法律英语课件

法律英语课件
法律英语课件

Lesson One Modern Legal Education

1 French lawyers are trained in universities, and English barristers, on the other hand, enter the profession as members of one of four Inns of Court, which are combinations of a law school and professional organization

法国律师是在大学里培养出来的,而英国的大律师是作为四大律师学院之一的成员进入律师这一行的,这些律师学院是由法学院和专业组织组成的。

2 Today, American legal education is almost uniformly postgraduate professional education at a formal law school, usually affiliated with a university. And a degree from an ap proved law school is common requirement for admission to the bar, although the apprenticeship route is still open, theoretically, in a number of states.

今天,美国的法律教育几乎统一都是在正式的法学院进行大学后职业教育,这所法学院通常隶属于一个大学。得到经美国律师协会批准的法学院的学位是进入律师行业的通常要求,尽管在理论上许多州仍允许存在经过学徒期成为律师这样的路径

3 State university law school tend to concentrate on the

traditional law courses: contracts, torts, constitutional law, procedure, property, wills, trust and estates, corporation, partnerships, agency, international law, maritime law, labor law, administrative law.

州立大学法学院往往注重传统课程:合同法,宪法,程序法,财产,遗嘱,信托和财产,公司,合伙,代理,国际法,海商法,劳动法,行政法。

4 One reason lawyers are found in so many of the most sensitive spots in American political and economic life is simply that their legal education has exposed them to a broader range of public problems than any other graduate program.

在美国政治经济生活中这么多最敏感的职位上都能发现律师的一个原因只是由于他们的法律教育使他们比其他专业的毕业生更广泛的接触到社会问题。

5 More than ever before, law school today offer you a opportunity to apply your legal skills as you require them, to use what you learn as you learn it. School all over the country now have programs under which you can spend time while in law school working for the city’s legal aid department or the public defender organization. You are also given opportunities

to work with governmental agencies in drafting legislation, codes and regulations.

今天的法学院比以前能提供更多机会让你在获得法律技能的时候能应用它们,当你在学习的时候就能用你所学。全国各地的法学院都有这样的项目,即你可以在法学院读书的时候就为城市的法律援助部门和公设律师组织工作。你还有机会与政府的代理机构一起起草法律法规和规范。

6 Most of our law schools do not try to teach you the “law”of one state or another; they concentrate on teaching you legal principles, legal reasoning and something of the philosophy of law.

我们的大多数法学院并不教你某一个州或另一个州的法律,他们注重教你法律原则,法律推理和一些法律哲学。

7 Minor troubles such as traffic violations or fines for breaking windows during a spree at college will not be held against you. But a conviction for having committed a felony will in all likelihood prevent your being admitted to practice, as will membership in any subversive group or organization, unless you can explain away as something you did when you were young

and foolish and show that you have long since resigned.

一些较小的麻烦比如违反交通或因在大学里的一次狂欢中打碎窗户而被罚款都不会阻碍你成为律师,但是因犯重罪而被宣告有罪的话就完全不可能成为律师了,同样的如果你是任何破坏性集团或组织的成员的话也不可能成为律师,除非你能解释清楚你当年的所作所为是因为年少无知而犯的错误并且表明你已经退出很久了。

8 Judges in the United States, with exceptions in some minor judiciary, are selected from the ranks of lawyers. In England they are chosen from the select group of barristers known as Queen ’s Counsel.

美国的法官,除了一些级别较低的法官外,都是从律师中选出来的。在英国法官是从出庭律师当中精选出来的御用大律师中选出来的

9 The diverse training and careers of common ---and civil ---law judges is significant. Similar backgrounds and experience provide a certain feeling of fellowship and mutual sympathy between the common-law bench and bar.

普通法系和大陆法系法官的截然不同的培训和职业生涯的区别是非常重要的。相同的背景和经历使普通法系的法官和

律师之间有某种伙伴感情,这使他们能惺惺相惜

10 The prestige of the English and American judiciary is greater than that of their civil-law counter-part, partly because of the general feeling that only the better lawyers get judicial posts.

英美国家的法官威望要比大陆法系国家的法官威望更高,部分是因为一般觉得只有好的律师才能做法官的缘故吧。

Lesson Two Bases of the Legal System

ⅠKey sentence:

1 The law is the set of rules by which the citizens of a country regulate their conduct in relation to their fellow citizens and to the State.

法律是这样的一套规范,即用它来规范一国公民的行为,调整公民与其他公民和国家的关系

2 In the United Kingdom there is no written set of rules; whether an action is recognized as being in conformity with the law is determined by a consideration of the authorities. These may be statutes, statements by legal experts, or reports of decided cases. If none of these fits the circumstances, the judge makes his

decision by analogy with the past decisions made in somewhat similar circumstances.

在英国没有成文的成套法律规范,某个行为是否符合法律规定要由权威来认定。这些权威可能是成文法规,法律专家的评述,或者即判案例的报告。如果以上都不能确定,法官会根据过去相似情况的判例来作出判决。

3 The base of the legal system , in historical order, are: common law; case law; statute law.

法律制度的基础,按历史顺序是:普通法,判例法,成文法

4 The essence of common law is that it grew through judicial decisions recorded by lawyers and is not based on express enactment. It is administered by examination of the decisions made in previous cases of the same kind, known as “precedents”, and arrival at a commonsense decision on that basis.

普通法的精髓在于它是随着律师所记录的司法判决而发展起来的,而不是建立在明示的制定法的基础上的。他通过对过去的同样案件的判决(称为先例)的检验来适用,然后在此基础上形成一个合理的判决。

5Case law is a development of the common law brought about through the process of time.

判例法是普通法随着时间的发展而发展的产物。

6Reports exist of leading cases raising points of interest to lawyers. These reports give the facts found by the court, the arguments put forward and the reasons given by the judge for coming to his decision. The principles on which these judgments are based are binding on all lesser courts.

存在在报告中的作为先例援引的案例给律师提供有兴趣的观点。这些报告中有法庭确认的事实,有律师的辩论和法官作出判决的理由。这些判决所确定的原则对所有的下级法院有约束力。

7Thus, the House of Lords, apex of the judicial system, decided in 1861 that it could not reverse its own previous decision, so a House of Lords decision is binding on every court.

A High court decision is binding on a County court. But it can be disregarded by another High Court judge and can be overruled by the Court of Appeal.

因此,上议院这个法院体系中的最高层,在1861年决定它不能推翻自己以前做出的判决。因此,上议院的判决对任何

法院都有约束力。高等法院的判决对郡法院有约束力,但是其他高等法院法官可以不理会而且上诉法院可以驳回该判决。

8The earliest enacted law was made by the sovereign with the concurrence of his Council. Then , with the establishment of the authority of Parliament, new laws were made or existing laws changed by a statute, or Act of Parliament.

最早的制定法是君主在和他的顾问共同讨论后制定的。然后,随着议会权力的确立,新法的制定或现有法律的修改都是通过成文法或议会法来实现。

9 Statute law includes royal proclamations; orders made by Ministers under the delegated power, known as statutory instruments; and the by-law of local authorities or other bodies having statutory powers.

成文法包括皇室宣言,大臣在授权下发布的命令,这些被称为授权立法,也包括地方权力机关或其他具有立法权的部门制定的附例。

10 Whatever court we turn to in our system, the authoritative sources of the law are confined to statute and reported decisions.

在我们的制度中不管哪个法院,权威性的法律渊源限定为成文法和有报告的判决。

11 But criminal law and civil law also overlap; and many acts or omissions are not only “wrongs” for which the person injured is entitled to recover compensation for his own personal injury or damage, but also “offences” for which the offender may be prosecuted and punished in the interest of the State.

刑法和民法也会重叠,许多作为或不作为不仅仅是民事过错,即受害人有权因他自己的人身损害得到补偿,同时也是犯罪,即犯罪者可能会因触犯国家的利益而受到起诉和惩罚。

12Criminal law , therefore , deals with offences which are deemed to harm the whole community and thus to be an offence against the Sovereign.

刑法调整的是犯罪,这些犯罪被认为危害全社会因此是危害主权的犯罪。

13 English criminal law has been classified as “treason, felony and misdemeanour” with a tentative fourth class described as “summary offences”.

英国的刑法(中的犯罪)被划分成叛国罪,重罪和轻罪,同时还有所谓的第四种分类,即决犯罪。

14 In the court the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove their case.

在法院,举证责任在起诉一方来证明他们的案件。

15 The accused throughout is presumed to be innocent unless he admits the offence or until he is proved beyond reasonable doubt to be guilty.

被告人除非承认犯罪或有合理的无可怀疑的证据证明有罪,否则是推定为无罪的。

16 There are also so-called “private prosecutions” in which an aggrieved person starts criminal proceedings either because the police are reluctant to prosecute or perhaps because he feels he can put up a more vigorous prosecution.

在警察不愿意提起公诉或受害人觉得他自己起诉会更有效的情况下,受害人也可以提起刑事诉讼程序即所谓的自诉。

17 Civil law concerns the maintenance of private claims and redress of private wrongs.

民法涉及对民事索赔的维护和民事过错的赔偿责任。

18The bulk of the work of administering civil law is concerned with breaches of contract, including debt; torts(that is, civil wrongs for which damages are recoverable, such as defamation, enticement, trespass, or cases where negligence is alleged); property relationships(such as bankruptcy, winding up companies and administration of estates); and matrimonial causes( separation and divorce).

适用民法的大多数工作涉及违约,包括债,涉及侵权(即民事损害可以得到赔偿的民事过错,比如诽谤,怂恿,侵犯,或过失可构成过错的侵权); 涉及财产关系(如破产,公司结业和遗产管理);以及涉及婚姻关系(分居和离婚)

Exercises:translating

P9 V

?1尽管美国刑法起源于英国,当时的刑法主要是判例法,现在刑法的基础是成文法。每个州有它自己的刑法典来

规范重罪,轻罪及大量的轻微犯罪。

2在法律中存在一个独立的学科用来研究法的性质,法的主导观念和社会目的,以及用来实现法的目的的方法和技术的

一般特性。这个学科就是法理学。

?

?3普通法的起源迷失在北欧和斯堪的纳维亚历史的薄雾中,它几乎没有被罗马帝国所影响,而北欧人(日耳曼人)经常侵入英国,留下来的北欧人与当地人通婚,极大地影响了英国人的风俗习惯。

?

?4科学知识的爆炸及转化成技术深远地影响了法律的内容和程序,他们也影响了一些法律的基本假设。

?5刑法和民法作为法律的两大主要部门也会重叠,许多作为和不作为不仅仅是民事过错,因为这个过错受害人有权因他的损失取得损害赔偿。

Lesson three sources of English law

1 Freely-negotiated commercial contracts may bind them to behave in particular way.

自由协商的商业合同会约束他们以特定的方式行为。

?Negotiate谈判; 协商;兑现(支票等)

?Negotiation

?

?Negotiable instrument可转让票据,可流通票据

?non-negotiable不可转让,不可流通(只限本人使用的;

禁止转让的)

?Non-negotiable bill of lading 不可转让提單

?

?Negotiating bank议付行

Act of Negotiable instrument票据法

A negotiable instrument may be a check, a bill of exchange, or a promissory note。

可流通票据可以是支票,汇票或本票。

2 Every time a purchase is made, a contract is made.

每买一件东西就产生一个合同。

?

3 Here proposals for legislation (bills) are presented to, debated by, and voted upon by the House of commons and the House of Lords, finally receiving the assent of the monarch and thus becoming legislation (statutes or Acts).

立法提案被提交给上议院和下议院,然后在那里进行讨论和投票,最后经过君主的同意才成为立法。

4 Bills proposed in Parliament become Acts.

法案提交到议会成为法律。

?Bill

?(提交议会讨论的)议案,法案

?Bill of Rights 权利法案

?bill of lading提单

?bill of exchange汇票

4 Some of these documents bind the people to whom they are addressed to behave in particular ways.

有一些文件约束接受指示的人们以特定的方式来作为。

?Address

?向…说话speak to;

演说;演讲give a speech to

?(图书、文章等)讨论(某主题) This article addressed ….. *5 In order to discover the way in which legislation should be applied, the judges have developed a complex network of principles for statutory interpretation, which are designed to assist in the proper application of the law.

为了找到立法适用的方法,法官们发展了一套综合的法律解释原则,这种原则被用来帮助适当地适用法律。

*6 It must be evident that the very process of statutory interpretation always carries with it the risk of divergence between Parliament and the courts in the eventual conclusion reached.

很明显正是法律解释的过程总是伴随着在议会和法院之间在最终达成的结论上产生分歧的风险

*7 Leaving aside the difficulties caused in deciding what these principles of interpretation might mean, it is a matter of controversy whether they act as rules deciding what the judges do or provide rationalizations for what the judiciary have already decided.

不考虑确定这些法律解释原则会是什么意思时所带来的麻烦,这些解释原则是做为确定法官该怎么做的规范还是对法官已做决定提供合理解释,这一点上还是有争议的。

Lesson four comparing civil law and criminal law

? 1 In any event, prevention and punishment are essential reasons why we have criminal law and a criminal justice system.

?无论如何,预防和惩罚是我们需要刑法和刑事司法制度

的根本原因。

?

? 2 By allowing lawsuits against individuals who have behaved in a manner not consistent with society’s rules, civil law actually acts to prevent nonconformity. However, prevention of bad behavior may be more the consequence of civil law than the purpose.

?通过用诉讼来对抗那些做了违反社会规范的行为的人,民法实际上起到了预防违法的作用。然而,预防违法与其说是民法的目的,不如说是民法实施的结果。

? 3 Contract law is a branch of civil law that deals with written aggreement between two or more parties.

?合同法是民法的一个分支,它规范两个或两个以上的当事人之间的书面协议。

Enter into缔结(协议)

entered into a contract

conclude订立,达成(协议)

conclude a contract

?Apartment leases公寓租约

?lease租约,出租,租借期限

?The lease on this house expires at the end of the year. ?这房子的租约年底到期。

?He leased his apartment to his friend.

?他将他的房间租给他的朋友。

?

?lessor出租人----lessee 承租人

?tenancy 租期---

?Lease period, rental period

?The tenancy of this large room is five years.

?这个大房间的租期是五年。

?Rent租金,出租(房屋等)

?house rent

?房租

?for rent

?出租的

?He decided to rent the house.

?他决定租这房子。

?Flipside另一方面

?Flip轻弹, 轻抛[扔]

?flip a coin掷硬币的方法决定

?Tom flipped a coin to see whether he would pass the exam.

?汤姆掷硬币看他考试是否会及格。

?flip through 浏览

?He flipped through the papers but could not find what he was looking for.

?他匆匆翻阅报纸, 但是找不到要找的东西。

?premise【逻】前提

?the major [minor] premise

?【逻】大[小]前提

?These are the major and minor premises on which the conclusion is based.

?这是这个结论所依据的前提。

?Premises [pl. ]房产; 房屋(及其附属建筑, 地基等) ?live on the premises

?住在楼内

?see sb. off the premises

?送至门口; 下逐客令

?Damages [pl.]【律】损害赔偿; 赔偿费

?Compensatory damages

?【律】补偿性的损害赔偿

?punitive damages

?【律】惩罚性的损害赔偿

?remote damages

?【律】间接损害

?liquidated damages

?违约金

?act with caution 谨慎作为

?Tortfeasor侵权人---the injured受害人

? 4 When a person fails to act reasonably and unintentionally injures another, that person is responsible for a negligent tort. Automobile accidents and medical malpractice are examples of negligent torts. When a person injuries another intentionally, a intentional tort has occurred.

当某人因未能合理作为且无意地伤害了他人时,他就要为他

的过失侵权承担责任。交通事故和医疗事故就是过失侵权的例子。当某人故意伤害他人时,就是故意侵权了。

?negligent tort过失侵权

?intentional tort故意侵权

?Automobile accidents交通事故

?medical malpractice医疗事故

法律英语课件

Lesson One Modern Legal Education 1 French lawyers are trained in universities, and English barristers, on the other hand, enter the profession as members of one of four Inns of Court, which are combinations of a law school and professional organization 法国律师是在大学里培养出来的,而英国的大律师是作为四大律师学院之一的成员进入律师这一行的,这些律师学院是由法学院和专业组织组成的。 2 Today, American legal education is almost uniformly postgraduate professional education at a formal law school, usually affiliated with a university. And a degree from an ap proved law school is common requirement for admission to the bar, although the apprenticeship route is still open, theoretically, in a number of states. 今天,美国的法律教育几乎统一都是在正式的法学院进行大学后职业教育,这所法学院通常隶属于一个大学。得到经美国律师协会批准的法学院的学位是进入律师行业的通常要求,尽管在理论上许多州仍允许存在经过学徒期成为律师这样的路径 3 State university law school tend to concentrate on the traditional law courses: contracts, torts, constitutional law, procedure, property, wills, trust and estates, corporation,

法律英语13课

法律的成本与拖延是每个法律系统都有的长期不满因素。最近的《1990年联邦民事司法改革法》向我们展示出解决这一永恒难题的无能性;它既反映出立法会减少成本和延迟的野心,又反映出其制定者缺乏对这一野心实践出来的现实考虑。我们现在只有司法改革举措的微薄结果。尽管基于该法令颁布的地方法规出台了一些创新政策,获取了微薄回报,但没有大幅度地降低诉讼成本,解决案件裁决的拖延。 然而,民诉制度却因电脑芯片的发明而掀起了根本性的改变。信息的数字化为长久挑战我们的难题提供了解决技术。事实上,技术发展出的数字化削弱了很多,或者可能是多数,民事诉讼实践的基础,这些实践基础不仅存在于美国,自民诉发端起就存在于任何地方。产生预料之外后果的法律注定导致现有问题的解决产生或暴露新的问题,因此无根据的乐观总是不合适的。但是现在可以合理地期盼彻底的改革或将带来彻底的回报。 谈起二十一世纪总能使我们的政客愉悦,好像它是与二十世纪不同的地方。对于我们的法院来说,它可能的确不一样。半个世纪后,《1990年联邦民事司法改革法》的徒劳可能会被看成通过绝境的道路,这个绝境是我们朝圣者去往“合法”所在的天堂的途中所必须经历的。本文推测了当我们最终离开现在的困境而到达天堂的时候,天堂会如何出现。 I.简要概括三个世纪的司法改革 要正确看待数字化带来的影响这一问题,有人会说在我们联邦的历史里,大概有关于民诉的六个观点至关重要。第一,有观点认为——这一观点来自十八世纪的启蒙运动——案件应根据事实和法律来裁判,而非像马上长枪比武或相扑这两种源于解决纠纷的运动那样依靠当事人代表的技能或运气,也不是普通法程序的文字游戏:这个来自启蒙运动的观点被马克思韦伯着重赞扬过。 第二,十九世纪中期有个被视作为事实程序的改革在这个国家被David Dudley Field 和其他杰克逊拥护者推广,推广者希望可以通过快速认定事实争议点来简化民诉程序,继而降低成本和拖延性。这个改革很快被律师的规避挫败,律师们将事实程序变成不过是成本与拖延的另一个代名词与制度。尽管能通过对抗制程序获得信息,很多诉讼当事人还是会在庭审遭遇突袭,而其他当事人则面临参与庭审的困难。 第三,二十世纪有将适用于英国衡平法的证据开示机制进行扩展,以求在庭审前调查和揭示证据。针对此改革的运动由charles clark及其同事推动,他们起草了1938年颁布的《联邦民事诉讼规则》。他们的希望是通过在庭审前揭示证据来降低成本减缓拖延,从而鼓励基于对庭审结果的更好的预见性而产生的早期调解。这项改革同样低估了律师的诉讼花招,后者找到了多种方法来滥用证据开示制度。1980年,Powell法官出于这个考虑强烈批评了证据开示。尽管他的评论对我来说似乎过度,但对于这一制度的确存在广泛的不满,因为一些律师拒绝遵守规则,而另一些则过度利用这一程序来给对手施加无意义的费用。 接下来的第四点是自1970年开始的案件程序管理观点。这个观点认为法官通过介入庭前准备可以抑制昂贵又拖拉的诉讼花招。法官的管理作用更清晰地近似于欧洲大陆的法官作用。案件管理不仅给法官也给律师带来更多的工作,因此也许能降低成本。如Judith Resnik 所观察的那样,似乎我们的法官比起管理案件,更多的时间是在管理律师。与事实程序和证据开示一样,这个改革有时起作用,但效果并不显著。 另外两个观点有着古老的起源并不断再现,时不时被投入应用以期降低成本和拖延。一个观点是将案件程序管理私有化,要求当事人参与事先调解或不具约束力的仲裁。这种法院附设的替代性纠纷解决方法可能会让一些案件更早结案,使整体结案率少量增加,尽管一些当事人对庭审更有准备。但是这种收益获得的代价是引入额外的程序步骤,这个步骤本身则会产生成本与案件拖延。除了增加投入进该额外步骤的律师时间所需要的额外费用以外,也需要人付钱给调解员或仲裁员。再一次地,成本在一些案件中得到了节约,但强制调解的净利益没有轻易得到显现。

法律英语 何家弘编 第四版课文翻译(1-20课)

第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时,它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新,在此意义上,它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻(性)有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来:确实可以很有把握地说,任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录,因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面,还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录,还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦(nation)之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此,据一个非常简单的例子,美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷,而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数:想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调,我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题,我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样,美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成,广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的(解释制定法的)判例法。因此,判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看,普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的,而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。如果存在令状(于1227年),诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行;没有法院令状(为前提)的诉讼请求就没有追索权,因而该诉讼请求也不存在。“牛津条例”(1285年)禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状,这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了,而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展。 对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展。“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”,即公平且善良地裁决,它最初是由国王,后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行,以便在艰难的案件中提供救济。但是到了十四世纪,衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统(衡平法院)。其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活。衡平法的特点有:以特定履行(或实际履行)的方式提供救济(与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照);强制令(为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令);渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展。不过,一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时,才会出现衡平法救济。比如,优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的,这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性,这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人(的损失),就可能判以特定履行购买不动产。 与普通法一样,衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款,成了美国法律的一部分。目前,这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合(始于1848年的纽约),因而,在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼。只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院。尽管如此,提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的,因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念(如财产法中的所有权分割)的起源和意义,另一方面,它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联,比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理(这仅发生与普通法的讼案中,在其它案件中仅由法官审理)。另外,这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济。 “判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系,而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例。在不准确的和令

法律英语课件

法律英语课件

Lesson One Modern Legal Education 1 French lawyers are trained in universities, and English barristers, on the other hand, enter the profession as members of one of four Inns of Court, which are combinations of a law school and professional organization 法国律师是在大学里培养出来的,而英国的大律师是作为四大律师学院之一的成员进入律师这一行的,这些律师学院是由法学院和专业组织组成的。 2 Today, American legal education is almost uniformly postgraduate professional education at a formal law school, usually affiliated with a university. And a degree from an approved law school is common requirement for admission to the bar, although the apprenticeship route is still open, theoretically, in a number of states. 今天,美国的法律教育几乎统一都是在正式的法学院进行大学后职业教育,这所法学院通常隶属于一个大学。得到经美国律师协会批准的法学院的学位是进入律师行业的通常要求,尽管在理论上许多州仍允许存在经过学徒期成为律师这样的路径 3 State university law school tend to concentrate on the

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