The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012
Nobel Prizes in Molecular Biology
Nobel Prizes in Molecular Biology诺贝尔奖是当今科学界的最高奖励，是科学研究中最具杰出成就的象征。
获得诺贝尔奖的科学家都是科学界的精英，他们做出的贡献在人类整个社会发展中起着举足轻重的作用。
将与分子生物学有关的诺贝尔奖进行归纳和总结，有助于人们了解分子生物学的发展路程和重要性，并对后人起着激励作用。
SECTION ONE: 与阐明揭示遗传物质结构有关的诺贝尔奖1) 埃米尔·赫尔曼·费歇尔（Emil Hermann Fischer）德国化学家，他的贡献主要集中在对糖类、嘌呤类化合物以及多肽的研究。
他用不对称碳原子学说确定了全部已知单糖的立体化学构型，并正确预言了其他可能的异构体。
他指出是由一个环和一个环杂合的杂环化合物，是重要的代谢物之一，并用化学方法合成了150 多种嘌呤化合物及其衍生物。
他还提出了酶和底物的锁－匙学说，并首次合成了含18 个氨基酸的多肽。
他的成果为糖类、核酸和蛋白质的结构研究奠定了基础，并因此荣获1902 年诺贝尔化学奖.Hermann Emil FischerThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 was awarded to Emil Fischer "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses".2) 阿尔贝雷特·科赛尔（Albrecht kossel）德国生理学家科赛尔因对核酸的化学研究获得1910年诺贝尔生理或医学奖。
他首先分离出胞嘧啶、胸腺嘧啶和腺嘌呤，指出胸腺嘧啶和胞嘧啶是一种由碳和氮原子组成的环状系统，腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤的化学式是一种双环结构，即所谓嘌呤环。
他还首次提出了“核酸”的概念，并证实核酸分子除含氮部分外，还有 1 个碳水化合物分子和 1 个磷酸分子。
我钦佩的人屠呦呦英语作文北京高一
我钦佩的人屠呦呦英语作文北京高一全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The person I admire - Tu YouyouHello everyone, today I want to talk about the person I admire the most, Tu Youyou. She is a super cool scientist from China who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015 for her work in discovering artemisinin, a drug that has saved millions of lives.Tu Youyou is a very smart and hardworking person. She spent many years researching traditional Chinese medicine to find a cure for malaria. She faced many challenges and setbacks along the way, but she never gave up. She persevered and finally succeeded in isolating artemisinin from a plant called Artemisia annua.I think Tu Youyou is amazing because she used her knowledge and skills to help people all around the world. Thanks to her discovery, many lives have been saved and many families have been kept together. She is a true hero in my eyes.In addition to her scientific achievements, Tu Youyou is also a very humble and kind person. She always stays true to herself and never seeks fame or fortune. She is a role model for me and I hope to be as brave and determined as she is.In conclusion, Tu Youyou is a truly inspiring person who has made a huge impact on the world through her groundbreaking research. I admire her passion, dedication, and compassion, and I hope to follow in her footsteps one day. Thank you, Tu Youyou, for being such an incredible role model for all of us. Let's all strive to make a positive difference in the world, just like she did.篇2I really admire Tu Youyou! She is a scientist from China and won the Nobel Prize for Medicine. She discovered a treatment for malaria that has saved many lives. I think she is a hero!Tu Youyou is from Beijing, China. She is very smart and hardworking. She studied traditional Chinese medicine and used it to find a cure for malaria. She tested many different plants and finally found one that worked. Her discovery has helped people all over the world.I admire Tu Youyou because she never gave up. She worked for many years to find a cure for malaria, even when otherscientists didn't believe in her. She is very brave and determined.I want to be like her when I grow up.I think Tu Youyou is a role model for all kids. She shows us that we can do anything if we work hard and believe in ourselves.I want to learn more about her and her research. I hope one day I can help people just like she did.In conclusion, Tu Youyou is my hero. I admire her for her hard work, determination, and bravery. She is a great scientist and a great person. I hope to be like her one day. Thank you, Tu Youyou, for all that you have done!篇3My Admirable Person -- Tu YouyouHello everyone, I want to share with you about someone I really admire. Her name is Tu Youyou. She is a Chinese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015 for her work in discovering artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria.Tu Youyou was born in 1930 in China. She studied pharmacy at a young age and later joined the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. In the 1960s, she was part of a team that wastasked with finding a treatment for malaria, a deadly disease that affects many people in the world.Tu Youyou and her team searched through ancient Chinese texts and discovered a plant called Artemisia annua, which had been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat fevers. She extracted a compound from the plant and found that it was effective in killing malaria parasites.After years of hard work and dedication, Tu Youyou’s discovery of artemisinin revolutionized the treatment of malaria and saved millions of lives around the world. She is truly an inspiration to me and many others.I admire Tu Youyou for her determination, intelligence, and compassion. She never gave up, even when faced with challenges and obstacles. Her work has made a huge impact on global health, and she continues to be a role model for scientists and researchers everywhere.In conclusion, Tu Youyou is a remarkable person who deserves all the recognition and praise for her incredible contributions to the field of medicine. I hope to follow in her footsteps and make a difference in the world, just like she has. Thank you for listening!篇4Title: The Awesome Dr. Tu YouyouHello everyone! Today I want to talk about someone I really admire. Her name is Dr. Tu Youyou. She is a super cool scientist from China who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. Wow!Dr. Tu Youyou discovered a medicine called artemisinin, which can cure malaria. Malaria is a very serious disease that many people in the world suffer from. Dr. Tu Youyou worked really hard to find a cure for this terrible illness, and she did it! She is like a superhero saving lives.I think Dr. Tu Youyou is awesome because she never gave up. She faced many challenges and obstacles, but she kept going. She is a great example for all of us to never stop trying, even when things are tough.I wish I could meet Dr. Tu Youyou one day and thank her for all the amazing work she has done. She is a true inspiration to me and to many other people around the world.In conclusion, Dr. Tu Youyou is my hero. I will always remember her bravery, determination, and kindness. Thank you, Dr. Tu Youyou, for being so awesome!篇5I really admire Tu Youyou so much! She’s a super cool scientist from China and she won the Nobel Prize for Medicine! She found a cure for malaria, which is a really super important disease that hurts a lot of people. Tu Youyou is like a superhero in real life!She worked really hard to find the cure for malaria. She studied a lot of traditional Chinese medicine and used it to come up with a new medicine that could help treat the disease. She went on lots of expeditions to find the right plants to make the medicine. It was like an adventure!Tu Youyou never gave up, even when things were tough. She kept trying and trying until she finally found the cure. She’s really brave and smart and she inspires me to keep going even when things are hard.I think Tu Youyou is a really awesome person and I want to be just like her when I grow up. She shows that anyone can make a difference in the world if they work hard and believe inthemselves. Thank you, Tu Youyou, for being such a great role model for all of us!篇6I really admire Tu Youyou! She is super cool and awesome!Do you know that Tu Youyou is a Chinese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015? She discovered a medicine called artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria. Malaria is a really bad disease that makes people sick, but thanks to Tu Youyou's discovery, many lives have been saved.Tu Youyou worked really hard to find this medicine. She spent many years studying and researching plants to find a cure for malaria. She didn't give up even when things were tough. She is so brave and determined!Tu Youyou is a role model for all of us. She showed us that with hard work and perseverance, we can achieve our goals. She is a hero in the field of medicine and an inspiration to us all.I hope I can be like Tu Youyou one day - smart, brave, and making a difference in the world. Thank you, Tu Youyou, for all that you have done!篇7Title: The Amazing Dr. Tu YouyouHi guys! Today I want to tell you about someone I really admire – Dr. Tu Youyou. She's a super cool scientist from China who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering a new malaria treatment. Let's learn more about her!Dr. Tu Youyou was born in 1930 in Zhejiang, China. She loved learning and studying plants from a young age. In the 1960s, she was asked to find a cure for malaria, a deadly disease spread by mosquitoes. Dr. Tu and her team worked hard to search for a treatment. After many experiments, they found a plant called Artemisia annua that could be used to cure malaria.Thanks to Dr. Tu's discovery, millions of people all over the world have been saved from this terrible disease. Her work has helped to improve the lives of many people in developing countries where malaria is common. Dr. Tu is a true hero!I think Dr. Tu Youyou is amazing because she never gave up, even when things were tough. She showed that with hard work and determination, we can achieve great things. She inspires me to keep learning and to always do my best. Thank you, Dr. Tu Youyou, for being such an incredible scientist!So, that's all for today, guys. I hope you enjoyed learning about Dr. Tu Youyou. Remember, no matter how small you are, you can still make a big difference in the world. Bye for now!篇8Title: The Person I Admire - Tu YouyouHello everyone! Today I want to share with you about a person I really admire. Her name is Tu Youyou. Have you heard of her before? She is a Chinese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015 for her work on a new malaria treatment. Cool, right?Tu Youyou was born in 1930 in China. She studied traditional Chinese medicine and later joined a research institute. When she was asked to find a cure for malaria, she worked tirelessly and discovered a new medicine called Artemisinin. This medicine has saved millions of lives around the world. Isn't that amazing?I admire Tu Youyou because she never gave up, even when things were tough. She worked hard and used her knowledge to help others. She is a true hero and an inspiration to me. I hope one day I can make a difference in the world just like she did.So, let's all remember Tu Youyou and her great achievements. Let's work hard and never give up on our dreams. Who knows, maybe one day we will be just as great as her!Thank you for listening. Have a great day!篇9"Oh my god, do you guys know Tu Youyou? She is so amazing! I really admire her a lot! She's like a superhero to me! Let me tell you all about her.Tu Youyou is a Chinese scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. She discovered artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin, which are used to treat malaria. Can you believe that? She found a cure for a deadly disease! How cool is that?She worked so hard to find the cure. She spent many years researching traditional Chinese medicine and eventually found the key ingredient in sweet wormwood that could be used to treat malaria. She even risked her own life to test the medicine on herself before using it on others. That's so brave!Tu Youyou's dedication to finding a cure for malaria has saved millions of lives around the world. She didn't give up, evenwhen things got tough. She kept going until she found a solution. That's so inspiring!I really look up to Tu Youyou because she is a true hero. She has made a huge difference in the world and her work will be remembered forever. I hope I can be as determined and courageous as she is when I grow up. Tu Youyou is my role model and I will always admire her for her incredible achievements."篇10I admire Tu YouyouI want to write about a super cool person – Tu Youyou. She isa super scientist who discovered a cure for malaria. She won the Nobel Prize for that! How amazing is that?Tu Youyou is from China and she worked really hard to find the cure for malaria. Malaria is a really bad disease and lots of people die from it. But thanks to Tu Youyou, now there is a medicine that can help cure it.She used a plant called sweet wormwood to make the medicine. It was really hard work, but she didn’t give up. Shekept trying until she found the right combination. And now, because of her, lots of people are healthy and happy.Tu Youyou is my hero because she never gave up. She worked really hard and helped so many people. I hope one day I can be like her – brave and smart and never giving up.I want to thank Tu Youyou for being such an awesome scientist. She is a true inspiration for me and for all kids who want to make a difference in the world. Thank you, Tu Youyou, for being so amazing!。
NOBEL PRIZES
Prize in Economic Sciences
颁奖典礼上最耀眼的一刻就是获 奖者走上前去，接受瑞典国王授予的 诺贝尔奖。在全世界的注视下，诺贝 尔奖得主接过三件东西：证书，奖章 以及一份奖金数额确认文件。2010年 的诺贝尔奖金约为140万美元。
The Nobel Prize Medals
There are slightly different designs for different Nobel Prize Medals.
诺贝尔奖的颁奖典礼在每年 的12月10日举行，这正是阿尔弗 雷德·诺贝尔逝世的日期。典礼中 重要的一部分是诺贝尔奖得主的 演讲。随后，在斯德哥尔摩市政 厅的蓝色大厅里将举行盛大的晚 宴，共有1300余位宾客。
What the Nobel Laureates Receive
The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the Nobel Prize from the King of Sweden. Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount. The Nobel Prize amount for 2010 is about 1.4 million dollars.
2017考研英语阅读：屠呦呦获诺贝尔医学奖
2017考研英语阅读：屠呦呦获诺贝尔医学奖刚刚过去的这个十一假期，如果说除了祖国华诞之外还有什么值得举国同庆的消息，恐怕就是屠呦呦教授获得诺贝尔医学奖了。
可以想象，此新闻一出，2017考研热点必将跟上。
今天给大家分享一篇纽约时报中文网对此事件的报道，希望能对你的2017考研英语有所帮助。
【正文】Eighty-five-year old Chinese pharmacologist Tu Youyou became China’s first medicine Nobel laureate when it was announced she was one of three scientists awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in developing effective drugs against parasitic diseases.William C. Campbell and Satoshi mura were recognized for their novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.While Tu was honored for developing Artemisinin, a drug therapy for malaria that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute disclosed on its website on Monday.Tu, a Chinese trained pharmacologist and a researcher at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences in Beijing, would like to go to Oslo, Norway in December to receive her award in person, according to Cao Hongxin, the science and technology department head of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and former director of the academy."She sounded calm and said she has received lots of congratulatory calls," Cao told China Daily on Monday after he telephoned Tu to congratulate her. "It’s an overdue honor for Tu and the world’s recognition of TCM," he said.Tu was honored for her work in isolating the active ingredient from the plant Artemisia apiacea Hance that protects against the malaria parasite and developing an extraction method for its therapeutic use."It was inspired by the ancient TCM classic Manual of Clinical Practice and Emergency Remedies by TCM master Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 317- 340)," Cao said.The book says coldly squeezed southern wood juice could treat malaria.Her great findings spearheaded the exploration for the modernization of TCM as well, he added.In 1969, Tu started to chair a government project aimed at eradicating malaria.Tu and her colleagues experimented with 380 extracts in 2,000 candidate recipes before they finally succeeded in obtaining the pure substance qinghaosu, later known as artemisinin, which became the standard regimen for malaria in the World Health Organiz ation’s catalog o f essential medicines.In 2011, Tu was awarded the Lasker Debakey Clinical Medical Research Award, commonly referred to as "America’s Nobel Prize".【参考译文】2015年度诺贝尔生理医学奖已经公布，85岁高龄的中国药理学家屠呦呦和其他两位科学家共获这一殊荣，以表彰他们在研发对抗寄生虫疾病药物方面做出的贡献。
英语练习 Nobel Prize(诺贝尔奖)
The Nobel PrizeThe Nobel Price is an international award given yearly since 1901 for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and for peace. In 1968, the Bank of Sweden instituted (set up) the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.The Prize Winners are announced in October every year. They receive their awards (a prize amount, a gold medal and a diploma) on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.诺贝尔奖包括金质奖章、证书和奖金支票。
包括物理学、化学、生理学(或医学)、文学、经济学、和平奖。
物理学奖和化学奖由瑞典皇家科学院评定，生理学或医学奖由瑞典皇家卡罗林医学院评定，文学奖由瑞典文学院评定，和平奖由挪威诺贝尔委员会选出。
1968年又增设了经济学奖，奖金由瑞典中央银行提供，委托瑞典皇家科学院评定。
The Nobel Price is an ______ ______given yearly since _____ for achievements in _____, _____,______, _____ and for _____. In 1968, the Bank of Sweden instituted the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, _____ of the Nobel Prize.Announcement time: __________Awards: ______, _______, _______December 10: the anniversary of ________.All Nobel Laureates777 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize.Alfred Nobel - The Man Behind the Nobel PrizeSince 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist. Since ____, the Nobel Prize has been honoring _____ and _____ from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in _____, _____, _____, _____, and for work in _____. The foundations for the prize were laid in _____ when Alfred Nobel wrote his ____ _____, leaving much of his _____ to the ______ of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? _____, _____, a _____ ____ and _____ written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose _____ _____ are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.The Nobel Prize AwardersWho selects the Nobel Laureates? In his last will and testament, Alfred Nobel specifically designated the institutions responsible for the prizes he wished to be established:1. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences forthe Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry 2. Karolinska Institute for the Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine3. The Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize inLiterature4. A Committee of five persons to be elected bythe Norwegian Parliament (Storting) for theNobel Peace Prize.5. In 1968, the Sveriges Riksbank establishedthe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was given the task toselect the Economics Prize Laureatesstarting in 1969.Nomination for the Nobel PrizesEach year the respective Nobel Committees send individual invitations to thousands of members of academies, university professors, scientists from numerous countries, previous Nobel Laureates, members of parliamentary assemblies and others, asking them to submit candidates for the Nobel Prizes for the coming year. These nominators are chosen in such a way that as many countries and universities as possible are represented over time.Each year the _____ Nobel Committees send individual invitations to thousands of _____ of academies, university ______, _____ from numerous countries, previous Nobel _____,_____ of parliamentary assemblies and _____, asking them to submit ______ for the Nobel Prizes for the _____ year. These ______ are chosen in such a way that as many countries and universities as possible are _represented_____ over time.Nobel Prize AnnouncementsThe announcement of the Nobel Laureates for the year is made on the same day that the Nobel Prize-Awarding Institutions choose from among the names recommended by the respective Nobel Committees. Immediately after the vote, a press conference is held by the concerned Nobel Prize Awarder.Announcements of the 2008 Nobel Prizes and The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel will be held on the following dates:Physiology or Medicine - Monday, October 6, 11:30 a.m. CET at the earliestPhysics - Tuesday, October 7, 11:45 a.m. CET at the earliestChemistry - Wednesday, October 8, 11:45 a.m. CET at the earliestPeace - Friday, October 10, 11:00 a.m. CETEconomics - Monday, October 13, 1:00 p.m. CET at the earliestAccording to tradition, the Swedish Academy will set the date for its announcement of the Nobel Prize in Literature later.The _____ of the Nobel Laureates for the year is made on the _____ day that the NobelPrize-Awarding Institutions choose from among the names _____ by the respective Nobel Committees. Immediately after the _____, a press _____ is held by the concerned Nobel Prize Awarder.The Nobel Prize Award CeremoniesThe Nobel Laureates take center stage in Stockholm on 10 _____ when they receive the Nobel Prize _____, Nobel Prize _____ and _____ confirming the Nobel Prize amount from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. In Oslo, the Nobel_____ Prize Laureates receive their Nobel _____ Prize from the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of King Harald V of Norway. An important part is the presentation of the Nobel _____ by the Nobel _____. In Stockholm, the lectures are presented days_____ the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. In Oslo, the Nobel Laureates deliver their lectures _____ the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony.Summary & Translation of Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖是一项授予在物理、化学、医学、文学和和平界杰出贡献的国际奖项，奖项获得者每年10月份公布，获得的奖项包括奖金、金牌和证书，在12月10号--诺贝尔去世纪念日—颁奖。
《青蒿素：人类征服疾病的一小步》教案
《青蒿素：人类征服疾病的一小步》教案【素养目标】1.了解屠呦呦及其科学事迹。
2.学习在演讲中语言诚挚、在论文中措辞严谨的表达技巧。
3.了解中国古代医学典籍，了解中医药的重要作用。
4.培养学生心怀天下、为人类共同发展做出贡献的情怀。
【教学重难点】感受屠呦呦心怀天下、为人类共同发展做出卓越贡献的情怀。
【教学方法】自主探究法、合作探究法【教学过程】激趣导入“青蒿一握，水二升，浸渍了千多年，直到你出现。
为了一个使命，执着于千百次实验。
萃取出古老文化的精华，深深植入当代世界，帮人类渡过一劫。
呦呦鹿鸣，食野之蒿。
今有嘉宾，德音孔昭。
”2015年感动中国人物—屠呦呦的颁奖词，如上写道。
2015年12月10日，屠呦呦因开创性地从中草药中分离出青蒿素应用于疟疾治疗而获得当年的诺贝尔医学奖。
这一项震惊整个世界的发现为全人类的健康带来了又一份曙光。
今天，就让我们一起走进青蒿素的发现历程。
一、知人论世1.了解屠呦呦屠呦呦，女，汉族，中共党员，药学家。
1930年12月30日生于浙江宁波，1951年考入北京大学，在医学院药学系生药专业学习。
1955年，毕业于北京医学院（今北京大学医学部）。
毕业后曾接受中医培训两年半，并一直在中国中医研究院（2005年更名为中国中医科学院）工作，期间前后晋升为硕士生导师、博士生导师。
现为中国中医科学院的首席科学家，中国中医研究院终身研究员兼首席研究员，青蒿素研究开发中心主任，博士生导师，药学家，诺贝尔医学奖获得者，共和国勋章获得者。
2.了解诺贝尔医学奖诺贝尔生理学或医学奖（英语：Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine；瑞典语：Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin）是根据诺贝尔（1833-1896）1895年的遗嘱而设立的五个诺贝尔奖之一，该奖旨在表彰在生理学或医学领域作出重要发现或发明的人。
1901年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖首次颁发。
诺贝尔生理学奖得主约翰·奥基夫在颁奖晚宴上英语演讲稿
诺贝尔生理学奖得主约翰·奥基夫在颁奖晚宴上英语演讲稿诺贝尔生理学奖得主约翰·奥基夫在颁奖晚宴上英语演讲稿Your Majesties,Your Royal Highnesses,Your Excellencies,Ladies and GentlemenOn behalf of my colleagues May-Britt and Edvard Moser, and myself, I would like to express ourgratitude to the Nobel Foundation for hosting this magnificent banquet. I would also like toexpress our gratitude to the Nobel Committee and Assembly for deeming our research worthyof this distinguished accolade. I th ink it’s fair to say that the Nobel Prize is the highest honorany scientist or artist can achieve. We are pleased and delighted.We see the awards as a recognition not only of ourselves and our accomplishments but also ofour collaborators in the study of the spatial functions of the hippocampus, and our colleagues inthe wider field of cognitive and behavioural neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience is entering anexciting era in which new technologies and ideas are making it possible to study the neuralbasis of cognition, perception, memory and emotion at the level of networks of interactingneurons, the level at which we believe many of the important operations of the brain take place.We know a considerable amount about how individual neurons work and how two cells cancommunicate with each other but the way in which entire networks of hundreds andthousands of neurons cooperate, interact with each other, and are orchestrated to create ourideas and concepts is an underexplored area of neuroscience. It is probably at this level thatnetwork failure occurs and leads to some of our most disturbing and intractable diseases ofthe mind and brain.This new area of neuroscience has been made possible by the development of new optical,computer-based electronic, and molecular biological tools which will allow us tomonitor theactivity of many thousands of cells simultaneously and to manipulate their activity. We willmove from looking at correlations between brain activity and behaviour to studying how thebrain causes mental states and behaviour. It is fitting therefore that our fellow laureates thisyear in physics and chemistry are world’s leaders in providing us with some of these tools. Weare eager to begin to use some of the laser-based optical techniques being developed by ourchemistry co- laureates.We are also pleased to be receiving the prize with laureates from so many different countries.Science is the quintessential international endeavour and the sterling reputation of the Nobelawards is partly due to the widely-perceived lack of national and other biases in the selection ofthe laureates. We believe that the future great contributions to our understanding of thebiological and physical world can come from citizens of any country in any part of the world. It isto the credit of the Nobel committees that they have steadfastly endeavoured to follow AlfredNobel’s wishes that the prizes recognise contributions to the welfare of humanity regardless ofcountry of origin, gender, race or religious affiliation.I want to end by recognising and thanking our many collaborators and colleagues toonumerous to mention in this short speech, our universities, UCL and NTNU, and our generousfunders.Thank you for your attention. Tack.。
《青蒿素：人类征服疾病的一小步》教案
《青蒿素：人类征服疾病的一小步》教案【素养目标】1.了解屠呦呦及其科学事迹。
2.学习在演讲中语言诚挚、在论文中措辞严谨的表达技巧。
3.了解中国古代医学典籍，了解中医药的重要作用。
4.培养学生心怀天下、为人类共同发展做出贡献的情怀。
【教学重难点】感受屠呦呦心怀天下、为人类共同发展做出卓越贡献的情怀。
【教学方法】自主探究法、合作探究法【教学过程】激趣导入“青蒿一握，水二升，浸渍了千多年，直到你出现。
为了一个使命，执着于千百次实验。
萃取出古老文化的精华，深深植入当代世界，帮人类渡过一劫。
呦呦鹿鸣，食野之蒿。
今有嘉宾，德音孔昭。
”2015年感动中国人物—屠呦呦的颁奖词，如上写道。
2015年12月10日，屠呦呦因开创性地从中草药中分离出青蒿素应用于疟疾治疗而获得当年的诺贝尔医学奖。
这一项震惊整个世界的发现为全人类的健康带来了又一份曙光。
今天，就让我们一起走进青蒿素的发现历程。
一、知人论世1.了解屠呦呦屠呦呦，女，汉族，中共党员，药学家。
1930年12月30日生于浙江宁波，1951年考入北京大学，在医学院药学系生药专业学习。
1955年，毕业于北京医学院（今北京大学医学部）。
毕业后曾接受中医培训两年半，并一直在中国中医研究院（2005年更名为中国中医科学院）工作，期间前后晋升为硕士生导师、博士生导师。
现为中国中医科学院的首席科学家，中国中医研究院终身研究员兼首席研究员，青蒿素研究开发中心主任，博士生导师，药学家，诺贝尔医学奖获得者，共和国勋章获得者。
2.了解诺贝尔医学奖诺贝尔生理学或医学奖（英语：Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine；瑞典语：Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin）是根据诺贝尔（1833-1896）1895年的遗嘱而设立的五个诺贝尔奖之一，该奖旨在表彰在生理学或医学领域作出重要发现或发明的人。
1901年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖首次颁发。
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Sir John B. Gurdon was born in 1933 in Dippenhall, UK. He received his Doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1960 and was a postdoctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology. He joined Cambridge University, UK, in 1972 and has served as Professor of Cell Biology and Master of Magdalene College. Gurdon is currently at the Gurdon Institute in Cambridge.
"My own personal belief is that we will, in the end, understand everything about how cells actually work ..."
Gurdon, J.B. (1962). The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 10:622-640.
Life – a journey towards increasing specialisation All of us developed from fertilized egg cells. During the first days after conception, the embryo consists of immature cells, each of which is capable of developing into all the cell types that form the adult organism. Such cells are called pluripotent stem cells. With further development of the embryo, these cells give rise to nerve cells, muscle cells, liver cells and all other cell types - each of them specialised to carry out a specific task in the adult body. This journey from immature to specialised cell was previously considered to be unidirectional. It was thought that the cell changes in such a way during maturation that it would no longer be possible for it to return to an immature, pluripotent stage.
Frogs jump backwards in development John B. Gurdon challenged the dogma that the specialits fate. He hypothesised that its genome might still contain all the information needed to drive its development into all the different cell types of an organism. In 1962, he tested this hypothesis by replacing the cell nucleus of a frog's egg cell with a nucleus from a mature, specialised cell derived from the intestine of a tadpole. The egg developed into a fully functional, cloned tadpole and subsequent repeats of the experiment yielded adult frogs. The nucleus of the mature cell had not lost its capacity to drive development to a fully functional organism.
Gurdon's landmark discovery was initially met with scepticism but became accepted when it had been confirmed by other scientists. It initiated intense research and the technique was further developed, leading eventually to the cloning of mammals. Gurdon's research taught us that the nucleus of a mature, specialized cell can be returned to an immature, pluripotent state. But his experiment involved the removal of cell nuclei with pipettes followed by their introduction into other cells. Would it ever be possible to turn an intact cell back into a pluripotent stem cell?
Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663-676.
jointly to
Sir John B. Gurdon
Shinya Yamanaka
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
The Nobel Prize recognizes two scientists who discovered that mature, specialised cells can be reprogrammed to become immature cells capable of developing into all tissues of the body. Their findings have revolutionised our understanding of how cells and organisms develop. John B. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialisation of cells is reversible. In a classic experiment, he replaced the immature cell nucleus in an egg cell of a frog with the nucleus from a mature intestinal cell. This modified egg cell developed into a normal tadpole. The DNA of the mature cell still had all the information needed to develop all cells in the frog. Shinya Yamanaka discovered more than 40 years later, in 2006, how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells. Surprisingly, by introducing only a few genes, he could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells, i.e. immature cells that are able to develop into all types of cells in the body. These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialisation. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialised state. Textbooks have been rewritten and new research fields have been established. By reprogramming human cells, scientists have created new opportunities to study diseases and develop methods for diagnosis and therapy.