跨文化交际重点
大学英语跨文化交际教案

教学目标:1. 让学生了解跨文化交际的基本概念和重要性。
2. 培养学生对不同文化差异的敏感性和理解能力。
3. 提高学生的跨文化交际意识和实际操作能力。
教学重点:1. 跨文化交际的概念和重要性。
2. 不同文化差异的识别和应对策略。
教学难点:1. 学生对不同文化差异的理解和适应。
2. 学生在实际跨文化交际中的沟通技巧。
教学过程:一、导入1. 教师简要介绍跨文化交际的概念和重要性,激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 提问:同学们认为跨文化交际在我们的生活中有哪些重要性?二、基础知识讲解1. 教师详细讲解跨文化交际的概念、特点、原则等基本知识。
2. 通过案例分析,让学生了解不同文化差异的具体表现。
三、文化差异对比1. 教师引导学生分析中西方文化差异,如:时间观念、空间观念、个人主义与集体主义等。
2. 学生分组讨论,对比中西方文化差异,分享各自的观点。
四、实际操作训练1. 教师设计一个跨文化交际场景,如:商务谈判、旅游交流等。
2. 学生分组扮演不同角色,进行实际操作训练。
3. 教师观察并指导,帮助学生提高跨文化交际技巧。
五、总结与反思1. 教师总结本节课的重点内容,强调跨文化交际的重要性。
2. 学生分享自己在实际操作训练中的收获和体会。
3. 教师针对学生的表现进行点评和指导。
教学资源:1. 多媒体课件:跨文化交际基本知识、文化差异对比案例等。
2. 文化差异对比表格:中西方文化差异对比。
3. 跨文化交际场景模拟案例。
教学评价:1. 课堂参与度:观察学生在课堂上的发言、讨论和实际操作表现。
2. 知识掌握情况:通过课堂提问和课后作业检查学生对跨文化交际基本知识的掌握程度。
3. 实际操作能力:评价学生在跨文化交际场景模拟中的表现,如沟通技巧、应对策略等。
教学反思:1. 教师根据学生的反馈,调整教学策略,提高教学效果。
2. 教师关注学生在跨文化交际中的实际需求,提供针对性的指导。
3. 教师鼓励学生积极参与跨文化交际实践,提高跨文化交际能力。
跨文化交际重点梳理

重点1 Definition of cultureCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and munication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people.重点2 Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is sharedCulture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society.It is not property of any individual.2、culture is cumulativeHuman beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations.Every generations can discover the new things.The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations.3、culture is learnedCulture is not inherent with any people.Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from previous generations.And it should be taught and learned by people.4、culture is adaptiveCulture is created by humans. Humans have to adapt the environment . thus is in development bears the trait of being adaptive5、culture is dynamicAt the same time that new culture are added, and the old ones are lost because they are no longer useful.6、culture is symbolicSymbols generally serve as municative tools for a multitude purposes, on a persons as well as culture level.7 、culture is relationalCulture is an organic whole. All the ponents of culture are interlinked.8 、culture is implicit and e*plicitSome layers culture are easy to be observe, like eating ,dressing, talking. But the ideas underlying the behaviors are generally hard to know. Many scholars label the culture as iceberg.9、 culture is universal10 、culture is diversified重点3 Hall,s dimensionsHigh conte*tHigh-conte*t munication relies heavily on nonverbal, conte*tual and shared cultural meanings.The meanings are not fully e*pressed.Meanings are determined by 〞 things are said , rather than 〞 is said.日本欧洲东部和南部阿拉伯CollectivismLow conte*tVerbal codes rather than the information impliesClear straight and to-the-point munication美国德国斯堪的纳维亚IndividualismMonochromic cultureDo one thing at one time, Concentrate on the job, take time seriously, low-conte*t and need information, mit to the job, religiously to the plans, not disturbing others, seldom borrow or lend things, emphasize promptnessPolychromic cultureDo many things at once, subject to interruptions, consider time mitments an objective to be achieved, high-conte*t and already have information. Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.重点4 Triandis,s individualism & collectivismIndividualismFosters independence and individual achievement,Promotes self-e*pression ,personal choice, individual thinkingAssociated with egalitarian relationships and fle*ibility in rolesUnderstand the physical world as knowable apart of human lifeCollectivismInterdependence and group successPromotes adherence to normsAssociated with stable, hierarchical rolesShared property, group ownership重点5 Elements of municationSource (sender)EncodingMessageMedium(channel)ReceiverDecodingResponseFeedback重点6 Grice,s cooperative principle Quantity ma*imMake your contribute as informative as is required for the current purpose of e*change.Do not make your contribution more information than isrequired.〔量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息〕Quality ma*imMake your contribution is ture〔质的准则——话语的容是真正的〕Relation ma*imBe relevant〔关系准则——话语与话题有关,即与所要实现的意图有关〕Manner ma*imBe perspicuousAvoid obscurity of e*pressionAvoid ambiguityDe brief and orderly(方式准则——说话要清晰明白、简洁而有条理)重点7 Brown & levinson’s face theoryFace is something that is emotionally invested, can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be often attended to in municationPeople cooperate while maintaining face in interaction. Face theory : face threatening acts (FTAs)Politeness strategiesPoliteness 子威胁行为威胁行为strategies: bald on-record不使用补救措施赤裸裸的公开实行面off-record indirect strategy 非公开的实行面子negative politeness 消极礼貌策略Positive politeness 积极礼貌策略Face: negative facePositive face重点8 Thought patternsField dependence场依存性Holistic thinking eastern peoplePerspective of the whole, all the relevant parts take into account.Easily influence by othersField independence场独立性Analytic thinking western peopleDivinding the whole into parts to analyze the features or relations between the partsHardly influence by othersEastern: field-dependence, holistic thinking, high-conte*t Western: field-independence, analytic thinking, low-conte*t 重点9 Phases of negotiationPreparation 准备Non-task sounding 非任务测探Task-oriented e*changePersuasion 劝说ConcessionConclusion重点10 ponents of a brandBrand name 品牌名称〔产品〕Brand mark 品牌标志〔产品〕Trade name 商号〔公司名字〕Trade mark 品牌商标重点11 SWOT analysisStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats重点12 Intercultural advertising strategiesStandardization strategyConvey and e*tend the same advertising message to different markets and culturesKey point:Deal with the different markets using the same massageE*ample:MarlboroPhilips优点: reinforce the corporate imageSaving energyBe convenient to manage pared with several ads缺点: unlikely to be adaptive without change to all foreigncultureResult in misunderstanding or conflict even ruin a businessLocalization strategyStresses the specialties of the local market and adaptation to the local market environment重点13 Three meaning layers of adsthe surface meaningthe intended meaningthe cultural meaning。
跨文化交际考试重点归纳

跨文化交际考试重点归纳work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR题型:part I, True or False,30% (提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A,错的画B)15x2 (除第八章)part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1.(2,4,5细节)Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% (与课后习题中的cultrual puzzles 类似,不过是四个选项,范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles 和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例)5X2.Part IV. Term Matching 15%(名词解释,从备选的terms 中选择与其对应的definitions,要考到的terms 都已经发给大家) 15x1.Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% (简答题,范围在我们划过的重点内) 5X3. Part VI. Case Study 10% (课外案例分析,阅读一个案例,回答三个小问题,题目不会超出课内讲解的内容)10 x1.要补充的重点为p114, (E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English), p129, (B. What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)另外让学生深入研究unit 5 和Unit 2,Unit 4(culturally-loaded words),以及每单元的重点案例,以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题),C (Euphemism Understanding), 以及E (cultural puzzles)TermsUnit 11. Economic globalization:经济全球化 the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Global village:地球村 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.3. Melting pot:大熔炉a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.4. Cultural Diversity:文化多样性the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.5. Intercultural communication:跨文化交际communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.6. Culture:文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.7. Enculturation:文化适应all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.8. Acculturation:文化传入 the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越感the belief that your own cultural background is superior.munication:交际to share with or to make common, as in giving to anothera part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.(以下为components of communication)PS: what is the difference between encoding & decodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.11. Source发送信息的人The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.12.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.13.Message信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.14.Channel渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication. 15.Noise噪音The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.16.Receiver接的人The receiver is the person who attends to the message.17.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.18.Receiver response反馈The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.19.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning. 20.Context语境The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.精讲案例Case 1 (p.1) case 2 (p.2)思考题1、what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global villageP8-9+简要说明convenient transportation systemsinnovative communication systemseconomic globalizationwidespread migrations2.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)Behavior(what they do)Concept(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7The aspects of culture that are explicit,visible,taught.The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.4.What are the characteristic of culture?Shared ,learned,dynamic,ethnocentric(文化中心主义),5.What are the characteristic of communication?Dynamic,irreversible,symbolic,systematic,transactional,contextualUnit 2-411. Pragmatics:语用学the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.12. Semantics:语意 the study of the meaning of words.13. Denotation:字面意思 the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.14. Connotation:弦外之音the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.15. Taboo:禁忌语 some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.16. Euphemism:委婉语 the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.精讲案例Case 1, case 2(p.17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3 (p.45) Case 1 (p.67) case 3 (p.69)思考题6. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (p.33)The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans,the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.7. What are the social functions of compliments (p.60) (答案p50 第一段)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment. Unit 517. Chronemics:时间学 The study of how people perceive and use time.18. Monochronic time:一元时间概念paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.19. Polychronic time:多元时间概念being involved with many things at once.20. Proxemics:空间学the perception and use of space.21. Kinetics:身势学the study of body language22. Paralanguage:辅助语言involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p.87) case 5, 6 (p.90) case 7 (p.91)思考题8. What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness. It features one event at a time. Time is perceived as a linear structure and something concrete tangible.P-time means being involved with many things at once.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time. It is more flexible and human-centered.9. what is the meaning of common gestures in English P114 (答案P233-234)Unit 6精讲案例 case 1 (p.115) case 2 (p.116) p.124-126中的小案例思考题9. How is gender different from sex? (p.129) (答案P.119/120)10. What has influenced the gender socialization?There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication (p. 129) (答案127-128)Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement.12.what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?P123Unit 7精讲案例case 1 (p.137) case 3 (p.139)13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153) (结合最后一个单元中ppt的讲解,了解high-context culture 和low-context culture 两个概念)A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all thepeople engaged in communication. (沉默是金;一切尽在不言中;心有灵犀一点通)A low context communication is the just the opposite; i.e. the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code.High-context culture low-context cultureJapanese Chinese Korean American ………….. German German-SwissUnit 923. A planetary culture:行星文化a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.24. Intercultural person:跨文化的人 represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.思考题13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?(ppt中的补充内容)As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group. 14. Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases (案例分析)。
最新跨文化交际-期末复习资料-重点笔记

Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be –the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics:Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric.Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about” culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals –in relationships, groups, organizations and societies –respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.(gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female)Communication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component –how much one know about communication.The affective component –one’s motivation to approach or avoid communication The behavior component –the skills one has to interact competently. Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers’ messages.World views: The grid (decentralized. This pattern does not have a fixed center) The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect what is inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle;decentralized pattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1. Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2. Positive stereotype of one’s own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics: universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色): Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touch more, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a far distance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the whole picture, without actually feeling or sensing the other person’s body heat or subtle smell. So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from high contact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality insocial relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to benatural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions toothers with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status;tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group. People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike. Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another. Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness.Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intracultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.(gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female)Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word “dog”. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends and compassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings and oneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.U-Curuemodel:Excitement→Confusion→Frustration→Effectiveness→Appreciation。
跨文化交际重点

1.跨文化交际是指具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程。
这是自古以来就存在的普遍现象。
2.跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起。
3.1959年Edward Hall出版的《无声的语言》看作是跨文交际学的奠基之作。
4.跨文化交际中主要的问题或困难有六个方面:语言、非语言交际、社会行为准则、家庭和同事的关系、做事的动力和动机、思想观念。
5.克拉克洪对文化的定义:所谓文化指的是历史上创造出来的所有的生活样式,包括显型的和隐型的,包括合理的、不合理的以及谈不上是合理的或不合理的一切,它们在某一时期作为人们行为的潜在指南而存在。
6.价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。
7.文化的特性:(1)文化是人类所独有的,是区别人类和动物的主要标志,.文化是社会的遗产而不是生理的遗传。
(2)文化不是先天所有,而是通过后天习得的。
(3)文化中的大部分是不自觉地。
(4)文化是人们行动的指南。
(5)文化是动态的,文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。
8.传播的模式:5W模式、线性模式和循环式的模式。
9.语言既是文化的载体又是文化的写照。
10.萨皮尔沃尔夫假说:他们认为语言不仅反映文化的形态,而且语言结构部分地或全部地决定人们对于世界的看法。
11.在英语中说一个人有点像dragon是说此人飞扬跋扈令人讨厌。
12.Waterloo是比利时的一个地名。
13.Catch-22意思是进退维谷,左右为难。
14.语用规则(讲话规则)包括如何称呼对方,如何见面打招呼,如何提出一项要求,如何接受或拒绝对方的要求,如何告别,讲话谁先谁后,讲话量谁多谁少等。
15.正式邀请比客气话要具体的多,一般来说邀请要包括时间、地点。
16.非语言交际包括眼神、手势、身势、微笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体的接触、讲话人之间的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念、对空间的使用。
17.Let’s keep our fingers crossed.表示希望事情能够成功。
跨文化交际重点归纳

跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’sprivacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode ofcommunication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one. Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs gettheir own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG(often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information. Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteinsand so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist? Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivistone?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译of greetings上哪去?Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦?Where have you been?吃过了吗?Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀?吃饭去?回来了?忙着呢?忙什么呢?在洗车呀?这衣服真漂亮,新买的吧?你看起来气色不错。
跨文化交际 知识点整理

第一章.跨文化交际概论1跨文化交际汉语国际教育本质上是一种跨文化的活动。
新世纪如此广泛而深入的跨文化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.人口的流动4.广泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨文化交际?跨文化交际既是一种人类的社会活动,也是指一门研究跨文化交际活动的学科。
根据几个定义归纳出跨文化交际的重要特点:1.跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交流;2.跨文化交际是通过象征符号来实现的;3.跨文化交际是一种动态的过程4.跨文化交际是一种双向的互动;5.跨文化交际的目标是创建共享的意义跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际,这里的跨文化交际实际上包含着两个层面一个层面是指不同国家和不同民族的人们之间的交际,例如中国人与美国人等另一个层面是指同一个国家或民族中,不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际,例如男性和女性之间的交往就可以被看做是一种跨文化的交往跨文化交际的特点1.跨文化交际主要指人与人之间面对面的交流面对面的交流既包括了语言交际也包括了非语言交际,而且是一种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性(陈国明)差异可以是文化传统、价值观、信仰等方面的差异,也涉及行为方式和习俗方面,如手势、衣着、语言使用的差异,同时也涉及个人文化身份和社会角色方面的差异。
这些存在差异的因素相互作用,影响了跨文化交流的过程和结果3.跨文化交际容易引起冲突由于语言、交际风格、非语言行为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等方面的差异,跨文化交际很容易产生误解和冲突4.跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于人们恶意的动机,而是来源于人们良好的愿望。
在自己文化中得体而礼貌的行为到了另一种文化中却成了无礼的举动,善良的意图却产生了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨文化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成心理紧张,人们经常提到的“文化休克”就是形容在跨文化交际中产生的心理反应。
跨文化交际重点

跨文化交际核心典型负语言高语境(汉语)和低语境(英语等其他语言)对语言环境依赖性强跨文化交际重要性跨文化意义什么是跨文化交际:具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。
LSHarms认为世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生,文字的使用,印刷术的发明,近百年来交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展,跨文化交际。
他认为,本阶段的交际以跨文化交际为主要特征,是第五个阶段,其重要性堪比语言的产生。
什么是主流文化:什么是亚文化:跨文化交际研究中应该把眼光首先集中于国别研究,集中于一个国家中的主流文化研究。
跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起,其原因有:一、美国是一个移民国家;二、各民族争取权力的斗争,是美国形成了多元文化的格局;三、美国与各国频繁交往,国际交流密集,对大批留学生和移民的训练也是跨文化交际中的一个重要课题。
跨文化交际发展:《无声的语言》Edward Hall,1959,被看作是跨文化交际学的奠基之作。
1970,国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支,具有重要的学术领域意义。
随后大学中纷纷开设此系。
1972,第一届跨文化交际学会国际会议在日本东京举行。
1974,跨文化教育训练和研究学会在美国马里兰州召开首届会议,宣布成立,这是跨文化交际学方面最具影响力的一个组织。
70年代中期,美国已近更有两百多所大学开设跨文化交际课程,并设有硕士和博士学位。
跨文化交际的内容:语言交际,非语言交际,社会行为准则,社会关系,思想观念(人生观价值观),心理因素。
文化的特性:文化是人类独有的,是区别人类和动物的主要标志,文化是社会遗产而不是生理遗传。
文化不是先天所有,而是后天习得。
一个人具有什么文化不取决于他的种族,而取决于他生活的文化环境文化中的大部分是不自觉的,存在于人的潜意识中文化是人们行动的指南,支配着人的行动文化是动态的,文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系,具有相对的稳定性,但是随历史时期不断变化。
传播的种类:人类传播和非人类传播;人类传播中又有社会传播和非社会传播,非社会传播指向内传播(自我传播),社会传播包括人际传播、组织传播与大众传播。
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跨文化交际核心
典型负语言
高语境(汉语)和低语境(英语等其他语言)
对语言环境依赖性强
跨文化交际重要性
跨文化意义
什么是跨文化交际:具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。
LSHarms认为世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:语言的产生,文字的使用,印刷术的发明,近百年来交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展,跨文化交际。
他认为,本阶段的交际以跨文化交际为主要特征,是第五个阶段,其重要性堪比语言的产生。
什么是主流文化:
什么是亚文化:
跨文化交际研究中应该把眼光首先集中于国别研究,集中于一个国家中的主流文化研究。
跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起,其原因有:一、美国是一个移民国家;二、各民族争取权力的斗争,是美国形成了多元文化的格局;三、美国与各国频繁交往,国际交流密集,对大批留学生和移民的训练也是跨文化交际中的一个重要课题。
跨文化交际发展:
《无声的语言》Edward Hall,1959,被看作是跨文化交际学的奠基之作。
1970,国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支,具有重要的学术领域意义。
随后大学中纷纷开设此系。
1972,第一届跨文化交际学会国际会议在日本东京举行。
1974,跨文化教育训练和研究学会在美国马里兰州召开首届会议,宣布成立,这是跨文化交际学方面最具影响力的一个组织。
70年代中期,美国已近更有两百多所大学开设跨文化交际课程,并设有硕士和博士学位。
跨文化交际的内容:语言交际,非语言交际,社会行为准则,社会关系,思想观念(人生观价值观),心理因素。
文化的特性:
文化是人类独有的,是区别人类和动物的主要标志,文化是社会遗产而不是生理遗传。
文化不是先天所有,而是后天习得。
一个人具有什么文化不取决于他的种族,而取决于他生活的文化环境
文化中的大部分是不自觉的,存在于人的潜意识中
文化是人们行动的指南,支配着人的行动
文化是动态的,文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系,具有相对的稳定性,但是随历史时期不断变化。
传播的种类:人类传播和非人类传播;人类传播中又有社会传播和非社会传播,非社会传播指向内传播(自我传播),社会传播包括人际传播、组织传播与大众传播。
向内传播:只一个人自己脑子里在自我交流活动或是自言自语
人际传播:两个人或两个人以上的信息传受过程,还包括各种形式的人际传播。
组织传播:在学校,公司,工厂,机关,军队,党派,群众团体等内部的传播,有横向有纵向
大众传播:职业化的传播机构用机械化、电子化的技术手段向特定的多数人传送信息的行为或过程,包括杂志,广播电视等。
传播模式:Harold Lasswell提出,通常被称为5W模式,Who,Says What,in What channel,to Whom,with What effect。
即存在传者,讯息,媒介,受者,效果。
此模式简明扼要却失之简单,对于传播的社会环境和反馈没有考虑。
1949,Claude Shannon,Warren Weaver共同提出了另一个线性模式,即:
信源,发射器,(噪音源)信道,接收器,信宿,虽更细致但是并未根本解决线性模式的缺陷。
50年代,Charles Osgood,Wilbur Schramm提出循环式的模式,加入反馈这一要素。
构成循环模式。
为什么语言和文化密不可分:广义的文化包括语言,同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言,是语言在需要的时刻更加精确和缜密。
语言即是文化的载体,又是文化的写照,如英语中的brother没有一个字与之对应,而汉语的兄妹则源于文化的长幼有序,并且十分重视亲属系别。
萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说:语言不仅反映文化的形态,而且语言结构部分地或者全部地决定人们对于世界的看法。
学者对此研究看法:语言反映而不创造价值;语言拥有众多我们尚且无法认识的共同成分;语言与社会是平等的成分,不能确定何为主。
批评:无法证明不同语言使用者对世界的观察不同;很难下结论说先有鸡还是先有蛋。
陈原:违反唯物史观,且不符合现实社会生活。
跨文化交际不仅要注意词的概念意义,更重要的是随时随地重视词的内涵意
义。
如概念意义相同,内涵意义相同或大致相同;概念意义相同,内涵意义不同;概念意义相同,一个有内涵意义,一个无。
如八,红,政治,知识分子,龙,
交际文化和风格:
交际风格:当人们连贯地表达思想时,不仅词汇反映文化背景,表达方式、说理方式、思维模式无不表现特定的某些特点。
如美国人的思维是“桥式”,他们会明白直接地把自己的意思传达给对方,犹如一座桥,读者只要从桥的这一头走到另一头即可把意思弄清楚了,日本则为垫脚石式,他们采取迂回隐含的方法,犹如在水下投下一块一块的垫脚石,使读者借助于垫脚石悟出作者的意思。
Ishii 认为这两种思维模式反映了每日不同文化,美国是“低语境”国家,一切都要靠用语言讲清,而日本是“高语境”国家,很多意思都包括在语境之中个,不需要每一点都明白无误地讲出来。
非语言交际:一切不使用语言进行的交际活动统称之为“非语言交际”,包括眼神,手势,微笑,面部表情,服装打扮,沉默,身体的接触,讲话人之间的距离,讲话的音量,时间观念,对空间的使用等等,有学者认为,在人们的直接交际活动中,30%由语言传送,70%的信息依靠非语言手段。
体态语:是非语言交际中重要组成部分,它包括眼神,手势,身势,面部表情,体距,接触等。
非语言交际还包括副语言,对时间与空间的利用,副语言又称伴随语言,包括音质,音符,音量,语速以及绘画中发出的一些非语言的声音。
非语言交际的特点与作用:
语言交际遵循语法规则,具有严谨的结构,而非语言交际却没有正式的规则和模式,没有固定的结构,因此要正确地理解非语言交际行为往往需要综合分析周围的情况才能确定。
语言交际使用特定的符号,而非语言交际却没有一套具有明确意义的符号,如三的手势在英文是很好,好的意思,在我国是三的意思,而在拉美国家则是猥亵的意思。
语言交际在讲话的时候进行,在停止讲话的时候中断,因此语言交际是时断时续的,而非语言交际则是连续不断的。
预言是后天习得的,而不是生而知之的,非语言交际的手段一部分是人类的本能,如哭笑等,另一些是后天习得,如手势,姿势,副语言手段等
最后,从神经生理学的角度看,从事语言交际与非语言交际时使用的大脑半球不同,左半球负责语言交际,右半球负责非语言交际,非语言交际通常与语言交际结合进行,在不同的情况下起着不同的作用,大致上起补充,否定,重复,调节,替代或强调的作用。
如当你接受礼物是,嘴里说如何如何喜欢,但是脸上的表情却是不愉快,也就是你的脸出卖了你的内心。
美日价值观的差异:日本沉默,不正视人眼,从而产生跨文化交际障碍,对现象加以分析。
☆中美教育教学差异分析:有哪些,及其成因,可以从教育教学角度分析中美差异。
如美国教师和学生在教室里站立和坐着的姿势太过随便,缺乏纪律,东
倒西歪,教师管教不严,而英美人参观我们的教室则认为管的太死,学生没有什么自由。
中国强调集体,纪律,合作,他们则强调个人,自由,发展自我。
个人空间和体距:
个人空间是指一个人与另一人之间所保持的空间或距离。
一般分为亲密距离,个人距离,社交距离和公众距离。
亲密距离近者可以没有距离,远者从6-18英寸。
美国中产阶级一般认为在公众场合不宜保持亲密距离,如果其他人进入了这个距离,同行间会感到很不舒服。
与情景有关的见面语,中国多
事实上,在人们的习俗中贯穿着这一民族的价值观念和待人处事的基本原则。
家庭的地位和作用(整章),对中国文化产生的影响(对比分析)
如果妻子和母亲吵了架,作为丈夫应该采取什么态度,在中国……在美国……(P150对比分析)
跨文化交际的障碍
障碍之一:认识上的误区
不同文化背景的人们在实际交际过程中最易犯的一个毛病是误以为对方和自己没什么两样。
一旦发现对方的行为与自己的预期相差很远,就会困惑,失望,造成交际的失败。
障碍之二:刻板印象
刻板印象是对于某些个人或群体的属性的一套信念。
这些属性可能是正面的,也可能是负面的。
注意:和概念形成易混淆
它妨碍我们与不同文化背景的人们相处,不利于顺利开展跨文化交际。
障碍之三:民族中心主义
所谓民族中心主义就是按照本族文化的观念和标准去理解和衡量他族文化中的一切,包括人们的行为举止、交际方式、社会风俗、管理模式以及价值观念等。
文化休克和跨文化训练
文化休克(含义)
文化休克一词系Oberg于1960年在他的一篇学术论文中首次使用。
文化休克是人们对于另一种不熟悉的文化环境的心理反应。
通俗的说,一个人从一地迁移到另一地,原来自己熟悉的一套符号、习俗、行为方式、社会关系、价值观念等被另一套新的自己不熟悉的符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念所替代,因而在心理上产生焦虑,在情绪上不安定,甚至沮丧。
在眼中的情况下,会产生各种心理和生理方面的疾病。
最严重的甚至会患精神病或者自杀。
这就是文化休克。