艺复兴运动的反思与对人的命运与未来社会的忧虑。
哈姆雷特是文艺复兴时期人文主义思想者的典型。
虽然他在剧中一出场就是一个身著黑衣、一脸肃穆的忧郁王子，但“剧前期”的哈姆雷特可是一个在人文主义思想策源地的威登堡大学学习的快乐王子，他对人类充满了理性的信念：“人类是一件多么了不得的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的能力！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使，在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！”可是他对世界倏然改观：哈姆雷特心目中理想化的君主——老哈姆雷特突然亡故，猥琐而卑鄙的叔父克劳狄斯却登上王位；他的母亲的爱情理想又为改嫁的母亲所玷污；盛大的结婚笙乐使哈姆雷特看到了民族的致命缺陷，而老臣新贵们纷纷向新王献媚邀宠更使哈姆雷特感受到了人情的冷暖、世态的炎凉。
罗密欧与朱丽叶爱情的悲剧
罗密欧与朱丽叶爱情的悲剧在莎士比亚的经典戏剧中，罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情被描绘成一幅美丽而悲伤的景象。
这两位年轻的恋人来自两个宿敌家族，他们之间的爱情征服了仇恨，但最终却以悲剧收场。
罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情故事让人深思，探索了爱情和命运的力量以及社会约束对爱情的影响。
一、命运的暗示在剧中，罗密欧和朱丽叶一开始就被命运的种种迹象所笼罩。
首先，他们来自敌对家族，这为他们的爱情注定了困难。
其次，剧中的神秘力量如星星的安排和预言以及个人信念中的预示，都暗示了罗密欧和朱丽叶的爱情将不会有一个幸福的结局。
这些命运的暗示充满了戏剧的张力，同时也凸显了爱情的力量是否能战胜一切。
二、爱情的力量尽管罗密欧和朱丽叶的爱情背离了家族和社会的期望，但他们的感情却是真挚而深沉的。
两个年轻人的相遇是个巧合，他们在一瞬间就被对方深深地吸引，愿意为对方付出一切，包括生命。
这种真爱的力量超越了家族仇恨，也证明了爱情的力量是如此强大和无法抗拒的。
然而，正是爱情的强大之下，罗密欧和朱丽叶的爱情也面临了重重困难。
双方家族的仇恨是他们的爱情发展中最大的障碍之一。
这仇恨使得他们无法公开追求彼此，迫使他们必须以秘密的方式相聚。
即便是在秘密的相见中，他们也始终感受到世俗规则和传统的限制。
三、社会约束与命运之争罗密欧和朱丽叶的爱情受到了家族的压力，也在一定程度上受到了整个社会的不容忍。
这种社会约束和他们的爱情之间形成了一种强烈的对抗。
尽管他们试图通过秘密结婚寻求自由，但最终的悲剧还是无法避免。
在剧中，命运一度与他们的爱情和平共处，直到最后摆脱了束缚，以死亡的方式将他们联系在一起。
罗密欧以为朱丽叶已死，由于无法承受失去心爱之人的痛苦，他选择了自杀。
朱丽叶一醒来，发现罗密欧已离去，她也毅然决然地选择以自己的生命成全这份爱情。
他们的死亡成为了唯一一种解脱，尽管这是一种极其悲伤的方式。
结论罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情故事展示了爱情的伟大和矛盾。
尽管他们相爱深深，但他们却无法克服社会和命运对他们爱情的限制。
哈姆雷特悲剧原因分析作文
哈姆雷特悲剧原因分析作文哈姆雷特，那个“要生要死”的小王子，真的是一个让人头疼的家伙。
咱们今天就聊聊他那让人捧腹的悲剧，为啥会演变成一出“血腥大剧”，你可得准备好，下面的故事可能有点离谱但绝对精彩。
首先，得说说咱们的主角哈姆雷特——丹麦王子，别看他在剧中是个忧郁的“愁苦脸”，实际上他有点儿过于“思考型”了。
要是让我们来帮他分析分析，可能会给他开个“过度思考”症状。
你想想，他一开始就是在看完爸爸的鬼魂后，直接陷入了深思熟虑的状态，真是太磨叽了。
“哎呀，这鬼魂给了我个任务，我要复仇！”哈姆雷特一边念叨一边看着手中的刀，眼神里满是纠结。
他的朋友霍拉旭就忍不住插嘴：“哈姆雷特，你这不是自己给自己找麻烦嘛！快点做决定吧，别光说不练。
”但哈姆雷特不这么看，他觉得人生太复杂，什么“生存还是毁灭”之类的哲学问题，让他心情压抑到不行。
他的朋友们看了看都觉得这小子有点儿不靠谱：“哎，这小子又在发愁了，真是个头痛的家伙。
”还有他的妈妈，王后乔特鲁德，她可是个典型的“人家都能过日子，为什么我儿子非得愁成这样”的角色。
她那愁苦的脸庞和新婚的丈夫，现任国王克劳狄斯，似乎一点儿都没对哈姆雷特的烦恼上心。
结果哈姆雷特对他们俩的婚姻，简直是“恨之入骨”，说什么“母亲你不应该这么快就再婚”，搞得整家人都在无奈地摇头。
而且别忘了哈姆雷特的女友奥菲利亚，她也是个可怜的角色。
哈姆雷特时不时地对她又冷又热，这让奥菲利亚一脸懵：“哈姆雷特，你到底是爱我还是恨我啊？”哈姆雷特却搞得自己更复杂，扯得一团乱，让她眼泪汪汪。
哦对了，还有那个“聪明”的小丑——波洛纽斯，他总觉得自己老练，实际上是一根“插科打诨”的棍子。
他在看到哈姆雷特的行为后，立马以为是“假装疯癫”的新招数，一脸认真地说：“这小子肯定是在装疯！”结果人家哈姆雷特只是觉得自己生活的烦恼太多，笑他一脸。
所有这些混乱的角色、复杂的心境和愚蠢的决定，共同把哈姆雷特的悲剧推向了顶点。
你看看，他一方面想要复仇，一方面又纠结于自己是不是做错了决定。
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论《哈姆雷特》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的悲剧成因江西师范大学文学院 09级汉语言文学（师范）3班施静平
鲁迅先生说：“悲剧就是把美好的东西毁灭给人看”
莎士比亚通过戏剧《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》演绎了不同的两种悲剧。
《哈姆雷特》是丹麦王子为父报仇，最后与仇人叔父同归于尽的彻底的悲剧，而《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是男女主人公罗密欧与朱丽叶相爱却因封建家族世仇而不能成为美眷，双双殉情，最后家族言归于好的带有喜剧色彩的爱情悲剧。
本文将从两种悲剧的写作背景，剧中矛盾，以及人物性格来分析两部戏剧的悲剧成因。
一．写作背景
虽然《罗密欧与朱丽叶》先于《哈姆雷特》六年出世，但这两部戏剧都创作于文艺复兴时期，文艺复兴是13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动。
这个时期，城市手工业与商业贸易蓬勃发展，导致了资本主义的萌芽，资本主义生产关系在欧洲封建制度内部逐渐形成，这给当时的生产力与生产关系的变革提供了强大的推动力，而代表着新的生产力与生产关系的新兴资产阶级不满旧的生产关系的束缚产生了反封建的政治愿望和要求，便打着复兴古希腊、罗马文化的旗号提出了符合自身利益的人文主义。
人文主义强调以人为中心，主张用人性反对神性，用个性解放反对禁欲主义，肯定个人的情感，它要求尊重人的本质，人的利益，人的需求以及人的多种创造和发展的可能性。
在压
抑人们欲求的封建时代，它无疑成了点燃人们反封建的熊熊火炬。
罗密欧与朱丽叶作为当时新思想的代表，他们厌恶禁锢思想的封建制度，憧憬美好的爱情，所以，当他们彼此得知自己是门第相当的世仇家族时，他们毅然不顾世俗的藩篱，大胆相爱。
罗密欧由衷的叛逆：“……敬爱的神明，我痛恨我自己的名字，因为它是你的仇敌；要是把它写在纸上，我一定把这几个字撕得粉碎。
”，朱丽叶也有同样的声音：“……否认你的父亲，抛弃你的姓名吧；也许你不愿意这样做，那么只要你宣誓做我的爱人，我也不愿再姓凯普莱特了。
”这种微弱的呼喊人性自由的声音与敦厚的封建思想的抗衡导致了罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情成为了思想进步，社会发展的牺牲品。
在《哈姆雷特》中也是如此。
12世纪的丹麦王国封建势力强大，封建势力的代表者克劳迪斯掌握着国家的权利，拥有朝廷的力量，哈姆雷特作为受过新思想熏陶的人文主义代表势单力薄；再加上，哈姆雷特昔日的朋友与情人，如今也成了克劳迪斯的密探，而哈姆雷特不仅需要复仇，他还有重整乾坤的任务在身，孤身一人的他与强大的封建势力相对抗，其力量是远远不够的。
因此，悲剧便出现了。
二．剧中矛盾
莎士比亚的悲剧主要以理想与现实的矛盾和理想的破灭展开，以人文主义理想和现实社会恶势力之间的矛盾构成戏剧冲突。
剧中塑造了一批具有人文主义理想的人物，描写他们与恶势力进行的悲剧斗
争，毁灭及其道义力量。
在《罗密欧与朱丽叶》该剧的开场诗中就提到了蒙太古与凯普莱特两家的世仇：“故事发生在维洛那名城，有两家门第相当的巨族，累世的宿怨激起了新争，鲜血把市民的白手污渎。
是命运注定这两家仇敌，生下了一双不幸的恋人，他们的悲惨凄凉的殒灭，和解了他们交恶的尊亲……”，无疑，两个家族的世仇是这部戏剧中激烈的矛盾冲突，这种矛盾冲突使原本可以“有情人终成眷属”的罗密欧与朱丽叶不能正常的恋爱，他们只能偷偷地约会，偷偷地举办婚礼。
然而，戏剧在原本激烈的冲突中又加了另一层冲突——罗密欧杀死了朱丽叶的表兄提伯尔特，这无疑在世仇的刀疤上划了新的伤口，罗密欧因此被逐他乡，二人爱情陷入困境，致使最后罗密欧不能准确获知朱丽叶的死讯，导致了戏剧悲剧的发生。
在《哈姆雷特》中，戏剧以哈姆雷特的复仇为主线，以福丁部拉斯和雷欧提斯的复仇为辅线展开了情节。
剧中，哈姆雷特一直以为父报仇作为自己行动的目标，使得他与仇人克劳迪斯的矛盾冲突非常激烈，尤其在“戏中戏”之后，哈姆雷特验证了鬼魂说的话，克劳迪斯也明白了哈姆雷特疯狂的原因，这使得原本互相猜疑的两人成了在明处斗争的对手，哈姆雷特也从主动走向了被动，被动接受“去英国”，被动接受击剑，悲剧也就在矛盾冲突中发生了。
在该剧中，除了克劳迪斯是哈姆雷特的对手外，老王也是哈姆雷特的幕后对手，我们知道是鬼魂告知了哈姆雷特父亲去世的真正原因，也是鬼魂要求哈姆雷特为他报仇，当哈姆雷特意志销钝的时候，
鬼魂一直在提醒他，因此它是推动哈姆雷特复仇的一股隐藏力量，它强化了血腥复仇的神圣性，使得原本在思索中延宕的哈姆雷特不得不行动，这也就铸就了不堪的悲剧。
三．人物性格
人们常说性格决定成败。
罗密欧与朱丽叶两人的爱情悲剧固然与封建世仇和封建家长的专制分不开，但与剧中人物的性格也不无关系。
当罗密欧误认为因药力而昏睡的朱丽叶已经死去，就拔剑自刎，醒后的朱丽叶也只好相随而去。
在这件事上，虽然说罗密欧的抉择是他对爱的忠诚，但是，细想他是否缺乏应有的冷静呢？如果他得知这种情况后，不那么轻率，冒失，而是找他信任的神父，可能悲剧也就不会发生了。
而朱丽叶也过高的估计了理想与现实的差距，她太天真幼稚了，把一切都想的美好，是一个典型的理想主义者。
悲剧就在这不言中发生了。
在《哈姆雷特》中，正如哈姆雷特自己所说的性格忧郁，柔弱，在安排“戏中戏”的时候，哈姆雷特有一段独白:“……我所看见的幽灵也许是魔鬼的化身，借着一个美好的形状出现，魔鬼是有着一种本领的；对于柔弱忧郁的灵魂，他最容易发挥他的力量；也许他看中了我的柔弱与忧郁，才来向我作祟，要把我引诱到沉沦的路上……”这一段中哈姆雷特自己也意识到了自己的柔弱和忧郁。
因此，哈姆雷特的性格缺陷也是他延宕的原因之一。