新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9.docx
Unit 9 Intercultural AdaptationSome Ideas Related to Culture Shock and Adaptation Strategies1.Culture ShockWhat is culture shock? Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. It is associated with feelings in the person of estrangement (being unfriendly or hostile to others; alienation), anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. The person undergoing culture shock views his new world out of resentment, and alternates between being angry at others for not understanding him and being filled with self-pity.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact. Those cues or sighs include various ways in which we adapt ourselves to the situation of daily life: When to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to buy things, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed・ He or she is like fish out of water. Edward Hall describes a hypothetical example of an American living abroad for the first time 一at first, things in the cities look pretty much alike. There are taxis, hotels with hot and cold running water, theatres, neon lights, even tall buildings with elevators and a few people who can speak English. But pretty soon the American discovers that underneath the familiar exterior there are vast differences. When someone says "yes" it often doesn't mean yes at all, and when people smile it doesn^t always mean they are pleased.When the American visitor makes a helpful gesture he may be rebuffed; when he tries to be friendly nothing happens. People tell him that they will do things and dont The longer he stays, the more enigmatic (puzzling) the new country looks.2.Possible signs of culture shockThe following sentences describe different stages of culture shock.a.The person holds a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country.b.The person begins to open the way into the new cultural environment.c.The person now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living.d.The person is fascinated by the new environment.3・ Suggestions found to be helpful in fighting culture shock1)Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock, and your reactions are not from some other source. Remember that many others have had the same experience,and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are part of a response to learning about the other culture and consider it a positive sign.2)Give yourself permission to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3)Find other from your culture and spend time together talking about home, eating, sharing experiences.4)Help someone from your home culture who has recently arrived. You will be surprised at how much you've learned.5)Communicate with family and friends. Write letters or call Remember that those at home might not realize that culture shock is a normal experience. Let them know it isa temporary phase of adjusting to life in a different culture.6)Become an expert on some aspect of the other culture. Choose something you like, and learn more about people in the host culture.7)Maintain your sense of hum0匚Laugh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8)Keep busy. Get to know the area where you live by walking around and observing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and perhaps start a friendship.9)Become friendly with classmates. Spend some out-of-school time togethe匚10)Do something you enjoy. Contact a relative or acquaintance whose address you may have. Browse through department stores. Visit a museum. Walk through a new area of town. See a play or go to a movie.11)Forget that your English is less than perfect, and feel free "to ask" people for information, guidance, or directions. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative incidents. Disappointments are simply a fact of life.12)Be flexible. Make up your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adventure. 4e Two views of culture shockTwo views of culture shock1)The disease viewThe culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation. He is a helpless victim.He can experience many emotional and mental difficulties. He may become extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. He considers the host country bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.He may start to glorify his home country. He fears physical contact with anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, or ignored・ People can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock 一ulcers, headaches, stomach aches, back aches, the flu 一physical symptoms.2)The self-awareness viewThe educational experience provides a mirror in which one's own culture is reflected・Exposure to new cultures enables them to gain new insights into their own culture and society. Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically involve change andmovement from one cultural frame of reference to another.5.Four ways of adaptationAssimilation （同化）Separation （隔绝）Marginalization （边缘化）Integration （融合）Reading I Adapting to a New Culture Comprehension questions1.What are the terms that can he applied to the concept of ^culture shock”?Terms that can be applied to the concept of—culture shock are culture stress, adaptation, transition shock, adjustment, socialization, and so on.2.What are the symptoms of a person at his or her a honeynioon stage n in the process of adapting to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a sense of excitement, pleasure, and self-satisfaction for making the decision to come to this beautiful place. In his or her view, nearly everything appears wonderful.3.Does everybody experience the Stage Two? How to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage?No, some people never experience this stage. In order to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage, one should not withdraw from all contact with the new culture and instead try to have more contact with the host nationals.4.According to the author^ what is the best thing to do when one is experiencing culture shock?The best thing to do when you are experiencing culture shock is to admit that you are experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.5.What are the problems that people are confronted with when they return to the home culture from overseas?Upon their first returning home, there is a sense of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroundings. However, a sense of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a person may find that the home culture is no longer the same. They may have difficulty readjusting to the home culture and the reentry process has often involved their suffering quietly with stress.6.What are the improvements people usually make when they get into Stage Three?When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, sights, sounds, smells, and nonverbal behaviors of the new culture and have less physical problems and less confusion, uncertainty, and loneliness. Their normal contacts with host nationals are increasing and now they can accept themselves and others around them.7.What do you think of the authors suggestion of using the native language to compliment people in the host culture?It is very important for one to be able to use the native language if one hopes to survive successfully in a new cultural environment, for it can not only compliment the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual understanding.8.Do you have any other suggestions for adapting successfully to a new culture?Apart from those suggestions given by the author, one should also try to learn from those who have much experience in adapting to a new culture, which may be helpful in one's effort to overcome the difficulties in the process of cultural adaptation. Reading IIOvercoming Ethnocentrism in Communication Comprehension questions1.Why do people involved in intercultural communication often evaluate theother(s) negatively?Because in intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of our own culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us.2.What is the basic difference between American and Japanese communication styles?The basic difference may be that Americans are much more direct while Japanese are very indirect.3.What will happen when communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation in American・Japcinese interaction ?When communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate even further. The American, sensing Japanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomes even more personal and aggressive. The Japanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes even more formal and indirect.4.What do you think the Nigerian communication style is like?Nigerians are inclined to take the more contextual style in communication. They tend to provide as much context as they can before they get to the point.5.Why does the Thai employee continue to use the formal title to address his American manager in their conversations?Because the Thai people usually consider it quite disrespectable to address the manager by his first name, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one's place in the organization's hierarchy and behave accordingly..6.Why does the author say that the case of American-British interaction deserves closer attention ?Because the case of American-British interaction is more complicated. Americans and the British employ different cultural approaches in response to different occasions. The British, like other Europeans, tend to use a low-context approach to intellectual confrontation and a more high-context style in personal matters of feeling and relationship, whereas Americans usually treat a relationship in a low-context manner handle intellectual confrontation in a high-context manner.7.What should we do to overcome the tendency to stereotype and negatively evaluate others who are culturally different from us?We can overcome the tendency to stereotype and generate negative evaluations by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations about the other culture, we can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.8.If we cannot help making generalizations^ how to use cultural generalizations effectively?We can use generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and possible communication problems and then acquire specific cultural differences through intercultural practice.Case StudyCase 33The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.What she means by writing in her fifth letter that —I think I have finally arrived in America is that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.Case 34In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. A chaperone is often required, and getting one's parents'pennission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents'permission.Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elderone(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn't bringmuch money with her when she was going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said —separate checks, pleasell to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn't realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassing situation. That's why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn't have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungry at all.Case 35The American's personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popular overgeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties we will experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own—cultural baggage: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication 让is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture.Case 36We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness- Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self 一- our values, beliefs, practices -一is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that is different from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it is important to raise people's awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9(总7页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Unit 9 Intercultural Adaptation Some Ideas Related to Culture Shock and Adaptation Strategies1. Culture ShockWhat is culture shock Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. It is associated with feelings in the person of estrangement (being unfriendly or hostile to others; alienation), anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. The person undergoing culture shock views his new world out of resentment, and alternates between being angry at others for not understanding him and being filled with self-pity.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact. Those cues or sighs include various ways in which we adapt ourselves to the situation of daily life: When to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to buy things, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like fish out of water. Edward Hall describes a hypothetical example of an American living abroad for the first time — at first, things in the cities look pretty much alike. There are taxis, hotels with hot and cold running water, theatres, neon lights, even tall buildings with elevators and a few people who can speak English. But pretty soon the American discovers that underneath the familiar exterior there are vast differences. When someone says “yes” it often doesn’t mean yes at all, and when people smile it doesn’t always mean they are pleased.When the American visitor makes a helpful gesture he may be rebuffed; when he tries to be friendly nothing happens. People tell him that they will do things and don’t. The longer he stays, the more enigmatic (puzzling) the new country looks.2. Possible signs of culture shockThe following sentences describe different stages of culture shock.a. The person holds a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country.b. The person begins to open the way into the new cultural environment.c. The person now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living.d. The person is fascinated by the new environment.3. Suggestions found to be helpful in fighting culture shock1) Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock, and your reactions are not from some other source. Remember that many others have had the same experience, and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are part of a response to learning about the other culture and consider it a positive sign.2) Give yourself permission to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3) Find other from your culture and spend time together talking about home, eating, sharing experiences.4) Help someone from your home culture who has recently arrived. You will be surprised at how much you’ve learned.5) Communicate with family and friends. Write letters or call. Remember that those at home might not realize that culture shock is a normal experience. Let them know it is a temporary phase of adjusting to life in a different culture.6) Become an expert on some aspect of the other culture. Choose something you like, and learn more about people in the host culture.7) Maintain your sense of humor. Laugh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8) Keep busy. Get to know the area where you live by walking around and observing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and perhaps start a friendship.9) Become friendly with classmates. Spend some out-of-school time together.10) Do something you enjoy. Contact a relative or acquaintance whose address you may have. Browse through department stores. Visit a museum. Walk through a new area of town. See a play or go to a movie.11) Forget that your English is less than perfect, and feel free “to ask” people for information, guidance, or directions. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative incidents. Disappointments are simply a fact of life.12) Be flexible. Make up your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adventure.4. Two views of culture shockTwo views of culture shock1) The disease viewThe culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation. He is a helpless victim.He can experience many emotional and mental difficulties. He may become extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. He considers the host country bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.He may start to glorify his home country. He fears physical contact with anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, orignored. People can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock — ulcers, headaches, stomach aches, back aches, the flu — physical symptoms.2) The self-awareness viewThe educational experience provides a mirror in which one’s own culture is reflected. Exposure to new cultures enables them to gain new insights into their own culture and society.Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically involve change and movement from one cultural frame of reference to another.5. Four ways of adaptationAssimilation （同化）Separation（隔绝）Marginalization（边缘化）Integration（融合）Reading IAdapting to a New CultureComprehension questions1. What are the terms that can be applied to the concept of “culture shock”Terms that can be applied to the concept of ―culture shock are culture stress, adaptation, transition shock, adjustment, socialization, and so on.2. W hat are the symptoms of a person at his or her “honeymoon stage” in the process of adapting to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a sense of excitement, pleasure, and self-satisfaction for making the decision to come to this beautiful place. In his or her view, nearly everything appears wonderful.3. Does everybody experience the Stage Two How to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage?No, some people never experience this stage. In order to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage, one should not withdraw from all contact with the new culture and instead try to have more contact with the host nationals.4. According to the author, what is the best thing to do when one is experiencing culture shock?The best thing to do when you are experiencing culture shock is to admit that you are experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.5. What are the problems that people are confronted with when they return to the home culture from overseas?Upon their first returning home, there is a sense of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroundings. However, a sense of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a person may find that the home culture is no longer the same. They may have difficulty readjusting to the home culture and the reentry process has often involved their suffering quietly with stress.6. What are the improvements people usually make when they get into Stage Three?When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, sights, sounds, smells, and nonverbal behaviors of the new culture and have less physical problems and less confusion, uncertainty, and loneliness. Their normal contacts with host nationals are increasing and now they can accept themselves and others around them.7. What do you think of the author’s suggestion of using the native language to compliment people in the host culture?It is very important for one to be able to use the native language if one hopes to survive successfully in a new cultural environment, for it can not only compliment the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual understanding.8. Do you have any other suggestions for adapting successfully to a new culture?Apart from those suggestions given by the author, one should also try to learn from those who have much experience in adapting to a new culture, which may be helpful in one‘s effort to overcome the difficulties in the process of cultural adaptation. Reading IIOvercoming Ethnocentrism in Communication Comprehension questions1. Why do people involved in intercultural communication often evaluate the other(s) negatively?Because in intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of our own culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us.2. What is the basic difference between American and Japanese communication styles?The basic difference may be that Americans are much more direct while Japanese are very indirect.3. What will happen when communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation in American-Japanese interaction?When communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate even further. The American, sensing Japanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomes even more personal and aggressive. The Japanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes even more formal and indirect.4. What do you think the Nigerian communication style is like?Nigerians are inclined to take the more contextual style in communication. They tend to provide as much context as they can before they get to the point.5. Why does the Thai employee continue to use the formal title to address his American manager in their conversations?Because the Thai people usually consider it quite disrespectable to address the manager by his first name, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one‘s place in the organization‘s hierarchy and behave accordingly. .6. Why does the author say that the case of American-British interaction deserves closer attention?Because the case of American-British interaction is more complicated. Americans and the British employ different cultural approaches in response to different occasions. The British, like other Europeans, tend to use a low-context approach to intellectual confrontation and a more high-context style in personal matters of feeling and relationship, whereas Americans usually treat a relationship in a low-context manner handle intellectual confrontation in a high-context manner.7. What should we do to overcome the tendency to stereotype and negatively evaluate others who are culturally different from us?We can overcome the tendency to stereotype and generate negative evaluations by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations about the other culture, we can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.8. If we cannot help making generalizations, how to use cultural generalizations effectively?We can use generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and possible communication problems and then acquire specific cultural differences through intercultural practice.Case StudyCase 33The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.What she me ans by writing in her fifth letter that ―I think I have finally arrived in America is that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.Case 34In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. A chaperone is often required, and getting one‘s parents‘permission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents‘permission.Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elder one(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn‘t bring much money with her when she was going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said ―separate checks, please‖ to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn‘t realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassing situation. That‘s why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn‘t have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungryat all.Case 35The American‘s personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popularovergeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties wewill experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own―cultural baggage: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication it is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture. Case 36We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness. Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self --- our values, beliefs, practices --- is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that isdifferent from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it is important to raise people‘s awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.。
最新新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理Unit1-3讲课稿
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures1.The need for intercultural communication:New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns 2.Three major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values; worldview(religion); social organization(family and state).3.Nonverbal behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch(Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.)4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication(1)Assumption of similarities(2)Language differences(3)Nonverbal misinterpretations(4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象(5)Tendency to evaluate(6)High anxietyUnit 2 Culture and Communication1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned; Culture is a setof shared interpretations; Culture involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms(规范，准则); Culture Affects Behaviors; Culture involves Large Groups of people2.Cultural identity文化身份refers to one’s sense of belongingto a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.3.Characteristics of Cultural Identity：Cultural identity iscentral to a person’s sense of self. Cultural identity is dynamic （动态的）. Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面的）components of one’s self-concept.4.I ntercultural communication defined: Interculturalcommunication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.Elements of communication: Context; Participants; Message;Channels; Noise; FeedbackUnit 3 Cultural Diversity1.Define worldview and religionWorldview: deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about the place in the cosmos（宇宙）, beliefs about God, andbeliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.Religion:refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe.Three major religions :a. Christian Religions Groups （基督教的）b. Islam （伊斯兰教）c. Buddhism （佛教）2.Human nature: (1) is evil but perfectible(2) is a mixture of good and evil(3) good but corruptible(易腐化的)3.Relationship of Man to Nature: (1) subjugation to nature(2) harmony with nature(3) mastery with nature4.Social Relationship：Hierarchy; Group; Individual5.Cultual Dimensions: Hofstede identity 5 dimensionsindividualism vs collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance; masculinity vs femininity; long-term vs short-term orientation6. High-Context and Low-context CulturesA high-context(HC)—high-context cultures(Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean and Chinese): information isoften provided through gesture, the use of the space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status(age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an individu al’s informal friends and associates.A low-context(LC)—low-context cultures(German, Swiss as well as American) For example, the Asian mode of communication is often indirect and implicit, whereas Western communication tends to be direct and explicit—that is, everything needs to be stated.For example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite.The high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they don’t need.。
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U1
Unit 1 Communication across CulturesSome Ideas Related to Globalization and Intercultural Communication 1. What is globalization?Globalization refers to the increasing unification of the world’s economic order through reduction of such barriers to international trade as tariffs, export fees, and import quotas. The goal is to increase material wealth, goods, and services through an international division of labor by efficiencies catalyzed by international relations, specialization and competition. It describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation, and trade. The term is most closely associated with the term economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, the spread of technology, and military presence. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation. An aspect of the world which has gone through the process can be said to be globalized.2. The Challenge of Globalization1) Globalization poses four major challenges that will have to be addressed by governments, civil society, and other policy actors.2) The second is to deal with the fear that globalization leads to instability, which is particularly marked in the developing world. 3) The third challenge is to address the very real fear in the industrial world that increased global competition will lead inexorably to a race to the bottom in wages, labor rights, employment practices, and the environment.4) And finally, globalization and all of the complicated problems related to it must not be used as excuses to avoid searching for new ways to cooperate in the overall interest of countries and people. Several implications for civil society, for governments and for multinational institutions stem from the challenges of globalization.3. What Makes Intercultural Communication a Common Phenomenon?1) New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact. Trips once taking days, weeks, or even months are now measured in hours. Supersonic transports now make it possible for tourists, business executives, or government officials to enjoy breakfast in San Francisco and dinner in Paris — all on the same day.2) Innovative communication systems have also encouraged and facilitatedcultural interaction. Communication satellites, sophisticated television transmission equipment, and digital switching networks now allow people throughout the world to share information and ideas instantaneously. Whether via the Internet, the World Wide Web, or a CNN news broadcast, electronic devices have increased cultural contact.3) Globalization of the economy has further brought people together. This expansion in globalization has resulted in multinational corporations participating in various international business arrangements such as joint ventures and licensing agreements. These and countless other economic ties mean that it would not be unusual for someone to work for an organization that does business in many countries.4) Changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to the development of expanded intercultural contact. Within the boundaries of the United States, people are now redefining and rethinking the meaning of the word American. Neither the word nor the reality can any longer be used to describe a somewhat homogeneous group of people sharing a European heritage.4. Six Blocks in Intercultural CommunicationAssumption of similaritiesOne answer to the question of why misunderstanding and/or rejection occurs is that many people naively assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to make communication easy. They expect that simply being human and having common requirements of food, shelter, security, and so on makes everyone alike. Unfortunately, they overlook the fact that the forms of adaptation to these common biological and social needs and the values, beliefs, and attitudes surrounding them are vastly different from culture to culture. The biological commonalties are not much help when it comes to communication, where we need to exchange ideas and information, find ways to live and work together, or just make the kind of impression we want to make.Language differencesThe second stumbling block —language difference —will surprise no one. Vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects, and so on all cause difficulty, but the person struggling with a different language is at least aware of being in trouble.A greater language problem is the tenacity with which some people will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. The variations in possible meaning, especially when inflection and tone are varied, are so difficult to cope with that they are often waved aside. This complacency will stop a search for understanding. Even “yes” and “no” cause trouble. There are other language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory;instrumental, harmonizing; and so on. These different styles can lead to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluations of insincerity, aggressiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among others.Nonverbal misinterpretationsLearning the language, which most visitors to foreign countries consider their only barrier to understanding, is actually only the beginning. To enter into a culture is to be able to hear its special “hum and buzz of implication.” This suggests the third stumbling block, nonverbal misinterpretations. People from different cultures inhabit different sensory realities. They see, hear, feel, and smell only that which has some meaning or importance for them. They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture.The misinterpretation of observable nonverbal signs and symbols — such as gestures, postures, and other body movements —is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable messages, usually in informal rather than formal ways. It is more difficult to understand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and the subtle signs of respect of formality.Preconceptions and stereotypesThe fourth stumbling block is the presence of preconceptions and stereotypes. If the label “inscrutable” has preceded the Japanese guests, their behaviors (including the constant and seemingly inappropriate smile) will probably be seen as such. The stereotype that Arabs are “inflammable”may cause U.S. students to keep their distance or even alert authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle East gathers. A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to “bargain”may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to get preferential treatment. Stereotypes are over-generalized, secondhand beliefs that provide conceptual bases from which we make sense out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances. In a foreign land their use increases our feelingof security. But stereotypes are stumbling blocks for communicators because they interfere with objective viewing of other people. They are not easy to overcome in ourselves or to correct in others, even with the presentation of evidence. Stereotypes persist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms by one’s own culture and because they sometimes rationalize prejudices. They are also sustained and fed by the tendency to perceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the images we hold.Tendency to evaluateThe fifth stumbling block to understanding between persons ofdiffering cultures is the tendency to evaluate, to approve or disapprove, the statements and actions of the other person or group. Rather than try to comprehend thoughts and feelings from the worldview of the other, we assume our own culture or way of life is the most natural. This bias prevents the open-mindedness needed to examine attitudes and behaviors from the other’s point of view.The miscommunication caused by immediate evaluation is heightened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed.The admonition to resist the tendency to immediately evaluate does not mean that one should not develop one’s own sense of right and wrong. The goal is to look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair and total understanding. Once comprehension is complete, it can be determined whether or not there is a clash in values or ideology. If so, some form of adjustment or conflict resolution can be put into place.High anxietyHigh anxiety or tension, also known as stress, is common in Cross-cultural experiences due to the number of uncertainties present. The two words, anxiety and tension, are linked because one cannot be mentally anxious without also being physically tense. Moderate tension and positive attitudes prepare one to meet challenges with energy. Too much anxiety or tension requires some form of relief, which too often comes in the form of defenses, such as the skewing of perceptions, withdrawal, or hostility. That’s why it is considered a serious stumbling block. Anxious feelings usually permeate both parties in an intercultural dialogue. The host national is uncomfortable when talking with a foreigner because he or she cannot maintain the normal flow of verbal and nonverbal interaction. There are language and perception barriers; silences are too long or too short; and some other norms may be violated. He or she is also threatened by the other’s unknown knowledge, experience and evaluation.Reading IIntercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone‟s quick to blame the alien”in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants.2. What‟s the difference between today‟s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one‟s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a global village, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global‟ may be more local than the …local‟”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be more informed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, “the‘ global’may be more local than the ‘local’”5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires theability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures, a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problemssuch as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of Michael Fay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towards globalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and an opportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding. We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard‘s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, What beautiful frames your pictures are in.In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard‘s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself; for the English counterpart, ―Be my guest. American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home, even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn‘t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. TheAmerican rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because youdon‘t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don‘t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.。
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9
1. CUItUre ShGCkWhat is CUItUre shock? CUItUre ShGCk is a CGmmonexperience Gf PeGPIe WhGhaVe been SUddenly transpIanted abroad. It refers to Phenomena r angingfrom miId irritabiIity to deep PSyChGIGgiCaI PaniCand crisis. It is associated With feeIings in the PerSGn Gf estrangement (being UnfriendIy Gr hostiIe to others; aIie nati on), an ger, hostiIity, in decisi on, frUStrati on, Un happ in ess, Sad ness, I Gn eIi ness, homesick ness, and eve n PhySiCaI iIIness. T he PerSGn Undergoing CUItUre ShGCk VieWS his newworIdGUt Gf rese ntme nt, and aIter nates betwee n being angry at GtherS for not Understanding him and being fiIIed With SeIf-Pity.CUItUre ShGCk is CaUSed by the anXiety that resUIts from Iosing aII GUr famiIiar Sig ns and SymbGIS Gr SGCiaI CGn tact. ThGSe CUeS Gr SighS incIUde VariGUS WayS in WhiCh WeadaPt GUrSeIVeS to the SitUatiGn Gf daiIy Iife: When to Shake hands and What to Say Whe n We meet PeGPIe, Whe n and hoW to give tips, hoW to bUy thi ngs, Whe n to accept and Whe n to refUse inVitatiGns, When to take Statements SeriGUSIy and When not. TheSe CUes, WhiCh maybe Words, gestUres, faciaI expressi ons, Gr CUStGms, are acqUired by aII Gf US in the CGUrSe Gf groW ing UP and are as mUch a Part Gf GUr CUItUre as the IangUage We SPeak Gr the beIiefs We accept. AII Gf US depend for GUr PeaCe Gf mind and GUr efficie ncy Gn hUn dreds Gf these CUes, most Gf WhiCh We do not Carry Gn the IeVel Gf CGn SCiGUS aWare ness.NGWWhe n an in dividUal en ters a Stra nge CUItUre, all Gr most Gf these familiar CUeS are remoVed. He Gr She is like fish GUt Gf Water. EdWard Hall describes a hypothetical example Gf an AmeriCan IiVing abroad for the first time ——at first, things in the CitieS look Pretty mUch alike. There are taxis, hotels With hot and cold rUnning Water, theatres, neon lights, even tall bUildings With elevators and a feW PeGPIe WhG Can SPeakEn glish. BUt Pretty SGGn the AmeriCa n discovers that Undern eath the familiar exterior there are VaSt differe nces. Whe n SGme Gne SayS “ yes”it Gften doesn' t meanyes at all, and Whenpeople smile it doesn' t alWays mean they are pleased.Whenthe AmeriCan ViSitGr makes a helpfUl gestUre he maybe rebUffed; When he tries to be frie ndly nothing happe ns. PeGPIe tell him that they Will do things and don' t. The IGnger he stays, the more enigmatic (PUZZIing) the neW CGUntry looks.2. PGSSibIe Sig ns Gf CUItUre ShGCkThe foIIoW ing Senten CeS describe differe nt StageS Gf CUItUre shock.a. The PerS Gn holds a hostile and aggressive attitUde toWard the host CGUn try.b. The PerS On beg ins to OPe n the Way into the new Cultural en Vir Onment.c. The PerS on now accepts the CUStOmS of the COUntry as just ano ther Way oflivi ng.d. The PerS on is fasci nated by the new en Vir Onment.from some other source. Remember that many OtherS have had the SameeXPerience, and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are Part of a response to learning about the other CUItUre and conSider ita POSitiVe Sig n.2) GiVe yourself PermiSSion to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3) Find other from your CUItUre and SPend time together talking about home, eat ing, Shari ng experie nces.4) Help some one from your home CUItUre who has rece ntly arrived. You will be SUrPriSed at how much you ' Ve Iearned.5) COmmUniCate With family and friends. Write IetterS or call. Rememberthat those at home might not realize that CUItUre shock is a normalexperience. Let them know it is a temporary PhaSe of adjusting to life in a differe nt culture.6) BeCOmean expert on SOmeaSPeCt of the other culture. Choose SOmething you like, and Iear n more about people in the host culture.7) Maintain your SenSe of humor. LaUgh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8) KeeP busy. Get to know the area Where you live by walking around and ObSerVing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and PerhaPS Starta frien dship.9) BeCOme friendly With classmates. SPend some out-of-school time together.10) Do SOmeth ing you enjoy. Con tact a relative or acqua intance whose address you may have. BrOWSe through departme nt Stores. ViSit a museum. Walk through a new area of tow n. See a play or go to a movie.11) FOrget that your En glish is less tha n perfect, and feel free“ toask” people for information, guidance, or dir ections. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative inCidents. DiSaPPOintments are SimPIy a fact of life.12) Be flexible. Make UP your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adve nture.4. Two VieWS of CUItUre shockTwo VieWS of CUItUre shock1) The disease VieWThe CUItUre-ShOCked PerS on experie nces a breakdow n in com muni Cati on, is Un able to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a nu mber Of defe nsive attitudes and behaviors to PrOteCt the mi nd from the COn fusi On of an entirely newSitUatiOn. He is a helpless victim.HeCan experience manyemotiOnal and mental difficulties. He maybecome extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. HeCOn SiderS the host COUntry bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.HemayStart to glorify his homeco Un try. He fears PhySiCaI con tact With anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, or ignored. People Can becomephysically ill from the StreSS of CUItUre shock —ulcers, headaches, StOmaCh aches, back aches, the flu —PhySiCaI symptoms.2） The self-aware ness VieWThe educational experience PrOVideS a mirror in WhiCh one' S ownCUItUre is reflected. EXPOSUre to new CUItUreS enables them to gain new inSightSinto their own CUItUre and society. POSitiVe CrOSS-CUItural Iear ning experiences typically invoIVe Change and movementfrom one CUItUraI frame of refere nce to ano ther.5. Four WayS of adaptati on ASSimiIati on （同化）SeParati on （隔绝）Margi nalizati on （边缘化）In tegrati on （融合）Read ing IAdaPt ing to a NeW CUItUreCOmPrehe nsion questi OnS1. What are the terms that Can be applied to the con CePt of “ CUItUre shock”？TermS that Can be applied to the conCePt of ——CUItUre shock are CUItUre StreSs, adaptation, tranSition shock, adjustment, Socialization, and so on.2. What are the SymPtOmS of a PerS on at his or her “ hon eym oon Stage ”in the PrOCeSS of adapt ing to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a SenSe of exciteme nt, PIeaSUre, andSeIf-SatiSfaCtion for making the decision to cometo this beautiful place. In his or her view, n early everythi ng appears won derful.3. Does everybody experience the Stage Two?Howto cope With the negative feeli ngs one may have at this stage?No, Somepeople never experience this stage. In order to cope With the negative feelings one mayhave at this stage, one should not WithdraW from all COntact With the new CUIture and inStead try to have more COntact With the host n atio nals.4. ACCOrdi ng to the author, What is the best thing to do Whe n one is experie ncing CUItUre shock?The best thing to do Whenyou are experiencing CUItUre shock is to admit that you are experiencing CUItUre shock, try to identify your Stage of CUItUre shock, and work toward beco ming more familiar With the new culture.5. What are the problems that people are confronted With When they return to the home CUItUre from OVerSeas?Upon their first returning home, there is a SenSe of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroUndings. However, a SenSe of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a PerSon may find that the home CUItUre is no Ionger the same. They may have difficulty readjust ing to the home CUItUre and the reentry PrOCeSS has often invoIved their SUffering quietly With stress.6. What are the improvements people usually makewhen they get into Stage Three? When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, Sights, sounds, smells, and nonVerbal behaviors of the newcultureand have less PhySiCaI problems and less con fusi on, Un Certa in ty, and Ion eli ness. Their no rmal con tacts With host n atio nals are in CreaS ing andnow they Can accept themselves and OtherS around them.7. What do you think of the author ' S SUggeStion of USing the nativeIan guage to complime nt people in the host culture?It is Very important for one to be able to USe the native Ianguage if one hopes to SUrViVe SUCCeSSfully in a new CUItUraI enVirOnment, for it Can not only complime nt the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual Un dersta nding.8. Do you have any other SUggeSti ons for adapt ing SUCCeSSfully to a new culture?APart from those SUggeStions given by the author, one should also try to Iearn from those who have muchexperience in adapting to a new culture, WhiCh maybe helpful in one ‘ S effort to overcome the difficulties in the PrOCeSS of CUItUraI adaptati on.Read ing IIOVerGO ming EthnoCen trism in CommUni Gati On COmPrehe nsion questi OnS1. Why do people invoIVed in intercultural COmmuniCatiOn Often evaluate the Other(S) negatively?BeCaUSe in in tercultural com muni catio n We tend to USe the CategOrieS of OUr OWn CUItUre to judge and interpret the behaviors of the OtherS whoare CUItUrally differe nt from us.2. What is the basic differe nce betwee n AmeriCa n and JaPa nese com muni Cation Styles?The basic differe nce may be that AmeriCa ns are much more direct while JaPa nese are Very in direct.3. What will happe n Whe n com muni CatOrS en gage in mutual n egative evaluati on inAmeriCa n-JaPa nese in teractio n?When com muni CatOrS en gage in mutual n egative evaluati on, the com muni Cati on eve nt may deteriorate eve n further. The AmeriCa n, SenSing JaPanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomeseven more PerSonal and aggressive. The JaPanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes eve n more formal and in direct.4. What do you thi nk the Nigeria n com muni Cati on style is like?Nigeria ns are in cli ned to take the more con textual style incom muni Cati on. They tend to PrOVide as much con text as they Can before they get to the point.5. WhydOeS the Thai employee continue to USe the formal title to address his AmeriCa n man ager in their conv ersati ons?BeCaUSe the Thai people usually con Sider it quite disrespectable to address the man ager by his first n ame, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one‘ S place in the organiZation 's hierarchy and behave accord in gly..6. WhydOeS the author Say that the CaSe of AmeriCan-British interaction deserves closer atte nti on?BeCaUSe the CaSe of AmeriCa n-British in teractio n is more complicated. AmeriCa ns and the BritiSh employ differe nt CUItUraI approaches in response to differentOCCaSions. The British, like other EUrOPeans, tendto USe a low-c on text approach to in tellectual confron tati on and a more high-c on text style in PerS onal matters of feeli ng and relati on ship, WhereaS AmeriCa ns usually treat a relati on ShiP in a low-c on text manner han dle in tellectual confron tati on in a high-c on text manner.7. What should We do to overcome the tendency to StereOtyPe and negatively evaluate OtherS who are CUItUrally differe nt from us?We Can OVerCOme the tendency to StereOtyPe and gen erate n egative evaluati OnS by approach ing every cross-cultural SitUatiO n as a kind of experime nt. USi ng available gen eralizati OnS about the other culture, We Can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. AS more knoWIedge of releva nt CUItUraI d iffere nces is acquired, gen eralizati ons Can becomemore specific, hypotheses more particular, and com muni Cati on difficulties more PrediCtable.8. If We CannOt help making gen eralizati ons, how to USe CUItUraI gen eralizati ons effectively?We Can USe generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and POSSibIe com muni Cati on problems and the n acquire SPeCifiC CUItUraI differe nces through in tercultural practice.CaSe StUdyCaSe 33The problems that Li Li has encoun tered duri ng her Stay in the Un itedStateS are typically someof those that people will usually be faced With Whe n they en ter a new culture.There are obviously dist inct StageS that Li Li has gone through in the PrOCeSS of her adaptation to the AmeriCan CUItUraI enVirOnment: honeymoon PeriOd (Letter 1), When She WaS fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United StateS and felt elated to be in the new culture; CUItUre shock. (Letter 2), When She WaS immersed in many problems that She had not bee n PrePared for and became extremely homesick; in itial adjustme nt (Letter 3), Whe n She Iear ned more about AmeriCa n CUItUre and CUItUraI adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation(Letter 4), Whe n She felt frustrated and became eve n SOmeWhat hostile towards AmeriCa ns; and accepta nce PeriOd (Letter 5), Whe n She bega n to realize the POSitiVe and n egative aspects of the COUntryand have a morebala need PerSPeCtiVe about her experie nces there.What She means by Writi ng in her fifth Ietter that ——I thi nk I havefin ally arrived in AmeriCa is that She has fin ally Iear ned to accept the CUItUre Very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no Ionger like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new en Vir Onmentany more.social gathering would be CUItUrally different and BlanCa Werenot PrOPerIy PrePared for experiencing a CUItUre shock like this When She Came to work and live in a new CUItUraI en Vir Onment.In DOminiCan culture, it is usually con Sidered in appropriate for a young Unm arried female to go to a social gatheri ng alone WithOUt anyone else accompanying her. A ChaPerOne is Often required, and getting One ‘ S Parents ‘ PermiSSion is also necessary. However, all this may be VeryStrange to North AmeriCans noWadays. KeVin could not quite Understand Why Bla nca, already an adult SUPPOSed to be in depe ndent, had to bring her little SiSter along to the gathering so as to get her Parents ‘ PermiSSion .Another thing at WhiCh they differ is that in Dominican culture,SOmeWhatIike our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom Pay separately. The elder on e(s) would Pay for the youn ger on e(s), and the male(s) would Pay for the female(s). BeCaUSe of having expected that KeVin would Pay fortheir meals, Blanca didn ‘t brin g muchmoneywith her When She WaS going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, When KeVin Said —SeParate checks, PIeaSe Il to the waiter, as North AmeriCan people usually do while going out together to eat, he did n ‘ t realize that he had PUt Bla nca in a Veryembarrassi ng SitUation. That ‘ S Why Blanca WhiSPered to her sister, telling her that She didn ‘ t have muchmoneywith her then and just OrderedSOmeth ing to drink Whe n She Said they Were not hungry at all.a conclusion about any other culture. Wemay misinterpret the behavior and in ten ti on of people in other cultures, for We are easily in flue need by some popular OVerge neralizati ons about other cultures. We have to be aware that thi ngs in other CUItUreS may not be What they appear to US foreig ners. One of the difficulties We will experience in adjusting to a new CUItUre is that We may have taken too much of our own —CUItUraI baggage : misleadi ng StereOtyPeS and PreC on CePti ons about members of that culture. In in tercultural com muni Cati on it is SOmetimeS true that a little Iear ning about other CUItUreS Can be a dan gerous thi ng. DiStOrted or biased kno WIedge may be worse than no knoWIedge at all. EVen if What We know about other CUItUreS has bee n PrOVed to be right and well groun ded, We still have to remember that there will often be Variation Within any culture. We should always be PrePared for exceptions When interacting With individuals from anotherculture.CaSe 36We all know that We are members of a PartiCUIar CUItUre and We Share the Same CUItUraI ide ntity With other members of the culture. However, muchof our CUItUraI identity maysimply be OUtSide of our awareness. NotUntil We find ourselves in SitUatiOns Where our SenSe of self --- ourValues, beliefs, PraCtiCeS --- is called into question do We PerCeiVe the tacit dimensions of our CUItUraI identity. In this inCident, the GermanWOman has found OUt that AmeriCans treat their neighbors in a Way thatisdiffere nt from the Way Germa nsdo. AS her expectati ons Were thwarted, She becameaware of her own CUItUraI identity, her CUItUraI Way of thinking,of in terpreti ng the world. ThiS could be a PainfUl process, WhiCh manyof us, as the GermanWOmarin this case, maynot be PrePared for. Therefore, it is importa nt to raise people ‘ S aware ness of their CUItUrally ShaPed iden tity and ack no WIedge the likelihood of some emoti onal distUrba ncedUri ng the CUItUraI adjUStme nt. 欢迎您的光临，Word文档下载后可修改编辑•双击可删除页眉页脚•谢谢！你的意见是我进步的动力，希望您提出您宝贵的意见！让我们共同学习共同进步！学无止境•更上一层楼。
最新《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U2
精品资料《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U2........................................Unit 2 Culture and CommunicationSome Ideas Related to Culture and Communication 1. Various Definitions of CultureThe word culture has numerous meanings. It is said that there are more than 150 definitions about culture. Culture was treated earlier as a complex whole of our social traditions and as a prerequisite for us to be a member of the society. Culture can be a set of fundamental ideas, practices, and experiences of a group of people that are symbolically transmitted generation to generation through a learning process. Culture may as well refer to beliefs, norms, and attitudesthat are used to guide our behaviors and solve human problem.2. Culture as a Way to Satisfy Human Needsa) the physiological needsb) the safety needsc) the belongingness needsd) the esteem needse) the self-actualization needs— Abraham Maslow, a psychologist3. Culture as an IcebergCulture is compared to an iceberg that one tenth of it is above the water and nine tenths is below the water. The part above water is the overt culture which can be seen clearly, while the part below water is the deep culture which is out of our awareness.4. Characteristics of Culturea) Culture is holistic.This characteristic underscores the complex nature of culture. As a holistic system, an education system, a religious system, an association system, a political system, and so on, the various aspects of culture are closely interrelated. In other worlds, any change in a subsystem will affect the whole system. For example, the American Civil Rights Movement brought about changes in different facets of American culture and altered American attitude, values, and behaviors.b) Culture is acquired.We begin to consciously and unconsciously learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization or enculturation. Interaction with family members and friends is the most common way for us to learn our culture. Other sources for learning our culture are schools, churches, media, folk tales, and art.c) Culture is changing.Cultures are constantly changing over time. Some cultures are more open and accepting of change, others tend to resist it. Cultures change in the process of transmission from generation to generation, group to gr oup, and place to place. The American Civil War and China’s Opium War brought great social and cultural changes to both societies.d) Culture is pervasive.Like the ubiquitous air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave. Culture combines visible and invisible things around us. Culture is the sum total of human society and its meanings.5. Some Components of CommunicationThe communication process involves the following interrelated elements: the context of the communication, the participants, the message being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the presence or absence of “noise”, and the verbal and nonverbal responses known as feedback.Context； Source；Encoding；Message；Channels； Noise；Feedback；Receiver；Decoding；Receiver’s responseReading IWhat Is CultureComprehension questions1. Which of the definitions given above do you prefer? Why?Some may prefer a short definition, such as the one given by E. Sapir or R. Benedict, for it is highly generalized and easy to remember. Some may prefer a longer one, such as Edward T. Hall‘s definition of culture, because it provides us with a more comprehensive understanding of culture and points out the all-pervasive impact of culture on human life in different dimensions.2．What have you learned from those definitions about culture?Many things can be learned from those definitions, for each definition, though not without its limitations, tells us something very important about culture or certain aspect(s) of culture.3. Do you agree that our lower needs always have to be satisfied before we can try to satisfy the higher needs?Even though this is generally the case, there will still be some exceptions. Sometimes people might prefer to satisfy higher needs, for instance, esteem needs, before their lower needs, such as certain physiological needs or safety needs are satisfied.4. What examples can you give about how people of different cultures achieve the same ends by taking different roads?For example, everyone has to eat in order to live and this is universally true. However, to satisfy this basic need, people of various cultures may do it in very different ways: what to eat and how to eat it vary from culture to culture.5. What behaviors of ours are born with and what are learned in the cultural environment? Instinctive behaviors are behaviors that we are born with and ways of doing things in daily life, such as ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, making friends, marrying, and dealing with death are learned in the cultural environment.6. What other cultural differences do you know in the way people do things in their everyday life?We can also find cultural differences in ways of bringing up children, treating the elderly, greeting each other, saving and spending money, and many other things people do in everyday life.7. In what ways are the Chinese eating habits different from those of the English-speaking countries?We Chinese may enjoy something that is not usually considered as edible by theEnglish-speaking people. Generally we prefer to have things hot and lay much emphasis on tastes. We tend to share things with each other when we are eating with others.Reading IIElements of CommunicationComprehension questions1. What are the aspects of context mentioned above?One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. A second aspect of context is historical. A third aspect of context is psychological. A fourth aspect of context is culture.2. In what ways would your posture, manner of speaking or attire change if you move from one physical setting to another, for example, from your home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc?One‘s posture, manner of speaking or attire change from being casual to formal gradually from home to a park, to a classroom, to a restaurant, to a funeral house, etc, according to different formalness and seriousness of these situations.3. How do people acquire communication norms in their life?People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.4. What examples can you give to describe some Chinese norms in our everyday communication?For example, it seems to be a norm in China to address one‘s boss by his or her title and never to express one‘s disapproval directly to him or her.5. How can we play both the roles of sender and receiver in communication?As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.6. Does the sender plays a more important role than the receiver in communication?No, they are equally important for both of them are essential in the process of communication.7. In what ways do the differences between participants make communication more or less difficult?Three especially important variables affecting participants which are relationship, gender, and culture make communication more or less difficult.8. What is a symbol and what is a meaning?The pure ideas and feelin gs that exist in a person‘s mind represent meanings. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.9. How can meanings be transferred from one person to another? What problems may arise in this process?A message from one person is encoded into symbols and then decoded into ideas and feelings to another person. In this process of transforming include nonverbal cues, whichsignificantly affect the meaning created between the participants in a communication transaction.10. When are unintended or conflicted meanings likely to be created?Unintended meanings are created when the decoding person receives a meaning unrelated to what the encoder thought he or she was communicating. Conflicting meanings are created when the verbal symbols are contradicted by the nonverbal cues.11. Which channels do you usually prefer in communication? Why?Of the five channels, some may prefer sight. As the old saying goes, words are but wind, but seeing is believing.12. What examples can you find to show that one channel is more effective than others for transmitting certain messages?For example, when asking a lady for a date, a young man may wear an immaculate suit and spray some perfume to show that he highly values this date with her. In this case, sight and smell are definitely more effective than words for conveying that particular message.13. What are the things that can create noises in the process of communication?Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people‘s attention away from intended meaning are known as external noise. Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.14. What should we do to reduce the interference of noise in communication?When communicating with others, we should pay undivided attention to communication itself, avoiding being distracted by any external or internal noise. Besides, we should make sure that what we say is correctly understood by others and vice versa to prevent semantic noise from generating.15. Why is feedback a very important element of communication?Feedback is very important because it serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.16. What will you usually do when you receive negative feedback in communication?Open.Case StudyCase 5In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in everyinstance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker‘s meaning and hearer‘s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‗How long is she going to stay?‘ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz‘s question to mean ―Litz does not want me to stay for long‖. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law‘s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don‘t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn‘t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn‘t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed atthe ―shabby Chinese Christmas. That‘s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister‘s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one‘s culture is different from others‘. As Amy‘s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程知识点梳理
新编跨文化交际英语教程知识点梳理新编跨文化交际英语教程是一本专门针对跨文化交际的英语教材，旨在帮助学习者提高在不同文化背景下的英语交际能力。
本文将对这本教材的知识点进行梳理，并按照标题的要求进行详细阐述。
一、跨文化交际的概念与重要性跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力对个人和组织来说变得越来越重要。
教材首先介绍了跨文化交际的概念和重要性，引导学习者认识到学习跨文化交际的必要性。
二、文化差异的认知与理解文化差异是跨文化交际的核心问题之一。
教材通过介绍不同国家和地区的文化背景，让学习者认识到不同文化之间的差异。
例如，西方国家强调个人主义，而亚洲国家则更注重集体主义；西方人通常直接表达意见，而东方人更倾向于含蓄表达。
通过了解这些文化差异，学习者可以更好地适应和理解不同文化的交际方式。
三、语言与文化的关系语言是文化的重要组成部分，也是跨文化交际的基础。
教材通过对语言与文化的关系进行介绍，让学习者认识到不同语言背后的文化内涵。
例如，英语中的一些习语和隐喻在其他语言中可能没有对应的表达，这就需要学习者在跨文化交际中注意语言的使用。
四、非语言交际与文化除了语言交际外，非语言交际也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的因素。
教材通过介绍非语言交际的方式和特点，让学习者了解不同文化中的非语言行为习惯和意义。
例如，西方人习惯于握手问候，而东方人则更多使用鞠躬。
通过了解这些非语言交际的差异，学习者可以更准确地理解和表达自己的意思。
五、跨文化交际中的礼仪与文化礼仪是不同文化交际中的重要组成部分。
教材通过介绍不同文化中的礼仪规范和习俗，让学习者了解在不同文化中应该如何表现和应对。
例如，在西方国家用餐时，吃完后将刀叉并排放在盘子上表示已经用完；而在中国，将筷子插在饭中是不礼貌的行为。
学习者通过学习这些礼仪规范，可以更好地适应不同文化的环境。
六、文化冲突与解决在跨文化交际中，文化冲突是难免的。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结
Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。
Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。
As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。
1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。
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Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures
need for intercultural communication:
New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values; worldview(religion); social organization(family and state).
behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch
(Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.)
4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication
(1)Assumption of similarities
(2)Language differences
(3)Nonverbal misinterpretations
(4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象
(5)Tendency to evaluate
(6)High anxiety
Unit 2 Culture and Communication
1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned; Culture is a set
of shared interpretations; Culture involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms(规范，准则); Culture Affects Behaviors; Culture involves Large Groups of people
2.Cultural identity文化身份refers to one’s s ense of belonging
to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.
3.Characteristics of Cultural Identity：Cultural identity is
central to a person’s sense of self. Cultural identity is dynamic （动态的）. Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面的）components of one’s self-concept.
4.I ntercultural communication defined: Intercultural
communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
5.Elements of communication: Context; Participants; Message;
Channels; Noise; Feedback
Unit 3 Cultural Diversity
1.Define worldview and religion
Worldview: deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about the place in the cosmos（宇宙）, beliefs about God, and
beliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.
Religion:refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe.
Three major religions :
a. Christian Religions Groups （基督教的）
b. Islam （伊斯兰教）
c. Buddhism （佛教）
nature: (1)? is evil but perfectible
(2) is a mixture of good and evil
(3) good but corruptible(易腐化的)
of Man to Nature: (1) subjugation to nature
(2) harmony with nature
(3) mastery with nature Relationship：Hierarchy; Group; Individual
Dimensions: Hofstede identity 5 dimensions individualism vs collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance;
masculinity vs femininity; long-term vs short-term orientation
6. High-Context and Low-context Cultures
A high-context(HC)—high-context cultures(Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean and Chinese): information is
often provided through gesture, the use of the space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status(age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an individual’s informal friends and associates.
A low-context(LC)—low-context cultures(German, Swiss as well as American) For example, the Asian mode of communication is often indirect and implicit, whereas Western communication tends to be direct and explicit—that is, everything needs to be stated.
For example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite.
The high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they don’t need.。