研究生英语听说教程(引进版)听力原文2
研究生英语听说教程（引进版）听力原文
T ake on Listening:Listening and Speaking Strategies
Lesson 2
Denise: Excuse me, miss, how much does it cost to ride BART?
Stranger: Well, that depends on your destination. From here to Glen Park it’s only a dollar ten, but if you go as far as Fremont, it costs a lot more.
Tom: We’re going to Berkeley. Do you know what the fare is?
Stranger: There are two stations in Berkeley. Which one are you interested in?
Denise: Oh, gee, I’m not sure. We’re from out of town. We’re visiting my sister. She told me her house is just a stone’s throw from the UC Berkeley campus. Which station is that?
Stranger: The downtown Berkeley station is really close to the university. I’m sure that’s the one you want.
Denise: Tom, are you going to remember this, or should I be jotting this down?
Tom: What is there to write down, Denise? The woman is giving us very simple directions. So, how much is the fare to downtown Berkeley?
Stranger: Let’s go take a look at the map over there. Y ou see, the map shows you how much it costs to go from one station to another. Ah, there it is: two dollars and sixty-five cents.
Tom: Two sixty-five? That’s highway robbery for such a short distance!
Denise: Y ou think that’s expensive? Tom from our house to Amherst it costs twice as much as that. Tom: Y eah, but that’s an hour ride. Y ou really get your money’s worth.
Stranger: Y eah…Uh…Well, did your sister explain which train to take?
Tom: Berkeley. WE take the Berkeley train to Berkeley, right?
Stranger: Well, no actually. That’s just one stop on the Richmond line. Here, let me show you on this map. Here we are a t Powell Street in San Francisco, and it’s basically a straight shot on the Richnond line to the downtown Berkeley station.
Denise: Yes, my sister said we wouldn’t have to change t rains.
Stranger: Uh-oh, what time is it?
Denise: It’s 8:15.
Stranger: Y ou can’t go directly to Berkeley from San Francisco after 8:04.
Tom: Uh-oh. Is there another train we can catch?
Stranger: Don’t worry. Y ou can take the Pittsburg line. Look here, take the Pittsburg line to the 12th Street Station in Oakland, and then transfer to the Richmond train. The Richmond train will stop in Berkeley. Get off at the downtown station. From there you can walk to your sister’s house. Denise: We want to be there by 9 o’clock. If we have to transfer, we might be late. Do you think we’ll make it in time?
Stranger: It doesn’t take that long. Let’s see; there’s a train from here at 8:18. It arrives at the 12th Street Oakland station at 8:34. Y ou can get a Richmond train rig ht away at 8:34, and you’ll arrive in Berkeley at 8:46.
Tom: Let’s see if I’ve go t this right: We take the 8:18 Pittsburg train and arrive in Oakland at 8:34. Then we take the 8:34 Richmond train to Berkeley. That should be a snap.
Stranger: Y eah, you’ll have no trouble.
Tom: Thank you very much for your help, Miss. Y ou’re a very kind young lady.
Denise: And so pretty and smart, too! Tell me dear, I notice you’re not wearing a ring. Stranger: Well, no, uh…
Denise; Y ou know, my sister’s son is very handsome. I think you two would like each other…Stranger: Uh, well; oh! I think I hear your train coming! Y ou’d better hurry so you don’t miss it!
Part Three
Exercise 3A
The BART system is a modern metro that links thirty-nine stations throughout Northern California’s San Francisco Bay Area. The trains are operated by computers and the BART station platforms have electronic signs that light up with information about trains that will be arriving. Exercise 3C
1. How long does it take to get from JFK Boulevard to Town Plaza? That’s JFK Boulevard to Town Plaza.
2. What is the fare from Oxford A venue to College A venue? That’s Oxford A venue to College A venue.
3. How much does it cost an dhow long does it take to go from Fifth Street/Florida to Grove Street? Again, that’s both the fare and time from Fifth Street/Florida to Grove Street.
4. How much is a round-trip ticket from 75th Street to Kentucky Street? That’s a round-trip ticket from 75th Street to Kentucky.
5. How much time does it take to travel from Kansas Street to 20th Street? Again, how much time does it take to travel from Kansas Street to 20th Street?
6. Y ou are at the Alabama Street station. It’s twelve noon and you just got on the train. W hat time will you arrive at the Madrid A venue station? Again, it’s twelve noon and you’re going from Alabama Street to Madrid A venue. What time will you arrive at the Madrid A venue station?
7. What time does the 4:07 PM train from Y onkers arrive at Grand Central Terminal? Again, what time does the 4:07 PM train from Y onkers arrive at Grand Central Terminal?
8. What time does the 6:20 AM train from Grand Central Terminal arrive in Y onkers? That’s the 6:20 AM train from Grand Central Termi nal arrive in Y onkers.
9. 9. How many trains are there from Grand Central Terminal to Y onkers from 4:20PM until 7:53 Pm? Again, how many trains are there from Grand Central Terminal to Y onkers from 4:20PM until 7:53 PM?
10. How long is the trip from Y onkers to Grand Central Terminal? Again, that’s the time from Y onkers to Grand Central Terminal.
11. Which trains from Y onkers to Grand Central Terminal do not stop at 125th Street? Again, which trains do no stop at 125th Street going from Y onkers to Grand Central Terminal?
12. Look at your watch. What time is it right now? What time will the next train from Grand Central Terminal arrive at 125th Street? Again, using the time now, when will the next train from Grand Central Terminal arrive at 125th Street?
Part Four
Exercise 1
1. Was her flight from New Y ork on time?
2. Did you get the rental car information?
3. Which bus do I take to go downtown?
4. Is Alice meeting us at the train station?
5. Why was the man yelling at the stranger?
6. Are you going to call the travel agent today?
7. How long do we have to wait for the next bus?
8. Where are you going after the meeting?
9. What did you do with your extra ticket?
10. Were you going to go to the airport alone?
Exercise 2
1. What time did the plane arrive?
2. How often do you take the bus?
3. Did someone meet them at the airport?
4. Why didn’t she tell us she would be late?
5. Who will pay for the extra ticket?
6. Were you at the bus station yesterday?
7. How far is it from here to New Jersey?
8. Which bus do you think we should take?
9. Whose purse was left on the bus?
10. Are you meeting your brother at the bus station?
Part Five
Exercise 1
1. How much is the fare to Kansas ST.?
2. When is the next Y onkers train?
3. Does this bus go to City Hall?
4. How long does it take to get to Park Lane?
5. Which line do I need to take to get to the Macarthur Station?
6. Can you tell me how far the trip from Boston to San Diego is?
7. What’s the fastest way to get to Grand Central Terminal from here?
8. Do you know where the train for Atlanta stops?
Exercise 2:
1. The 12:20 train to Seattle will leave in two minutes.
2. The next train to Y onkers will leave from Grand Central Terminal in ten minutes.
3. A round-trip ticket from JFK Boulevard to Kansas St. is $2.90.
4. We’re sorry, but the 12:10 train Riverdale will be six minutes late.
5. The bus from Los Angles to Burbank leaves every fifteen minutes at that time of the day.
6. The next Fremont train will leave from platfor number 4 in half an hour.
Exercise 3
1. Question: Where does this person want to go?
A: Pardon me, how much does it cost to go to the Jefferson Auditorium?
B: That’s $1.80 one way, but you can’t go directly there after 6:00 PM. Y ou’ll have to tak e a Lenox train at that hour and then transfer to a Hastings train at the Portsmouth station. 2．Question: What time will the next bus for Chicago leave?
A: Excuse me, when does the next bus to downtown Chicago leave?
B: Let’s see. One just left at 8:00. Th e schedule says that that bus leaves every fifteen minutes, so…
A: Uh-oh;it’s already 8:10. I’d better hurry.
B: Ooh, I hope you make it.
2. Question: What is the total round-trip fare for the children?
A: May I help you?
B: Y eah, we’d like to ge t tickets from Portland to Long beach.
A: When are you planning on going?
B: We were thinking of going the week of June 15th.
A: Gook. That’s far enough in advance to take advantage of our supersaver fares. If you purchase your tickets thirty days in advance, it will only cost $240 round trip.
B: $240. That sounds good.
A: How many people are in your party?
B: There’s my wife and me, plus our two kids.
A: Ooh, we have a special discount available for our young travelers. Let’s see, kids under twelve fly for half price and those under three can go for free.
B: Well, Evelynne is six and Renee is one.
A: V ery good. Let me check the computer to see which flights are open the week of the 15th.
Exercise 4
1. It’s really easy to get to school from my house by bus.
2. Greenwich is very close to London.
3. I take a 20-minute bus ride from home to work every day.
4. I leave my house each day at 8 am.
5. WE’re going to Hawaii for our next vacation.
6. According to this, the train to V ancouver will arrive in ten mnutes.
7. Do I need a Bakerloo or a Victoria train to get to Picadilly Circus?
8. How much is a ticket to Baltimore an then back again?
9. Y ou need to take a #5 bus to the Berman Station. Then, catch a #12.
10. This bus is too crowded between 7am and 9am.
研究生英语综合教程(课后习题答案)
Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)
研究生英语听说教程(引进版)听力原文(下)
研究生英语听说教程（引进版）听力原文（下） Take on Listening:Listening and Speaking Strategies （book 2） Lesson 3(1) PART TWO MAIN DIALOGUE Exercise 1 Gary: Well, here we are in L.A. Where shall we go first? Let’s look at the map. Don: We’ve never been to the Grand Canyon in Arizona… Gary: Okay. Let’s go there. Don: I hear it’s the most beautiful place on earth. It’s over 300 miles long, and the Colorado River goes right through it. Gary: I wonder if we can go down into the canyon. Don: Sure. They have all sorts of trips and tours. We can even take a small plane ride into the canyon. Gary: That sounds great. Don: All right then, the first stop is the Grand Canyon. Let’s be sure to call and make reservations at the campground. I’m sure the Arizona Tourist Service will help us. How long should we stay? Gary: We want to do some hiking in the canyon and boating on the Colorado River. How does three days sound? Don: That sounds right. Where do we go from there? Gary: How about heading north? It starts to boil in the southwest in the summer. Don: Then let’s head up to Wyoming and camp a few days in the Yellowstone National Park. Gary: Great. We can crash for one night in Salt Lake City, Utah, on the way. Don: Salt Lake City, Utah? Gary: Yeah, I heard it’s an interesting city. And it’s on the way to Yellowstone. Don: Okay. So, we’ll go north through Salt Lake City up to Yellowstone. I’ve always dreamed of camping under the stars in Wyoming. And, of course, seeing Old Faithful in Yellowstone. Gary: Old Faithful? Is that the place where hot water shoots into the air every hour or so? Don: Uh-huh, Old Faithful geysers. It’s supposed to be really exciting to watch. Gary: What else is there to do?
《当代研究生英语》1-8单元翻译和课后答案.doc
Unit 1 A: formerly, embrace, artificial, regulate, precisely, unwanted, extraneous, passionate, be targeted to, at hand, be sued for B: ACBDB BBACD Unit 2 A.uncovered, concurred, accompanies, frustrated, stereotype, switching, dismissed, distracted, adapted, assume, probe, subordinate B.BADB ADAC Unit 3 A.intricate, approximately, earthquake, versatile, isolated, reverse, as well as, interdependent, multiply, live on, kill off, out of true, qualify, (not) at all, spontaneously B.DABCA BCABC Unit 4 A.on, up, by, in, behind, behind, through, in, out, in, on, in, by, out, up, with, down, off, away, in B.prime, constantly, at regular intervals, at arm's length, come off, got over, yielded, be put into operation, challenging, resort to, swarming with, take in Unit 5 A.find out, community, convert, make sense, ecstasy, replace, more or less, at least, intractable, make out B.BDABC BCACA Cloze: quantitatively, make up, at least, unlikely, even if, greater than, common-sense, turn out to be, increases, in the direction of, complaints, the Theory of Relativity, close to, so far as, not only Unit 6 A.acbacabb B.singaled, steer, stand out, stand up for, secondary, stand by, steered, pulled up, pulled into, expire Unit 7 A.get the better of, futility, one-way, unnerve, unscramble, chaotic, haphazardness, catch, smog, flute, depressing, nil, random, distress, institution, congregate B.DBCAB CADBC CC Unit8 A. 1. boom 2.hybrid 3. executive 4. returns 5. apart from 6. unparalleled 7. bring about 8. stillborn 9. strategy 10. subsequent 11. figure out 12. leave over B. 1. C 2.D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10. Bll.A 12.C 新生的亿万富翁 ■1最近所呈现的技术进步，新商务的欣欣何荣，以及个人财富的急剧增长是过去25年中计算机产业形成的第三次，也是最令人瞩目的一次浪潮。第一次浪潮涉及有形产品——硬 件，它与构成软件的计算机程序相对而言。本世纪六七十年代，圣何塞和III金山地带的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司为计算机生产出存储器硅芯片，于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。接着他 们又生产了用以指令计算机操作的逻辑硅芯片。随后，许多公司也开始生产计算机。 ■2在硬件时代获得巨大财富的包括Hewlett and Packard家族，惠普公司 --------- 该公司在硅时代前就通过经营科学仪器开始赚钱。总资产为100亿美元的Packard基金会最近超过了福特基金会，成为全美国第三大私人基金会。90年代占统治地位的硬件公司是Intel
研究生英语听说教程答案
听写填空 一单元、P5 Outrageous shopping bills are a familiar 1. suffer that nightmare 2. genders 3. unaffordable 4. sufferers 5. more than 1 in 20 adults 6. expensive electronics 7. such a high number of compulsive shoppers in the general population 8. make finding a cure a priority 二单元、P20 Tree-lighting Ceremony 1. Location: Rockefeller Centre, New York 2. Time: right before the Christmas Season 3. Height of the tree: nearly 9 storeys 4. Audience: people from all around the country 5. Number of the lights on the tree: 30000 6. Size of the star topper: nearly 10 feet in diameter of the star topper: crystal 8. Source of the tree: a home in Connecticut 二单元、P29 Post-vacation depression includes 1. sleeplessness 2. loss of appetite 3. irregular heartbeat 4. feelings of despair 5. tiredness 6. stomachache 7. trouble breathing 9. nervousness 10. Space the month-long vacation out 11. blow it all at once 12. returning on a Monday 13. such blues are temporary 14. don’t make important decisions 15. a new period in life 16. personal growth 三单元、P34 Reporter: In Vail, Arizona, a new school 1. in this case involves 2. impact 3单元、available 4. resources 5. What’s the point 6. medium 7. reasoning 8. normal 9. from their perspective 10. opposed to just the one angle 四单元、P51 Beijing opera is largely seen as a dying art 1. devoted 2. computer animator 3. discipline 5. explanation in English 6. much-loved legend 7. supernatural 8. challenge 9. that’s within the rules of the opera. 10. wins good reviews from both Western and
当代研究生英语习题答案
一，选择 1，This book (contains) all the information you need. 2，The government (restricts) the number of foreign cars that could be imported. 3，As a teacher you should not show (favor) towards any of your students. 4，Traffic is (regulated) by police at every intersection. 5，How much do you (charge) for this pair of shoes? 6，We can (leave off) now and return to work in the morning. 7，That matter can be left (over) until our next morning. 8，I learned that he was (on) sick leave from a government office. 9，It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had even set eyes (on). 10, Each week he tried to set (aside) a few dollars of his salary. 11, All this ceremony is just (for show); it doesn’t mean a thing. 12 ,Bill is afraid to (show his face) since Tom threatens to beat him up. 13, She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will (bring her to senses). 14, The classroom is 30 feet (in length) and 20 feet in breadth. 15, I’m leaving this job because I’m tried of being (pushed around). 16, After the rain, the orchard seems to have (burst into) blossom overnight. 17, The two men stood (glaring at)each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement. 18, When you have any problems in your studies, you can always (look to) John for help. 19, Theodore Roosevelt was a (versatile) man ; he was successful as a statesman, soldier…. 20, The small town has (undergone) many changes during last 10 years. 21, The old farmer (survived) his wife, living until 105 years of ages. 22, Poor eyesight is a (handicap) to many students. 23, The wheat crop will be (decimated) with strong spring rains. 24, The various parts of the essays do not adequately (interrelate). 25, Hot weather (multiplies) the bacteria in the milk rapidly. 26, If something very substantial is not done next month , he cannot (retain)his office. 27, We sent him an invitation but he (declined). 28, The lifeguard pulled the (inanimate) body out of the pool. 29, If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must (abide) by its rules. 30, (Even if) you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit. 31, The cites will to be (deflated) and the population distributed in villages. 32, He gave a (distorted) account of what has happened. 33, His speech (fermented) trouble among the works. 34, The criminal was told he would be (immune)from punishment if he said what…… 35, If you (strain) the elastic band any more, it will break. 36, The Egyptians (inhabit) an area equal to France and Spain combines. 37, He is (by no means) considered to be a great explorer. 38, It was a long time before scientists could (penetrate) the mystery of the atom.
研究生英语听说教程答案基础级第三版
《研究生英语听说教程（基础级第二版）》Units 1-12练习答案 Unit One Part I Listening Practice Section A Listening for Gist Task 1 1. air hostess 2. teacher 3. dentist 4. shop assistant 5. tourist guide 6. salesman 7. Disc Jockey 8. traffic warden 9.waiter 10. taxi driver Task 2 1. airways, flight 2. homework 3. open up wide, fining chipped 4. larger size, fit, stock 5. building, designed 6. buys, products 7. record, radio 8. yellow line, no-parking 9. menu, chef 10. road, park Section B Plans for Weekend Task 3 1.Pat 2.Jill 3. Mary 4.Sam 5.Ted 6.Jane Section C Discussing Plans for the Weekend Task 4 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.B Section D Making Arrangements Task5 A.2 B.4 C.3 D.1 Task 6 1. bring: records meet: bus stop 2. bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks meet: at the river 3. bring: white wine meet: at Pat’s house 4. bring: dessert-chocolate cake and drinks meet: in front of his house PartⅢListening Comprehension Test 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.C
研究生英语听说教程答案
Unit One Part I Listening Practice Section A Listening for Gist Task 1 1.air hostess 2.teacher 3.dentist 4.shop assistant 5.tourist guide 6.salesman 7.Disc Jockey 8.traffic warden 9.waiter 10.taxi driver Task 2 1.airways, flight 2.homework 3.open up wide, filling, chipped https://www.360docs.net/doc/2211288256.html,rger size, fit, stock 5.building, designed 6.buys, products 7.record, radio 8.yellow line, no-parking 9.menu, chef 10.road, park Section B Plans for Weekend Task 3 1.Pat 2.Jill 3.Mary 4.Sam 5.Ted 6.Jane Section C Discussing Plans for the Weekend Task 4 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.B Section D Making Arrangements
Task 5 A.2 B.4 C.3 D.1 Task 6 1.bring: records meet: bus stop 2.bring: sandwiches, fishing rod and drinks meet: at the river 3.bring: white wine meet: at Pat’s house 4.bring: dessert-chocolate cake and drinks meet: in front of his house Part III Listening Comprehension Test 1-10: DCABD/CBACC Unit Two Part I Listening Practice Section A Guessing about the Situation and Speaker Task 1 1.Football Match https://www.360docs.net/doc/2211288256.html,w Court 3.Church 4.Quiz Show 5.Airport 6.Weather Forecast 7.Car Showroom 8.Driving Lesson 9.School 10.Tour (of London) Task 2 1.Football Commentator 2.Judge/Magistrate 3.Vicar/Priest/Minister 4.T.V. Presenter 5.Announcer 6.Forecaster 7.Car Salesman 8.Driving Instructor 9.Head Master/Principal 10.Tour Guide
当代研究生英语1-8单元的cloze
1、There are two factors which determine an individual ’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born w ith .Human brains differ considerably, some being mor e capable than others . But no matter how good a brai n he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low or der of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn . So the second factor is what happens to the individual -the sort of environment in which he is brought up .If a n individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likel y that his brain will fail to develop and he will never att ain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. Th e importance of environment in determining an individ ual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case histo ry of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twin s were three months old, their parents died, and they w ere placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared b y parents of low intelligence in an isolated communit y with poor educational opportunities. John, however , was educated in home of well-to-do parents who ha d been to college, This environmental difference contin ued until the twins were in their late teens, when the y were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125,twenty-five points higher than the averag e and fully forty points higher than his identical brothe r. 2、Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in s ome interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a wa y to improve the power of the brain may soon be possi ble. Scientists have 1.discovered that the brain can mak e its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substanc e which can act directly on the brain to change aspect s of mental activity. Some may change or improve, fo r example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and go od memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messag es .In recent years scientists have found chemicals tha t affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mi nd .About 25 have been found so far。Today the role o f chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour i s creating much interest .Research seems to show that t hey may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illnes s .They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to c onquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities o f memory and learning already in the brain .They hold t he secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may b e a chemical way to create a better more efficient brain. 3、By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material i n various representative tissue samples from infected p eople, and extrapolating form these samples to the entir e body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, m aybe fewer, is infected with HIV. This is nowhere nea r enough for direct cell killing to account for the depleti on in their numbers that leads to AIDS. Haase says tha t his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 c ell ate becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believ es that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. I n common with a number of other researchers, he als o believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected C D4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell su icide ,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a su bject of research throughout the 1990s . Taken together , these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the imm une system in a state of constant activation, and unbala nces it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stoppi ng the production of new cells, by triggering abnormall y high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but sign ificant number of cells directly. Their combined impac t leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cop e with opportunistic infections. How will any of this affect treatments? Would better kn owledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the im mune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadenin g the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer,at lea st, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune syst em will be needed. Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of Califor nia ,San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment wi th cocktails of antiviral drugs might even fool the imm une system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HI V so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immu ne responses at all. This might make individuals who st op taking the drugs even more vulnerable. He argues th at immune-restoring treatments should be given alongsi de antiviral drugs. Already, some researchers are worki ng on novel approaches such as developing geneticall y engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells. 4、what is Golbalization? Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the re sult of human innovation and technological progress .I t refers to the increasing integration of economies arou nd the world,particularly through trade and financial fl ows. The term sometimes also refers to the movemen t of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across i nternational borders. There are also broader cultural, po litical and environmental dimensions of globalization t hat are not covered here . At its most basic, there is not hing mysterious about globalization. The term has com e to common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technolo gical advances that make it easier and quicker to compl ete international transactions-both trade an financial f lows, It refers to an extension beyond borders of the s ame market forces that have operated for centuries a t all levels of human economic activity-village markets , urban industries ,or financial centers. Markets promot e efficiency through competition and the division o f lab or-the specialization that allows people and economie s to focus on what they do best .Global markets offer gr eater opportunity for people to tap into more and large r markets around the world. It means that they can ha ve access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper im ports, and larger export markets. But markets do not ne cessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficienc y are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to em brace the policies needed,and in the case of the p oorest countries may need the support of the inter national community as they do so. 5、Spinal cords Agricultural and public-health experts in Britain fin d many other serious flaws in th e government’s handlin g of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited months af ter discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a not ifiable disease, requiring that all cases be reported to t he authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbi d us e o f cattle brains and spinal cords in food for huma ns. The government offered to compensate farmers fo r any suspected BSE cases they destroyed- but at far les s than the animal’s normal value, a rate that discourage d farmers from reporting th e disease in their herds, acc ording to critics.It could all have been over in a month , says Millstone.It might have cost a few million pound s. But that’s fraction of what it’s going to cost now.”Cu rrie argues that the government likewise fumbled whe n it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-c ow disease. “If you are going to announce a health scar e,” She says ,” you have to announce at the same tim e what you are going to do about it.”The government h as yet to announce any’preventive measures beyond a f ew tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalia n meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too wel l how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left he r post as health minister after helping touch off a scare i n the winter of 1988-1989 over the safety of British eg gs and other farm products.” 6、Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearl y every room in an American home, there's a clock. "B e on time." "Don't waste time." "Time is money." "Tim e waits for no one." All o f these familiar sayings reflec t the American obsession with promptness and efficien cy. Students and employees disappoint their teachers an d bosses when they arriv e late. This desire to get the m ost out of every minute often affects behavior, makin g Americans impatient when they have to wait.The pr essure to make every moment count sometimes make s it difficult for Americans to relax and do (10)nothing . The desire to save time and handle work efficiently o ften leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. T hese range from household appliances to equipment fo r the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines a nd computers. One )such machine is the video cassett e recorder(VCR), which gives Americans a new kind o f control over time. Fans of professional football don' t have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV beca use of a birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then , for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunda y evening. 7、Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade reg ulations have serious implications for third world econ omies. Agricultural research has 1[developed] much fa ster on plants than animals. And there is 2[insufficient ] reason to expect that if species patents on plants are u pheld, the practice of 3[granting] such patents will be r estricted to them. It seems from developments so far th at the blitzkrieg is 4[inching] its way to higher life for ms. Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-b ased technology are 5[implement]through four differen t forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant pate nts, plant variety protection certificates and trade secret s. 6[since] patenting provides a broader range of protec tion and 7[costs] less, this has potential to be preferre d means of 8[protecting] plant-based inventions by priv ate companies in the US. New utility patents form mor e aggressive property rights than ever existed in biologi cal material 9[before]. Utility patents can establish p roperty 10[right] in broad classes of organisms in radic ally different 11[species] as long as the organisms hav e the same traits and functional properties. The Harvar d oncomous e patent is 12[actually] an mammal patent . Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinan t cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of the m known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors a t an embryonic stage. This allows 13[biotechnicians] t o patent organisms they have never actually produced . Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cott on or soybean), or the taking out of a large number of p atents effectively 14[suppress] competition through th e threat o f infringement suits . 15[on]a global scale thi s allows patent holders to exert 16[control] on the prod uction of a variety of agricultural commodities leadin g to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormit y of this possibility has ledto”biocolonial”concerns in t he developing world. Utility patents also18[prohibit] farmers from the comm on practice of saving and using seeds from previous cr ops or from 19[breeding] animals, as well as restrictin g research exemptions. This could create a barrier to fu rther innovation . Most nations have in place a researc h exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyr ight law. 8、Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a grea t many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscio us; that is, they are excessively concerned with their o wn appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are co nstantly occurring in their minds: what kind of impressi on am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid ? Am I wearing unattractive clothes? It is obvious tha t such uncomfortable feelings must affect people. A pe rson's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she beh aves, and the way a person behaves affects other peopl e's reactions. In general, the way people think about the mselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives . Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to b e passive and easily influenced by others. They need re assurance that they are doing "the right thing." Shy peo ple are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirm s their feelings of inferiority. They also find it difficul t to be pleased by compliments because they believe th ey are unworthy of praise .A shy person may respond t o a compliment with a statement like this one, "You're j ust saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not tru e." It is clear that while self-awareness is a healthy qual ity, overdoing it is harmful. Can shyness be completel y eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people c an overcome shyness with determined and patient effor ts in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes (14)h and in hand with a lack of self-esteem, it is important f or people to accept their weaknesses as well as strengt hs. For example ,most people would like to be “A” stu dents in every subject .It is not fair for them to label the mselves inferior because they have in difficulty in som e areas.people’s expectations o f themselves must be re alistic .Living on the impossible leads to a sense of ina dequacy. Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile indivi dual, interested in our own personal ways. The better w e understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live u p to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to bloc k our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.