高中英语写作 “换词法”详解版本
2022高考英语写作常用词汇词性转换
高中英语词汇词性转换第一组：1.ability (n.)能力；才能---able (a.)---unable (a..) —disability (n. ) —disabled (a.) be able to dct..= be capableof doing2.absence (n.) 缺席；不在---absent (a.) ---present (a..) - presence (n.) be absent from; be present at3.absolute (a.)绝对的；完全的---absolutely (adv.)4.abundant (a.)丰富的；充裕的---abundance (n.) be abundant in5.academic (a.)学院的，理论的(n.)大学教师---academy (n.)学院6.accept (v.)接受---acceptable 3.)可接受的--refuse (opp.)拒绝7.access (n.)通路,入门；(v.)接近；存取---accessible (a.) have access to (to为介词)可以使用；可以接触8.accurate (a.) 正确的，精确的---accuracy (n.) -accurately (adv.)-- (opp.)inaccurate 不准确9.achieve (v.)取得，达到---achievement (n.)10.acquire (v.) 获得，学到---acquisition (n.)11.act (n.) 法令,条例；(v.)表演；行动---action (n.) -active (a.) 主动的一inactive (a.) —actively (adv.) —activity (n.) 活动--passive (a.)被动的---actor (n.) -actress (n.)12.actual (a.)实际的；现实的-actually (adv.) = as a matter of fact13.adapt (v.)使适应；改编---adaptation (n.)适应,顺应；改编,改编本---adaptable (a.)有适应能力的adapt oneself to 适应于；adapt...(for sth.) from sth.改编14.add (v.)添加,增加;补充说---addition (n.) ---additional (a.) -additionally (adv.)add...to将…(添)加到… add to增加，加强add up加起来add up to共计达in addition (to)另夕卜，除此之外15.addict (n.)成瘾的人---addicted (a.) -addition (n.) ---addictive (a.)使成瘾的；上瘾的；易令人沉溺的be addicted to (to为介词)对_________________ 上瘾16.adjust (v.)调整,使适应---adjustment (n.) --- adjustable (a.)17.admire (v.)钦佩,羡慕---admiration (n.) --- admirable (a.)18.admit (v.)承认，准许(admitted, admitted) --- admission (n.)19.adopt (v.)收养，采用---adoption (n.) --- adopted (a.)20.advance (v.)推进,促进；前进 (n.)前进,提升一advanced (a.)先进的;高等的21.advantage (n.) 有点；好处---disadvantage (n.) take advantage of利用；欺骗,占...的便宜22.adventure (n.) 冒险，奇遇---adventurous (a.)23.advertise (v.)为...做广告---advertisement (n.)24.advise (v.)建议，劝告——adviser (n.)顾问,忠告者---advice (n.) a piece of advice25.affect (v.)影响---affection (n.)影响，感情=have an effect on26.Africa (n.)非洲---African (a.) (n.)27.age (n.)年纪---aged (a.)老年的一elderly (a.)28.agree (v.) 同意---agreement (n.) --- disagree (opp)-disagreement (n.)29.agriculture (n.) 农业-agricultural (a.)30.allow (v.)准许，允许---allowance (n.)允许；紧贴，补助31.amaze (v.) 惊奇，震惊---amazement (n.) ---amazed (a.)-amazed (a.) to one,s amazement32.ambition (n.)抱负，雄心---ambitious (a.)33.amuse (v.)使…快乐---amusement (n.) - amused (a.) --- amusing (a.) to one,s amusement34.analyze (v.)分析---analysis (n.) 35. anger (n.)愤怒---angry (a.)36.announce (v.) 宣布，宣告---announcement (n.) --- announcer (n.)37.annoy (v.) 使烦恼-annoyed (a.) --- annoying (a.) --- annoyance (n.)to one,s annoyance38.annual (a. ) 一•年一•次的，每年的(n.)年刊---annually (a.)39.anxious (a.)忧虑的，焦急的---anxiety (n.)40.apologize (v.)道歉---apology (n.)apologize to sb. for sth.; make an apology to sb. for sth.因…事向某人道歉41.appear (v.)出现---appearance (口.)外貌，外观；出现，露面42.apply (v.)申请，应用---application (n.)申请表---applicant (n.)申请人---applied (a.)应用的43.appoint (v.) 约定,任命-appointment (n.) -------- make an appointment 约会44.appreciate (v.)欣赏，感激---appreciation (n.)45.approve (v.)批准，同意---approval (n.) approve of…赞成(opp.) disapprove (v.) 不赞成disapprove of...46.argue (v.)争辩，辩论一argument (n.) 47. arrange (v.)安排---arrangement (n.)48.arrive (v.)到达-arrival (n.) 49. Asia (n.)亚洲---Asian (a.) (n.)50.assess (v.)评价,估价---assessment (n.)51.assist (v.)帮助，协助---assistance (n.)帮助,援助---assistant (n.)助手，助理52.associate (v.)联系，交往---association (n.) --- associated (a.)53.assume (v.)彳假定,采取---assumption (n.)54.astonish (v.)使惊讶---astonished (a.) --- astonishing (a.) - astonishment (n.)55.astronaut (n.)宇航员---astronomy (n.)天文学---astronomer (天文学家)56.athlete (n.)运动员---athletic (a.)运动员的；运动的；体格健壮的；行动敏捷的57.attend (丫.)参加，照料--attendance (口.)出席,参加--attender (n.)出席者；参加者58.attention (n) 注意，专心---attentive (a) -attentively (ad v.)59.attract (v.)吸弓I - attraction (n.) --- attractive (a.)60.aware (a.)知道的,明白的---awareness (n.) be aware of61.bacterium (n.) 细菌---(pl. ) bacteria62.bad (a.)坏的---badly (adv. ) (worse, worst) --- good (a.) - well (a.) (adv.) (better, best)63.base (n.)基地，根据地(v.)以…为基地--basic (a.) --- basically大体上64.basis (n.)基础,要素---(pl.) bases65.bath (n.)洗澡,浴室一bathe (v.) - bathroom (n.) --- bathtub (n.)澡盆66.bear (v.)忍受(bore, borne)--- bearable (a.)可忍受的---unbearable (opp.)不可忍受的67.beat (v.)敲打，跳动，打赢(beat, beaten)68.beautiful (a.)美丽的---beauty (n. ) --- beautify (v.)69.behave (v.)行为,守规矩---behavior (n.)70.belief (n)信条，信念---(pl.) beliefs-- believe (v.) --- believable (a.) ---(opp.) unbelievable71.begin (v.)开始,着手(began, begun)--- beginning (n.)第二组：1.bend v.使弯曲（bent, bent）be bent on doing 一•心想，决心要做…2.benefit n.利益，好处vt.有益于，有助于---beneficial adj.有益的，受益的benefit fTom…从...中受益；bebeneficial to 对...有益3.bitter adj.苦的，痛苦的，怀恨的---- unpleasant adj不愉快的；讨厌的4.boring adj.无聊的，乏味的（修饰物）------ b ored adj.无聊的，无趣的，烦人的（用于人）5.botany n.植物学------ botanical adj.植物学的6.brave adj.勇敢的---bravery n.勇敢------ coward n.懦弱的人，胆小的人7.boycott n./vt.联合抵制，排斥8.breath n.呼吸，气息------ breathe 丫.呼吸，发出——breathless adj.气喘吁吁的9.bring vt.拿来，带来---brought（分去式）---brought （过去分词）10.bury vt.埋葬，掩埋，隐藏---buried（过去式或过去分词）be buried in sth埋头做某事11.business n.商业，买卖，交易，生意---businessman ——businesswoman12.calculate v.计算，考虑，计划，打算——calculation n.计算，考虑——calculator n.计算机，计算器13.calm adj.（天气、海洋等）静的，平静的，镇静的，沉着的v.（使）平静,（使）镇定，平息calmness n.平静，冷静，镇静14.care n.注意，照料,vi.关心，顾虑，照顾，喜爱vt.在意——careful（a.）——careless （a.）15.catch v.捕获，赶上（车船等），发觉，感染（疾病）---（caught, caught）16.caution n.小心，谨慎，警告vt.警告——cautious adj.小心的，谨慎的17.celebration n.庆祝，庆典------- celebrate v.庆祝18.certain 2田.确定的，某^,个——certainly adv. --- certainty n. ---- uncertainty 口无常，不确定19.challenge n.挑战丫匕向…挑战——challenging adj.具有挑战性的20.change n.改变，变化，找回的零钱vt.改变，变革——changeable adj.可改变的21.character n.人物,特点，性格,品质——characteristic n.特性,特征22.chemical adj.化学的n.化学制品，化学药品——chemist n.化学家，药剂师-chemistry n.化学23.choice n.选择，抉择，精选品——choose v.选择，选定（chose, chosen）24.cloth n.布，织物，衣料 ---- clothes n.衣服，［总称］被褥，各种衣服——clothing n.（总称）衣服25.collect vt.收集——collection n.收藏，征收，搜集品，捐款——collective adj.集体的n.集体fort n.安慰，舒适vt.安慰——comfortable adj.舒适的municate v.沟通，交流，传达----- communication n.pete vi.比赛，竞争——competition n.竞争，竞赛——competitor n.竞争者---competitive adj.竞争的；有竞争力的；（指人）好竞争的29.conclude v/作出结论vt.推断---- conclusion n.结论30.confident adj.自信的，确信的——confidence n.信心——confidently adv信赖地，安心地31.conduct n.行为，操行v.组织，实施，管理------ conductor n.（乐队）指挥第三组：1.crazy adj.疯狂的——craze n.狂热,疯狂；风行一•时的东西；be crazy about对...疯狂/着迷；like crazy拼命地；发疯似地2.create vt.创造,产生(syn.) ——produce creative adj - -creation n. 创造,创建——creativity n.创造力——creator n.创造者；创作者——create jobs/opportunities/ a good image/ wealth3.crime n.罪力巳——criminal n.罪力巳——commit a crime%巳罪4.cross vt.穿过——crossing 口.十字路口——crossroads 口.交叉路口——at the crossroads5.crowd n.人群vt.拥挤——crowded adj.拥挤的——crowdedness n.6.cruel adj.残忍的,残酷的---be cruel to sb ——cruelly adv.——cruelty n.残忍7.culture n.文化---cultural adj.——cultural difference (shock)文化差异；文化冲击 multi-culture 多元文化8.cure n&v. 治疗；医好---a cure for cancer ——cure sb of one,s disease/one,s habit9.curious adj.好奇的；奇异的(about/to do sth) --curiosity n.好奇心；求知欲satisfy one,s curiosity 满足好奇心----- out of curiosity 出于好奇10.cycle vi骑自行车；循环——recycle v.再循环，回收再用——cyclist 口.骑自行车的人11.damage n&vt 毁坏，损害-------- d o /cause damage to (the earth)对…造成损害12.danger n.危险dangerous adj.危险的endanger vt 使................... 濒临危险——endangered animals 濒危动物be in danger/be at risk 处于危险中13.dead. adj. 死的the dead/living ——death n.死亡——cause many deaths and injuries 造成很多伤亡deadly adj.致命的die v.死亡dying adj.垂死的，渴望的be dying for sth./to do sth14.decide 口.决定decisive adj.决定性的decision n. make a decision15.declare vt.声明；断言---declaration n. declare war on Japan 像日本宣战16.decorate vt.装饰，修饰——decoration n. be decorated with17.decline 口&丫.下降，婉拒I offered to give them a lift but they declined .18.decrease/increase n&v.减少/增加---increase/decrease to/by 20%19.defend vt.防守，保卫---defense in defense of 为保护某人为............. 辩护20.deliberate adj. deliberately adv.故意地---on purpose21.delight n 快乐；乐事delighted adj. be delighted with/by/at sb/sth take delight in喜欢，以为乐delight sb使某人高兴to one,s delight使某人高兴的是22.deliver vt.投递，接生，发表讲话deliver parcels/ a baby/ a speech delivery n.23.depend vi 依赖；依靠depend on sb dependent adj.依赖的be dependent on sb independent 24上.独立的beindependent from/of sb independence 口.独立24.deep adj/adv.深的--deeply adj.深深的--depth n.深度--deepen v.加深far/deep into the night 深夜be deeplymoved/touched/affected---Still water runs deep.静水流深/大智若愚25.describe vt.描述,描写description n. give a description of sth26.design vt.设计n.图案，图样designer设计师be designed to设计的目的是,计划是27.desperate adj.不顾一■切的；绝望的---be desperate for/to do sth 极渴望---desperation 口.绝望28.destroy 丫匕破坏，毁坏--destroyed buildings 被毁的建筑物destruction n. cause destruction to sth29.determine 丫匕决定，决心be determined to do 决心做determination n.决心30.develop v.发展，使发达，开发冲洗（照片）development --- with the development of developing world/developed world--- develop an interest in sth ——develop a new product31.devote vt.把.... 奉献于；devote oneself/one,s life/one,s energy/time to sth/doing sthdevotion n.忠心，奉献精神be devoted to sb挚爱某人，对......... 全心全意32.differ vi. differ from sth in …在什么方面不同于... different adj. difference n.--tell the difference between A and B --- make a difference （to）有影响，改变；大有作为33.difficult adj. difficulty n.困难with/without difficulty,have difficulty with sth./（in） doing sth 做某事有困难34.direct adj.直接的--（反）indirect speech间接引语——direct v.指挥，指导，导演director n.导演——direction n.方向in the direction of 朝…方向35.disable v.使.... 残疾---disabled adj.残疾的---help the disabled 帮助残疾人---disability n.---The traffic accident disabled him.36.disappear vi. 消失（反）--appear ---disappearance n.（反）appearance37.disagree with sb on/about/over sth ---disagreement ——be in disagreement with38.disappoint 丫匕使 .. 失望disappointment n. to one,s disappointment 令某人失望的是make sb disappointed ; sb. be/feel disappointed with sb./at sth.某人对…感到失望39.discover vt.发现discovery n. make a discovery40.discrimination n.歧视discriminate vt.歧视,区分discriminate A from B 把… 区分开来discriminate against women 歧视妇女41.discuss vt discussion n.讨论42.distance n.距离distant adj.远的，遥远的in the distance 在远方keep sb at a distance疏远某人，与某人保持距离43.distinguish v.辨另distinguish A from B /distinguish between A and B 区别/辨别… distinction n 差别; 名声44.distribute v.分布，分配distribution n.分配distribute sth to /among sb 把…分发/分配给…45.disturb vt.打扰；扰乱Don't disturb the papers on my desk.——disturbed adj.心神不宁的，心烦意乱的---disturbing adj.引起烦恼的；令人不安的 a disturbing piece of news.46.donate v.捐赠donate sth to sb 将...捐给... donation n.He donated 10,000$ to the earthquake disaster area. a donation of 200$ 二百美元的捐款cate 丫.教育educator 教育者education n. ---receive a good education 受到良好的教育48.effect n.效果,作用effective adj.有效果的affect v.影响have an effect on ---take effect 起到作用,有效果---come into effect 生效；奏效49.elect v. election n.选举He was elected president of the USA in 1986.50.electricity n.电electric adj.电的electric wire 电线electrical adj.电气的electrical engineering 电气工程electronic adj. 电子的electronic equipment51.embarrass v/吏 .... 尴尬embarrassed adj. be embarrassed about 对...感到尴尬---embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的，难为情的---embarrassment n.52.employ v.雇佣employer n.雇主，老板employee n.雇工，雇员employment n.雇用，使用，职业unemployment n.失业53.encourage v.鼓励encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事discourage vt.使 ............ 泄气discourage sbfrom doing 劝阻某人不做某事encouragement n.鼓励courage n.勇气54.energy n.精力，能量energetic adj.精力旺盛的be full of energy=be energetic55.enjoy vt.欣赏,喜欢；享受.... 之乐趣enjoy equality (freedom, peace) enjoy doing enjoyable adj.愉快的；有趣的enjoyment n.享受;令人愉快的事物Children like to share interests and enjoyments with their parents.56.entertain v.招待,款待；使有兴趣；使快乐entertainment n.娱乐活动entertaining adj.有趣的，使人愉快的57.environment 口.环境environmental adj. environmental protection/conservation / preservation 环境保护environmentalist 口.环境学家58.equal adj.平等的vt.等于be equal to 等同；胜任equally adv. treat sb equally equality n. the principle ofequality before the law 法律面前人人平等的原则59.equip vt.提供设备；装备equipment (UC) n. a piece of equipmentbe equipped with Our office is equipped with modern equipment.60.. escape n/vi 逃跑；被忘掉escape from being punished (punishment)a narrow escape 九死一•生an escaped prison 一•名逃跑的犯人61.Europe n.欧洲European adj.欧洲的n.欧洲人 a European 一•名欧洲人62.evident adj.明显的evidence n.证据,迹象The police haven,t found out the convincing evidence.63.exam(examination) n.考试，测验----- examine v.检查，调查，考试With the approach of the college entrance examination, I study harder and harder.64.excellent adj.卓越的，极好的------ excellence n.优秀，卓越，优点，美德65.exhibit vt. 展览；口.展品Visitors are requested not to touch exhibits in the museum. exhibition n.展览，展览会There will be an exhibition on next week in the science museum.66.exist 丫1存在existence n.生存,存在come into existence 开始存在existing adj 现存的，现行的existing laws 现行法律Does life exist on other planets?67.expect vt.预料,盼望；认为expect sb to do I,m expecting your early reply.Don,t expect too much from your child.不要对你的孩子期望太高。
2020年上海高考英语概要写作同义替换和句式
2020上海高考英语：概要写作同义替换及句式一、常用的词汇替换1.词义替换(1)名词①担忧:worry→concern②建议:suggestion→proposal③影响:influence→impact④目标:target→goal⑤难题:problem→issue⑥机会:chance→opportunity⑦垃圾:litter→rubbish, trash⑧发展:development→advance, progress⑨住所:house→shelter ⑩困难:difficulty→obstacle, barrier, challenge人:people→individual, person, human优势:advantage→merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength老人:old people→the aged, the elderly缺陷:disadvantage→drawback, downside, weakness干旱:with no rain at all→dr ought 方法:method→way, approach地区:district→zone, place, region, area 姿势:pose→gesture冒险:adventure→expedition 财富,财产:wealth→fortune, property 高速公路:expressway→freeway 居民:resident→citizen塞车:jam→congestion 原因:reason→factor(2)动词①减轻:ease→relieve②提倡:propose→advocate③讨厌:hate→dislike, be fed up with, bebored with④鼓励,激发:encourage→motivate, fuel⑤对……感兴趣:be interested in→becaught up in, be crazy about, be keen on,be fond of⑥阻止:prevent→stop⑦充分利用:make full use of→make themost/best of,take advantage of⑧相似:look like→resemble⑨完成:accomplish→achieve, finish⑩抵挡:stand up to→withstand, resist,oppose处理:deal with→handle采取措施:take action→take measures, take steps加速:speed up→accelerate出发去某地:set off for→head for, leave for经历:undergo→experien ce降低至:fall to→decline to, decrease to, drop to要求:request→demand, require消除:clear→eliminate, remove确保:ensure→assure, guarantee, makesure宣称:declare→claim给予:give→offer, provide, supply保持:keep→preserve, reserve, maintain 导致:lead to→cause, g ive rise to, resultin暴露:reveal→expose使:make→enable提高:improve→enhance改变:change→transform, alter与……联系:associate with→connect with建立:build→establish, set up得到:get→acquire, obtain拥有:have→possess, own感谢:thank→appreciate表达:express→conve y 解决:solve→cope with, deal with, resolve 帮助:help→assist, aid步行:walk→cover确信:make sure→ensure认为:think→claim, consider, believe, insist, hold损害:damage→hurt, injure, harm,impair, endanger保护:protect→conserve, preserve致力于:be devoted to→be com mittedto展示:show→reveal, illustrate, present 允许某人做某事:give sb. permission todo sth.→allow sb. to do sth.预订:book→reserve推迟:put off→delay转换:switch→convert, transform禁止:forbid→ban, prohibit 区分:tell sth./sb. apart→distinguish 由……构成:be made up of→becomposed of, consist of维持:sustain→support, maintain承担责任:shoulder/undertake one'sduty→be responsible for, takeresponsibility增加:be on the rise→increase, multiply 尽力做某事:do sth. to the best of one'sability→try one's best to do sth., spare no effort to do sth., make every effort to do sth.专心致志于:put one's heart into→be absorbed in, be bent on, be buried in(3)形容词①乏味的:boring→dull, tiresome②害怕的:afraid→frightened, scared③出名的:famous→notable, renowned ④显然的:obvious→apparent, evident, clear⑤严重的:severe→serious ⑥有益的:useful→helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding⑦新的:new→fresh, brand new, novel⑧粗鲁的:rude→impolite ⑨怀疑的:doubtful→skeptical,suspicious, incredulous⑩快速的:fast→speedy最便宜的:the least expensive→the cheapest许多:many→a sea of, an oce an of, abundant, numerous, considerable巨大的:big→enormous, vast, massive, tremendous聪明的:clever→smart, gifted, sharp-minded好的:good→fantastic, magnificent,outstanding, remarkable穷的:in poverty→poor, needy悲伤的:sad→depressed, frustrated重要的:importan t→significant, essential, critical, vital, crucial基本的:fundamental→basic, essential 神圣的:sacred→holy充足的;富裕;富有:rich in→plentiful, 少量的:a small number of→a handful ofample, generous, abundant主要的:primary→main合理的:reasonable→sensible, rational, sound勇敢的:brave→fearless, bold,courageous开心的:happy→cheerful, delightful 艰难的:difficult→tough, challenging 有害的:harmful→damaging, ruinous 传统的:traditional→conventional 生气的:angry→annoyed, irritated最初的:initial→original 疲劳的:worn→tired, exhausted(4)副词①非常:very→extremely, intensely,extraordinarily②最后:finally→eventually, ultimately③起先:firstly→originally, initially ④大约:approximately→almost, about, around, nearly, roughly⑤肯定地:certainly→definitely, undoubtedly, obviously, apparently ⑥经常,总是:frequently→c onstantly, always⑦立刻:right now→immediately, shortly, right away ⑧事实上:as a matter of fact→practically, in practice, in reality, in effect, in fact⑨平稳地:steadily→smoothly ⑩决不,从不:never→on no account, at no time, under no circumstances偶尔,有时:now and then→at times,occasionally很少:rarely→seldom每天:day in and day out→every day 缓慢地,轻微地:slightly→slowly, mildly 仅仅:only→merely 完全地:totally→absolutely, completely 目前:at present→nowadays, recently 急剧地:dramatically→sharply, steeply(5)其他替换①我认为:in my opini on→personally,from my perspective②关于:with regard to→as for③虽然:despite/regardless the factthat→although④同时:at the same time→meanwhile⑤同时:at the same time→in the meantime ⑥因为:on account of the fact that→because⑦对比:on the other hand→by contrast, on the contrary ⑧此外:in addition→besides, furthermore, moreover2.词性转换①追求:pursue v.→pursuit n.②受伤:injure v.→injured adj.受伤的→injury n.受伤③重要的:important adj.→be ofimportance n.④受欢迎:popular adj.→popularity n.⑤强调:put an emphasis onn.→emphasize v.⑥更喜欢:pre fer v.→preference n.⑦讨论:have a discussion of n.→discussv.⑧缺乏:a lack of n.→lack v.⑨比较:comparison n.→compare v.⑩倾向于:have a tendency to do n.→tend to do v.需要:have a need for n.→need v.调查:conduct an investigation n.→investigate v.决定:make a decis ion n.→decide v.解释:give an explanation of n.→explain v.创造性:creativity n.→creative adj.各种不同的:a variety of n.→various adj.评估:assess v.→assessment n.指派,布置作业:assign v.→assignment n.方便:convenience n.→convenient adj.辨别:distinguish v.→distinguish ed adj.突出的评估:evaluate v.→evaluation n.使烦恼:annoy v.→annoying adj.令人烦恼的→annoyance n.烦恼二、常用的写作句式(一) 提出建议的句型I suggest that… Why not do…? Why don’t you do…?You would better do/ not do… If I were you，I would……It seems to me that you could…… You may consider doing…I feel that it would be beneficial if… You may consider doing…I think it would be more beneficial if you could……As you may agree that I would like to suggest that…(二) 结尾常用格式I hope that my suggestions are helpful for your decision-making anyway.I would be more than happy to see improvement in this regard.I believe that you will take my suggestions into serious account.I would be ready to discuss about this matter with you to further details.Whatever you decide to do，good luck with your studies/work！(三) 连接词1.Firstly：previously, initially, foremost(adv,第一adj.最重要的)2.Generally: principally, mainly, basically, fundamentally,3.Then：subsequently（随后陆续的）, afterward（时间上的）, thereafter（逻辑上的）, secondarily, furthermorestly：ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, as a final point, last but not least,5.Too: in addition, besides, moreover, additionally6.And: plus, as well as, along with, in addition7.Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else8.So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly,9.Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that10.But: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, even if, while, despite the fact that11.Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely12.Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly,13. Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, literally, truly14. Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, underlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary…EXAMPLE:（1）A is important to B.（2）A plays an/a important role to B（3）A is of (great\enormous\significant\awesome) to B.（4）A means (a lot\a great deal\much) to B.（5）The importance of A (to B) can never be （denied\ignored\doubted).（6）Nothing is more crucial to B than A.（7）A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper.15.difficult: demanding(劳神费力的),laborious（艰苦的）,formidable（艰巨的）16.many: numerous, myriad, infinite,quantities of a (large) number of / (large) numbers of + 可数名词复数plenty of +可数名词复数/不可数名词 a good/great many + 可数名词复a large/huge amount of / large amounts of + 不可数many a + 可数名词单数Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny,17.little：petite（女子身高娇小）18.bad: adverse(不利的), negative19.good: excellent, outstanding, extraordinary, remarkable20.Big: massive, enormous, tremendous, giant, vast, large, huge, bulky,21.boring; dull, tiresome, tedious(乏味的)ep: He that can read and meditate will not find his evenings long or life tedious.22.worried: anxious, apprehensive, fraught23.sad: depressed(无望的，失落的) ；gloomy(情绪低落的)ep: She felt very depressed about the future.ep: They found him in gloomy, downbeat mood.24.frustrated(沮丧的)ep: Both sides appeared very frustrated at the lack of progress.25.famous: renownedep: The region is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty.26.notable：noticeableep: The book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of modern science.)27.abundant: ample, plentiful, generous28.different: various, a variety of, diversemon: universal, pervasive(普遍的,普通的)30.doubted: skeptical, suspicious(怀疑的)ep: Most organizations are, quite understandably, suspicious of new ideas.31.interesting: amusing, entertaining, engaging32.brave: courageous, bold, fearless33.reasonable: sound, rational, sensible34.poor=needy35.rich=wealthy36.Without：excluding。
英语高考备考英语作文写法总结换位法.doc
2012英语高考备考：英语作文写法总结“换
位法
由于英语和汉语在表达习惯上存在差异，根据表达的需要，某些成分需要前置或后移。
1.
没有尝过苦味的人不never
tasted
what
is
bitter
does
not
know
what
is
sweet.
定语从句放在先行词he之后。
2.
我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午10点钟之前交卷。
I
made
it
clear
to
them
that
they
must
in
their
papers
before
ten
o’clock
in
the
morning.
It放在动词后面作形式宾语，而真正的宾语从句义到了句子后面。
3.
在老师叫我之前，一直没有人站起来回答问题。
No
stood
up
to
answer
the
question
until
the
teacher
called
me.
在英语中表示时间、条件、原因等的状语，如果不为了强调，一般放在句子后面。
高考作文题目高考作文押题高考作文预测高考作文素材高考英语作文
高考记叙文高考议论文高考满分作文高考零分作文高考作文专题。
【免费】高考英语作文提分技巧：换词法详解
高考英语作文提分技巧：换词法详解首先我们来看一看如何在形式上运用“换词大法”，我们将目前常用的过渡词根据具体用法的不同，分成九类。
此时的“换词”意味着扔掉你那干瘪生硬的英语，在句子之间加上一些“过渡词”，让句子在形式上更完整。
1.解释过渡词如果刚刚写完一句话，然后想解释一下，那么你要用到的是“解释过渡词”：now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact ，这类过渡词能够有效增加语句的说服力，同时增加文章字数。
事实上，英语本身就是一种“解释型语言”（汉语是一种“定义型语言”），解释过渡词用得好不好，直接体现了你的英语硬实力！（1）The problem, in this case, is hard to solve.（2）Furthermore, several people telephoned the same night.2.时间过渡词在记叙文里面，时间顺序是最重要的顺序；在图表文中，也常用表示时间的过渡词来加强数据之间的联系以说明变化规律！如下，是关于家庭消费结构变化的作文。
The average family income in our Kangming City increased from 8,000 yuan per year in 1998 to 20,000 yuan in 2008.In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly.下面这句是大家常用的“现象解释型”议论文的开头模式：Recently, we have made a survey of the people on physical training. Only 35 percent of the people surveyed have taken part in physical activities.3.强调过渡词如果你说完一个道理，感觉表达的不完整，想要强调一下，那么你应该使用“强调过渡词”，如：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important（1）Indeed, a dessert is always enjoyable.（2）Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest.4.转折过渡词【but, however, although, though, yet, except for 】（1）Yet there was still a chance that he would win.（2）Except for one girl, all the hikers returned.5.举例过渡词【for example, for instance, thus, such, next 】（1）For instance, a telegram often costs more than a telephone call.（2）Thus the trip finally began.6.递进或补充过渡词【in addition，furthermore，also，moreover，yet 】（1）In addition, the tour stops in Vancouver.（2）Furthermore, the time for registration has been extended.7.顺序的过渡词【first, second, third, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter （在那以后）, last, finally, eventually （终于）】（1）First, you mail in an application. Second, you ask for an appointment. Third, you send them three personal references.（2）Then you come to a traffic light and turn right.8.比较过渡词【like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too 】（1）In the same way, we look for a good doctor.（2）Similarly, the Thais enjoy spicy foods.9.对比过渡词【unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead 】（1）In contrast, the red fluid does not lose its color. （2）The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl.此外，从内容上进行“换词”也必不可少，毕竟很多同学都面临着词汇量匮乏的情况，那些用到“恶心”的词语如何才能华丽大转身呢？我们可以先看看此种“换词大法”的三点注意事项，打起精神来牢记吧！【注1】拒绝冗长，力求实用！听我一席话，省下十本书！【注2】箭头左边是原词，右边是推荐的换词，有多个换词的一般按照难易程度排列，可以按照你目前的英文水平选择一两个使用，谁也别骂我给的词太难——剩下的后半辈子慢慢学...【注3】如果一篇文章里面同一个词要用两次以上，优先使用换词，换词不够了可以用原词，原词尽量往后用但是不要用在结尾句。
2021高考英语重点单词词性转换和语境活用20（解析版）
2021高考英语重点单词词性转换和语境活用20（解析版）2021高考英语重点单词词性转换和语境活用20解析版基础盘点·自测自评39对接高考·重点单词词性转换高效演练39Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.He is eager for knowledge about the construction (construct) of the party because he is eager to join the party.2.In contrast to our ignorance of saving food, many people especially those in poverty-stricken areas are suffering fromstarvation (starve)．3.Her mother was looking for her keys all day, but to her astonishment (astonish), when she came home, the keys were in the door.4.Concerned (concern) about Lucy, the teacher called her mother to find out why she was always absent from school.5.We were astonished to find the temple still in its original （origin）condition.6.Questioning (question) can serve as a bridge that helps us to seek the truth.7.When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding (reward)．8.I gave the boy a dictionary, rewarding him for his selfless (self) help to me.9.The program was set up with the intention (intend) of helping the homeless．10.In order to ease the traffic pressure (press), a huge amount of money was spent on the new highways in 2020.Ⅰ.单句改错1.Not until I came here did I realize this place was famous for not only its beautiful but also its weather.beautiful→beauty2.If you need my help, don’t hesitate to tell me. I’m always at your serve．serve→service3.The factory had accidental released a large amount of waste into the sea.accidental→accide ntally4.We hold the believe that we will achieve a high score in the next exam with this method often used in our class.believe→belief5.A number of recent studies indicate that happy is more easily attained after middle age.happy→happinessIII.短文语法填空Many of my friends like fall and take it as their favorite season. Last weekend, I went outdoors and soon 1._______(find) a deeper appreciation for this season.The change of leaf colors is a common reason given 2._______ the love of fall. Each tree reacts3._______(different) to the change of the season. Some shed their leaves in hopes of reproducing; however, other4._______(tree) remain green for as long as possible to gain additional energy from the sun to survive the winter. This effect5._______(call) the flight-or-fight response.Fall is a time of 6._______(reflect) and preparation for the year ahead. I have found a meaning of fall for me. I’m 7._______ 18-year-old boy in the final year of high school and my life is a work in progress. There are times I want to give up, but then I look around me and realize life keeps 8._______(move). The natural cycle of life is beautiful and doesn’t stop growing so I have to learn to keep up.The meaning of fall is different for each person. I encourage you 9._______(go) out to follow some path or sidewalk and discover 10._______ fall means to you.【解题导语】作者喜欢秋天这个季节，它是作者反思和准备未来的时刻，让作者保持前进。
2020届新高考高三英语作文讲义设计(一)读后续写“walk”15个写作高级替换词积累
2020届新高考高三英语作文讲义（一）读后续写“walk”15个写作高级替换词积累要增添"读后续写"的表达效果，让学生写出内容具体的续写，须有一定词汇量的积累，特别要注意避免使用泛泛而谈的上义词，应该多使用具体的下义词使表达更加准确到位。
今天推送的是walk的各种具体表达，经过精心选择，共有15个。
为方便学习，每个单词都附上音标，文后附有练习可以巩固，希望同学们马上学习起来，一定记得在高考中使用起来。
1. tiptoe [ˈtɪptəʊ]vi. 踮着脚走；蹑手蹑脚地走on tiptoe/tiptoes 踮着脚；蹑手蹑脚地--to walk using tiptoes only,so that other people cannot hear you1. She slipped out of bed and tiptoed to the window.她溜下床，蹑手蹑脚地走到窗户旁边。
2. My mother would turn off the lights and tiptoe out.母亲会关上灯，然后蹑手蹑脚走出去。
3. Standing on tiptoe, the boy looked over the wall.那孩子踮着脚望墙外。
4. Walking on tiptoe, I approached him behind.用脚尖走，我悄悄走到他的身后。
5. He leaned her bike against the stone wall and stood on tiptoe to peer over it.她把自行车斜靠在石墙上，踮起脚往墙内张望。
2. sneak [sni:k]vi 潜行;偷偷溜走;--to go somewhere secretly,trying to avoid being seen1. Sometimes he would sneak out of his house late at night to be with me. 有时候，他会在深夜里偷偷溜出家与我相会。
(完整版)高中英语作文高级词汇替换(鼹鼠叔超省打印纸版).doc
书面表达中的高级结构一．高级词汇1． occur替换think ofSuddenly I had an idea that someone had broken into my house.→An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house.2． devote 替换 spendHe spends all his spare time in reading.→He devotes all his spare time to reading.3． seek 替换 want / look forThey sought ( wanted ) to hide themselves behind the trees.4． average替换ordinaryI ’m an average ( ordinary ) student.5． but 替换 veryThe film we saw last night was very interesting.→The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting.The film we saw last night was anything but boring.6． seat替换sitOn his way to school, he found an old lady seated (sitting) by the road,looking worried.7． suppose 替换 shouldHe is supposed to ( should ) have driven more slowly.8． appreciate替换thankThank you very much for you help.→We appreciate your help very much. / Your help is much appreciated.9． the case替换trueI don’tthink it is the case ( true ).10． on 替换 as soon asAs soon as he arrived, he began his research.→On his arrival, he began his research..11． due to替换because ofHe arrived late due to ( because of ) the storm.12． cover 替换 walk/readAfter covering (walking) 10 miles, we all felt tired.13． contribute to替换be helpful/usefulPlenty of memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study.→Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.14． round the corner替换coming soon/ nearby①The summer vacation is round the corner ( coming). Do you have any plans?②Li Ming studies in a school round the corner (nearby).15． come to light替换discoverThe family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels.→The family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light.16． have a ball替换have a good time/ enjoy oneselfAfter visiting the workshop, we went back to school. Every one of us had a ball ( had a good time ).17． come up with替换think ofJack is very clever. He often comes up with ( thinks of ) new ideas.18． set aside替换saveSome students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money forbooks. (2004天津卷)19． be of + n.替换adj.The products are of high quality(very good ) and are sold everywhere in China. 20． refer to替换talk about/of, mentionThe professor you referred to (talked about ) is very famous.21． can not but / can not help but替换have to doI could not but (had to) go home.22． more often than not替换usuallyMore often than not (Usually),the meaning of many words can be easily guessed. 23． lest替换so that /in order thatI wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it.→I wrote down his telephone number lest I (should) forget it.24． be long for sth. / be long to do sth.替换want to do sth./wish forI want to see you very much.→I am long to see you.25． be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbed in/be addicted to 替换 be interested in26． more than替换very① I ’m very glad to learn that you are coming in September.→I’m more than glad to learn that you are coming in September. ( NMET 2003 )② If there is anything I can do for you, I would be more than glad to help.(2004 全国卷 )27． perfect (ly)替换good/ very wellHe speaks perfect ( good ) English./ He speaks English perfectly ( very well ).28． do sb a/the favor替换helpWould you please do me the favor ( help me ) to turn down the radio?29． the other day替换a few days agoThe other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle. ( NMET 1997 )30． in the course of替换duringIn the course of (During) the mountain-climbing,please help each other and pay special attention to your safety.31． the majority of替换mostThe majority of (Most of ) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.32． consist of替换be made up ofOur class consists of ( is made up of ) 50 students.33． be worn out替be tired / broken①After five hours’non-stop work, we were all worn out (tired).②My shoes are worn out (broken). Please buy me a new pair.34． become of 替 happenWhat do think has become of ( happened to ) him ?35． attend to 替 look after36． on condition that 替 as long as37． nevertheless 替 however38． express one ’s satisfaction with 替 be satisfied with39． spare no efforts to do 替 try one ’s best to do40． many a 替 many41． be rushed off one ’s feet 替 be busy in doing42． a handful of 替 a little / some43． meanwhile 替 at the same time44． get to one ’s feet 替 stand up45． beneath 替 under46． occasionally 替 sometimes /once in while47． for instance 替 for example48． seldom 替 not often49． wealthy 替 rich50． amazing 替 surprising51． as a matter of fact 替 in fact二．高句型构◆ It 句型① It will be + some time + before ⋯②It is + adj./n.+ for sb to do sth.It is very important for us to learn computer well, because it has changedour life so much.He said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without theright spare parts.③ It is +被部分+ that⋯1)It is what Yang Liwei has done that encourages us a lot.2)Those who like reading extensively say it is through reading that we get ourknowledge.◆ more⋯than any other表示最高Among the optional courses, spoken English and computer study are morepopular than any one else.◆ 名从句①It would mean a great deal to me to listen to the tape and learn what is coveredin the talk.②My hometown is no longer what it used to be.◆（非限制性）定从句① The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin ChineseSchool. →The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far fromJianxin Chinese School.② It was quite an experience for us both, which I ’ll never forget for the rest of my life.◆ 分构① I don’t know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well.② We’ll mostly stay at home in the evening watching TV, playing games, and meeting people. (2004全国卷Ⅱ)③ Hearing this, a few people began to run after him.④ Born in American, Thomas Edison was a great scientist and inventor.（2008年湖南卷）◆with 构①A terrible accident happened yesterday, with nine people killed and almosteighty injured.② He was carrying a bedroll and a large bag on his shoulder, within his left hand.a large suitcase◆ 倒装句① The library is to the east of the teaching building.→East of the teaching building is the library.② Although we are tired, we are happy.→Tired as we are, we are happy.③Only in this way can he grow to be a useful man.④May all your dreams come true! May our friendship last till the end of theuniverse.!◆ 被①Opinions are divided on the question.②All classes are taught by teachers with rich experience in teaching foreignstudents.③New factories, houses and roads have been built.◆ 巧妙的改写（1）． Only 改成 no one butOnly Tom passed the exam last week.→ No one but Tom passed the exam.（2）．as soon as ⋯改成 No sooner ⋯than ⋯ /Hardly ⋯ when⋯ /Immediately ⋯ /The moment No sooner had we arrived at the cinema than the film started.（3）． have sb/sth do/doneThe girl was knocked off her bicycle and had her leg broken (her leg wasbroken.).（4）．插入的位置① However, they suggest fees should be charged low.They suggest, however, fees should be charged low.② I think this is a good chance for you to show your→singing talent, and howwell you’ve learned Chinese.→This is a good chance for you, I think, to show your singing talent, andhow well you ’ve learned Chinese.(5).用同位代替非限制性定从句Meimei, who is seven years old, has been learning to ride a bicyclefor several days. →Meimei, a girl of thirteen, has been learning to ride a bicycle for several days.(2002 上海卷 )Shakespeare, a son from a poor family, a man of little education, wrote plays andpoems that are read all over the world.◆ 其它（1）注重句子的开①用 with 复合构开With the sun setting in the west, we had to wave goodbye to the workers.With his help, we've learned how to analyze and settle problems.With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us toedit test, browse web page and download what we want.② 用非形式开ⅰ） In order to improve our English, our school held an English contest.ⅱ） Walking towards the cinema, he met a foreigner.（2）短句交使用（注意：突出主句；句子并非越越好）◆◆ 相关渡1). 表示序 : first, then, afterwards, meanwhile, later ， first of all, finally, at last ⋯2). 表示空序 : near, next to, far from, in front of, on the left, on one side ⋯3). 表示比、照 : like, unlike, such as, but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, otherwise ⋯4). 表示因果关系 : because, for, as a result, therefore, thus ⋯5). 表示关系 : besides, what ’s more, what was worse, moreover, furthermore,in addition, on top of ⋯6). 表示并列关系 : and, as well as, also ⋯7). 表示性 : in general, in a word, in short, on the whole, to sum up, in brief, to conclude⋯。
高考英语词性转换知识点精编版
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高考词性转换单词汇总必修一1。
amaze vt. 使...惊讶→adj。
______________令人惊异的;(尤指）令人惊喜（或惊慕的）→ adj. ______________感到大为惊奇→n。
_______________惊奇;惊愕2. instruct vt。
指示；教；通知，告知→n. ____________说明；须知;教导→adj. _____________ 富有教益的;增长知识的3。
embarrass v。
使..。
困窘；使.。
.局促不安→adj. _______________ 感到尴尬的→adj。
_______________ 令人困窘的→n。
_______________ 窘困4. behaviour n。
行为，举止→ vi。
&vt。
_______________ 守规矩，举止；运转5. previous adj。
以前的,在。
..以前→adv。
_______________ 以前地，先前6. description n。
描述;描写→vt。
_______________ 描述7。
impress vt。
使。
.。
有印象，影响→adj. _______________给人印象深刻的→ n. _______________印象8. correct vt。
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从小到大，只要提起写作文，老师都会要求我们要做到“逻辑严谨”“结构完整”。
对于语文作文，想做到这点其实是挺难的，因为中文是意合语言，要考虑到每两句话之间内在的逻辑。
但是在写英语作文的时候则容易得多！因为英语是一种“形合语言”，我们所需要做的就是运用“换词大法”将作文从形式上+内容上进行全面升级！首先我们来看一看如何在形式上运用“换词大法”，我们将目前常用的过渡词根据具体用法的不同，分成九类。
此时的“换词”意味着扔掉你那干瘪生硬的英语，在句子之间加上一些“过渡词”，让句子在形式上更完整。
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1解释过渡词如果刚刚写完一句话，然后想解释一下，那么你要用到的是“解释过渡词”：now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact ，这类过渡词能够有效增加语句的说服力，同时增加文章字数。
事实上，英语本身就是一种“解释型语言”（汉语是一种“定义型语言”），解释过渡词用得好不好，直接体现了你的英语硬实力！（1）The problem, in this case, is hard to solve.（2）Furthermore, several people telephoned the same night.2时间过渡词在记叙文里面，时间顺序是最重要的顺序；在图表文中，也常用表示时间的过渡词来加强数据之间的联系以说明变化规律！如下，是关于家庭消费结构变化的作文。
The average family income in our Kangming City increased from 8,000 yuan per year in 1998 to 20,000 yuan in 2008.In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly.下面这句是大家常用的“现象解释型”议论文的开头模式：Recently, we have made a survey of the people on physical training. Only 35 percent of the people surveyed have taken part in physical activities.强调过渡词如果你说完一个道理，感觉表达的不完整，想要强调一下，那么你应该使用“强调过渡词”，如：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important（1）Indeed, a dessert is always enjoyable.（2）Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest.4转折过渡词【but, however, although, though, yet, except for 】（1）Yet there was still a chance that he would win.（2）Except for one girl, all the hikers returned.5举例过渡词【for example, for instance, thus, such, next 】（1）For instance, a telegram often costs more than a telephone call.（2）Thus the trip finally began.6递进或补充过渡词【in addition，furthermore，also，moreover，yet 】（1）In addition, the tour stops in Vancouver.（2）Furthermore, the time for registration has been extended.7顺序的过渡词【first, second, third, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter （在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）】（1）First, you mail in an application. Second, you ask for an appointment. Third, you send them three personal references.（2）Then you come to a traffic light and turn right.8比较过渡词【like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too 】（1）In the same way, we look for a good doctor.（2）Similarly, the Thais enjoy spicy foods.9对比过渡词【unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead 】（1）In contrast, the red fluid does not lose its color.（2）The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl.此外，从内容上进行“换词”也必不可少，毕竟很多同学都面临着词汇量匮乏的情况，那些用到“恶心”的词语如何才能华丽大转身呢？我们可以先看看此种“换词大法”的三点注意事项，打起精神来牢记吧！【注1】拒绝冗长，力求实用！听我一席话，省下十本书！【注2】箭头左边是原词，右边是推荐的换词，有多个换词的一般按照难易程度排列，可以按照你目前的英文水平选择一两个使用。
【注3】如果一篇文章里面同一个词要用两次以上，优先使用换词，换词不够了可以用原词，原词尽量往后用但是不要用在结尾句。
10换词大法1. like →be fond of/be crazy about/delight in/rejoice in/take pleasure in/appreciate/2. all + 名词复数（如students）→every single student 【注意名词单复数变化】3. think about/consider →take into account4. want to do sth →intend to do sth/tend to do sth/be inclined to do sth./ be longing for doing sth./be thirst for doing sth5. more and more+n. →n.+in /growing/increasing/significant/numbers6. more and more +adj (如important) →increasingly important7. most+n.(如student) →an overwhelmingly majority ofa significant proportion ofa sizable percentage of8. not →by no means的不完全倒装句型。
【例】By no means shall we give up trying.我们决绝能停止努力。
【注】by no means 可以用在“正装”句型中，如：This is by no means a good way to solve theproblem. 这绝不是解决问题的最好方法。
9. should do →be supposed to do10. good --> excellent11. want sth→desire sth. 高级词汇使情感强度更加具体12. but→nevertheless/nonetheless 高级词汇使情感强度更加具体（“尽管如此，但是...”）How things have changed!(大转折，用于句首，替换But.)13. always →consistently /constantly/continually/eternally/perpetually14. enough →abundant/adequate/sufficient15. important →essential/vital/crucial/fundamental/indispensable16. now →nowadays/these days/ recently17. really →undoubtedly/absolutely18. very →extremely/surprisingly //unusually/excessively/noticeably/exceedingly19. many →a number of/ plenty of/ a multitude of/ many+n.+,if not most,+...(经典插入语)20. good friend→true friend/close friend/constant friend/a friend indeed21. big →distinct 清楚的、明显的（可以加到difference/change等词的前面）。