独立主格结构精讲精练(定稿)
(完整word)高中英语语法-独立主格讲解与练习.doc
独立主格结构一、概念“独立主格构” 就是由一个相当于主的名或代加上非、形容（副）或介短构成的一种独立成分。
构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的不能考其、人称和数的化，它与主句之不能通并列接，也不能由从句阴道引，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
独立主格构在很多情况下可以化相的状从句或者其他状形式，但很多候不能化分形式，因它内部的主与主句主不一致。
二、独立主格的特点特点独立主格构的主主句的主不一致，她独立存在。
独立主格构一般置于句首，有置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开独立主格构中的 being 和having been 常可以省略。
大多数独立主格构可以用“with++” 构代替。
独立主格有其特殊的使用合，多用于面，尤其是描述性言中，口中不常使用。
示例Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.叶到，我一下注意到已是深秋了。
(独立主格的主是leaves,主句是 I) Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.允的，回复工作可以做得更好。
(独立主格的主是Time,主句是 the restoration work)The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly.划成功地完成了，一切展利。
A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, othersto adjust his girdle, and so on.多官跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的袍，其他的他整理要等。
All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.所有的窗开着，屋子里的空气更新了。
英语独立主格结构精讲精练
英语：独立主格结构精讲精练I. 独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。
1、名词或代词主格+ 分词①The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
②Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
2、名词或代词主格+ 形容词①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+ 不定式The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。
4、名词或代词主格+ 介词短语① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格+ 副词① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
独立主格结构总结及练习
独立主格结构一、概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是一种特殊的结构，前一部分是名词或主格代词（作为逻辑主语），后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式和分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 在句中做状语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子其它部分分开。
它有以下几个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
3. 做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语、伴随状语等时候，通常可转换成状语从句或并列句。
二、独立主格结构的三种类型：（一）非谓语动词独立主格结构逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词分词作状语,当其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。
用名词(代词)+现在分词时，名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
此时的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。
有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。
a) Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。
b) He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。
c) Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground.他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。
(表示一般情况的状态或动作)2. 名词(代词)+ 过去分词名词(代词)与动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 表示被动意义或完成意义。
07年高考语法复习独立结构精讲及练习
独立结构精讲及练习独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式和介词是主谓关系。
独立结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号与主句分开。
需要特别注意的是，独立结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词。
一、独立主格结构的构成1.名词(代词)+现在分词The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cav e.Night falling, we hurried home.2.名词(代词)+过去分词He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.This done, we went home.3.名词(代词)+形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside.4.名词(代词)+副词He put on his socks wrong side out.The meeting over, we all went home.5.名词(代词)+不定式Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.注意：不定式表示将来的动作。
6.名词(代词) +介词短语He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand (= with a rifle in his hand.)She came out of the library, a large book under her arm.二、独立结构在句中的作用1．时间状语The test finished, we began our holiday.（= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.）2．条件状语Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tom orrow.(=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach to morrow.)3．原因状语The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.(=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop wo rking.)4．伴随状语He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.(= He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)三、其它形式的独立结构1．在以上所讲的独立结构前加with, 这种结构在句中可作：1）伴随状语With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).He used to sleep with the window open.2) 原因状语He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.With Tom away, we have got more room.3）时间状语With everything well arranged, he left his office.2．It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）It being Monday, the library is closed.It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.3．倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）1) there be形式There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.2) such形式Such being the case, she had nothing to say.3) 介词短语形式In the sand being t he mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at i t, full of fear.独立结构练习I.指出下列句子中的独立结构1.In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees.2.The mid-term examination was over, the final examination to come in two months.3.The boy stood there, his eyes full of tears.4.A young policeman stood in the street, holding a little red flag, h is face red with cold.5.The teacher sat in her chair, surrounded by her students, a happy l ook in her eyes.6.With nothing to eat, he died of hunger.7.A tall man came into the bank, wearing a pair of dark glasses, his face hidden by an upturned (翻起的) collar and a cap pulled over hi s brows.8.Mary left left the office with tears in her eyes.9.Such being the case, you have no reasons for dismissing him.10.He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast, a nd his glaring eyes looking straight upward.II.用独立结构改正下列句子中的错误1.Being freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes.2.Having finished his homework, we went home.3.A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her li ttle son.4.His bike wrong, he has to walk to school.5.Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow.6.They were angry with their money to be stolen.III.单项填空1.The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complai ned that his leaving distured the speaker.A.beganB.beginningC.having begunD.being beginning2.Such ______ the case, I have no other choices.A.beingB.isC.wasD.to be3.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.A.setB.settingC.has setD.was set4.With all factors ______ ,we think this program may be better than a ll the others in achieving the goal.A.being consideredB.consideringC.consideredD.are considered5.A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked outB.having worked outC.working outD.having been worked out6.On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ear s ______, alert, listening.A.pointedB.pointingC.are pointedD.are pointing7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our wo rk ______, we didn’t accept the offer.A.not being finishedB.not having finishedC.had not been finishedD.was not finished8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).A.hasB.hadC.to haveD.having9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.A.a pipe in mouthB.with a pipe in mouthC.pipe in mouthD.pipe in his mouth10.The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasi ng supply of raw material (原料).A.has gone upB.is going upC.having gone upD.being gone up。
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案语法重点：独立主格结构。
1. 原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2. 独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3. 独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B. 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
高中英语 独立主格结构精讲(配套练习和答案)
独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
英语语法独立主格结构讲解和习题(完整版)
4、伴随状语 独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词 短语或并列谓语.如： 1>.We have lessons every day, __A______. A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above 2>.The boy fell asleep,___A______. A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above
• 不能省略being <having been>的情形在下列两 种情况下,独立主格结构中的being〔或having been不能省略.
•
<1> 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时.如：It
being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,
我们去了做礼拜.
•
<2>在There being＋名词的结构中.如：
三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合 宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与 主句之间不应有从属连词〔如when, if, as soon as, as, while等或并列连词〔如and, but, or, so等.例如：
1.__A___ the teacher told the class to go
B.Being
C.Having been
D.There was
2>___B____no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was
独立主格结构(精讲精练 翻译练习)
独立主格结构●独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中作状语的短语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
●独立主格结构具有两个特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
●独立主格结构类型：● 1.名词/代词+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）● 2.名词/代词+(being)+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）1.名词/代词+现在分词（doing）Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.=The winter comes,and it gets colder and colder.Time permitting,I will go with you.The girl looking at him,he didn’t know what to say.There being no bus,we had to walk home.2.名词/代词+过去分词He was listening carefully,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.The work done,he went back home.=After the work was done,he went back home.More time given,we can finish the work.=If more time is given to us,we can finish the work.3.名词/代词+动词不定式（由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态）His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.Many trees to be planted,our school will look even more beautiful.4.名词/代词+形容词He came into the room,his face red with cold.She went to party,her clothes beautiful.5.名词/代词+副词The meeting over,our headmaster soon left the meeting room.The lights off,we could not go on with the work.6.名词/代词+名词His first shot failure,he fired again.他第一枪没打中，又开了一枪A lot of people all over the world are fans of the smartphone,many of them Chinese.全世界很多人都是这款智能手机的粉丝，其中许多都是中国人。
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独立主格结构一、概述独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
具有以下特点：（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成1.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。
(表示条件)②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。
(表示时间) 注意：（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”，含义为“……已经……”。
例如：The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home.学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。
（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”, being不能省略。
例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep.当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。
2.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成）名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。
①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started.发出信号后，汽车开始前进。
(表示时间)②Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one.他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。
(表示原因)③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours.若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。
（表示条件）④He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) .他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。
（表示伴随状况或方式）注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。
但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。
例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop.工作完成以后，他离开了车间。
3.名词/主格代词+不定式（表示将来含义）(1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用主动形式。
①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed.有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。
（表示条件和将来含义）②He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets).他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。
（表示补充说明和过去含义）(2) 如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系, 此时不定式用被动形式(to be done)。
The meeting to be held tomorrow (= Because the meeting is to be held tomorrow)，we must catch the first bus.因为会议明天要被召开，所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。
（表示原因）4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词（表示状态或特征）形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。
在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being。
①Everything (being) ready (= When everything was ready), they started out.一切准备停当，他们开始出发。
（表示时间）②The children were making a snowman, hands (being) red with cold. (= and their hands were red with cold)孩子们在对雪人，手都冻红了。
（表示伴随状况）③The meeting (being) over (= When the meeting was over), the students were dismissed.会议结束，学生们解散了。
（表示时间）④The boy looked at the beautiful picture, eyes (being) wide open(= and his eyes were wide open).这个孩子看着这幅美丽的图画，眼睛睁得大大的。
（表示伴随状况）（wide: adv 完全地）5.名词/主格代词 + 介词短语（表示状态或特征）介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。
①The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth (= and a book was in his hand and a pipewas in his mouth). 老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。
（表示伴随状况）②The old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder (= and a large basket was on his shoulder). 老农回来，一个大筐扛在肩上。
（表示伴随状况）注意：在该结构中，介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词，也可以都不加。
不加限定词时，介词前后的名词一般用单数形式。
例如：He entered the classroom, hat on head. 他进入教室，帽子戴在头上。
6.名词或主格代词+名词在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。
此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋ being ＋名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词it等时，being不能省略。
名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
①He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon).他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
②He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool.(=and an English-Chinese dictionary was his tool.)用一本英汉字典作工具，他把整本书翻译成了英语。
③It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.（句中的being不能省略）因为是星期天，我没有上课。
三、其他形式的独立主格结构1.It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）It being Monday, the library is closed.It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.2.倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）(1) there being形式（含义为“有……”, being不能省略）①There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 没有汽车，我们只好步行回家。
②There being lots of work to do, we can’t give you a hand. 有很多工作要做，我们无法帮助你。
(2) such being形式①Such being the case, she had nothing to say. 情况就这样，她没有什么要说。
②Such being the fact, he had to admit his mistake. 事实如此, 他只好承认他的错误。
(3) 介词短语形式In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.沙地里是一个男子的脚印，Crusoe注视着脚印，充满了恐惧。
注意：being在下列情况下不能省略：①独立主格结构的主语为it或there。
②独立主格结构用倒装句式。
③用于“名词/主格代词+being done”结构中。
四、介词with / without复合结构1.这种结构的构成和含义如下：doing (表示动作的主动和进行)done（表示动作的被动和完成）to do (表示将来)With / without + 名词/宾格代词+adj / adv (表示状态或特征)介词短语（表示状态或特征）名词（表示状态或特征）◆“With / without + 名词/宾格代词+名词”使用的情形很少。
◆该结构作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等含义；有时候也可以作定语。