2017年博士研究生招生考试英语考试题型
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。
西北师范大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题_20190117125658
西北师范大学2017年攻读博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试日期：2017年4月1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
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Part L Listening Comprehension(25％)Section A:Spot DictationDirections:In this section,you are going to hear a passage.The passage will he read only once.As you listen to the passage,fill in the blanks with the words you hear.After the passage,there will be a3-minute pause. During the pause,you must write the words on the Answer Sheet.A recent university research project investigated the attitudes of postgraduate science students(1)____the learning of English vocabulary.The results were urprising.I'll(2)____three of them.firstly,most of the stcrdeaats think that(3)____every word ill English has just one meaning.This is,of course:,completely(4)____to the facts.A glance at any English dictionary will show this.The student will (5)____find seven or eight meanings listed for(6)____simple'words.Why,then,have these students made such a mistake:'One reason irnay be that they're.ill(7)____. students.Scientists try to use words ill their special subject which have one meaning,and one meaning only. Another reason.,of course,could be the way in Which these Student,Were They may have used vocabulary lists when they first learner English.(M one side of the page is the word in Iaaglish-,on the other sloe,a single\ti'ord in the(Q)native language.'l°he second attitude that(10)____from the findings is equally mistaken.(11)____all the students think that every word in English has an exact(12)____equivalent.Again,this is far from the trijth.Sometimes one word in Iinglish can only be translated by a(13)____in the student's native languial c."there are other(l4)____ill translation which we won't mention here.(:ertainly the idea of a one word for one word translation(15)____is completely false.Translation machines,which tried to work on this(16)____failed completely.The third result'of the investigation showed another(17)____in the students'thinking.They believe that as soon as they know the meaning of a word,they're in a(18)____to use it correctly.This is untrue for any language but is perhaps particularly(19)____for English.The student has to learn when to use a word as well as to know what it means.Some words in English mean almost the same but they can only be used in certain situations.What,then,is the best way to increase one's vocabulary?This can be answered in threewords-observation,(20)____and repetition.Section B:Multiple ChoiceDirections:In this section,you will hear a passage.At the end of the passage,you will hear S questions. The passage and the question will be read only once.After each question,there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then write your choice on the Answer Slicet.21.A)It had no efFect on living cells.13)It had effects on living cells.C)It had effects only on children.I))It had effects only on adults.22.A)An increasing number of cancers in children.I3)A link between an electric current and the energy fold.C)A causal link between the power-line or device and the energy field.1))A Small increased chance ofcancer in children living near electric power-line.23.A)446.13)464.C)223.1))234.24.A)Because he doesn't have enough evidence.R)Because other scientists have not studied his results yet.C.)Because he discovered nodirect link between disease and electricity.D)Because the link between cancer and electricity has not yet beenproved.25.A)Health and environment.B)Electric current and the energy field.C)Electricity and cancer.D)Electrical workers and cancer.Section C:Question and AnswerDirections:In this section,you will hear a passage.The passage will be read only once.Then try to answer the following questions according to what you have heard.Remember you should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.26.Why aren't most new doctors interested in beginning work in a small town?27.Why do many small town doctors work long hours?28.What is the growing problem in theUnited States?29.How many new doctors did the National Health Service Corps produce in1979?30.Whom did a hospital in Parkersprary offer a reward o€5,000dollar to?Part11[.Vocabulary(20%),Directions:In each question,decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.31.To qualify for such a position,the native would first have to receive specialized training,and thisis____A)refused B)discouragedC)denied D)forbidden32.The little girl wore a very thin coat.A sudden gust of cold wind made her____A)whirl B)shiftC)shiver D)shake33.Presently,there are nine teachers in my team,who have____the task of teaching advanced English tomore than500non-English majors.A)inclined B)hesitatedC)afforded D)undertaken34.The press demands that politicians____the sources of their income.A)betray B)concealC)disclose D)renew35.Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life,he became a m with a strong____A)philosophy B)idealismC)morality D)personality36.One new____to learning a foreign language is to study the language in its cultural context.A)approach B)solutionC)manner D)road37.To maintain public____is not only the policemen's duty but f every citizen's responsibility.A)custom B)confidenceC)security D)simplicity38.All was dark in the district except for a candle____through th curtains in one of houses.A)glimmering B)glitteringC)flaming D)blazing39.One of the stands____and dozens of people were either killer or injured.A)destroyed B)collapsedC)corroded D)ruined40."Me,afraid of him?"he said with a(n)____smile,"Not me!"A)contemptible B)amusingC)contagious D)contemptuous41.He will simply no listen to anybody;he is____to argument.A)impervious B)imperceptibleC)impassable D)blunt42.Stop asking all these personal questions!It is bad manners to beA)inquisitive B)impatientC)acquisitive D)informative43.He____between life and death for a few days but then he pul:A)hovered B)lurchedC)wavered D)fluctuated44.We are prepared to satisfy all your____claimA}legitimate B)legibleC)intimate D)legislative45.There is not a Greek word which is the exact____of the English word'stile'.A)equivalent B)copyC)counterpart D)meaning46.The prizes will be____at the end of the school year.A)distributed B)attributedC)granted D)contributed47.During our stay in Paris we were splendidly____by the Italian Ambassador.A)sustained B)maintainedC)retained D)entertained48.On leaving,we thanked him most warmly for the hospitality____to us and our friends.A)extended B)expandedC)expended D)awarded49.If the dispute is not settled in a(n)____way soon,the two countries will certainly go to war.A)amiable B)amicableC)inimical D)unfriendly50,If I may be so____as to advise you,my opinion is that you should not reply to his letter.A)generous B)humbleC)proud D)bold51.If you take a(n)____course like her you can learn English in less than two years.A)intensive B)extensiveC)expansive D)retentive52.After a year's hard work I think I am____to a long holiday.10,A)entailed B)deservedC)entitled D)satisfied53.Thousands of people____from Greece every year to work in West Germany.A)emigrate B)leaveC)abandon D)immigrate54,lie was a member of the Hillary____that conquered MountEverest.A)mission B)invasionC)experiment D)expedition55.It was my sad duty to____the news of John's death to his family.A)submit B)breakC)say D)proclaim56.He____himself as a war correspondent in Vietnam.A)discerned B)distinguishedC)discriminated D)extinguished57.She____his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A)inclined B)declinedC)denied D)disinclined58.He was____with attempted robbery and held in custody..A)accused B)prosecutedC)charged D)arrested59.What the witness said in court was not____with the statement he made to the police.A)prevalent B)relevantC)consistent D)coincident60.Molly has always beep a(n)____child;she becomes ill easily.A)delicate B)gloomyC)energetic D)confident61.There are some very beautifully____glass windows in the church.A)designed B)drawnC)marked D)stained62.The man who never tries anything new is a(n)____on the wheels of progress.A)obstacle B)brakeC)break D)block63.There is a sale at Hamfridge's next week with____in all departments.A)decreases B)subtractionsC)reductions D)accounts64.Doctors have long known that if a patient is____that he will recover and is treated with sympathy,his painwill often disappear.A)assumed B)assuredC)informed D)proved65:Although most birds have only a____sense of smell,they have acute vision.A}genuine.B)negativeC)negligible D)condensed66.We are sorry to say that Mary is not the very person who can be____with either money or secret information.A）entrusted B)committedC)consigned D)assigned67.If you never review your lessons,you will only have yourself to____if you fail in your examination.A)complain B)blameC)mistake D)fault68.We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go,so the game looked completely____A)irresistible B)irremissibleC}irreplaceable D)irretrievable69.Had the explosion broken out,the passagers in the plane should have been killed,for it was____timedwith the plane's take-off.A)spontaneously B)instantaneouslyC}simultaneously D)conscientiously70.The two witnesses who saw the shootings were able to____who hard fired first.A)encounter B)highlightC}testify D)identifyPart III.Reading Comprehension(50minutes,30points)Directions:There are6passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.One day in1963,a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer,Carl Sagan,were playing a little game.The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other.He was standing a t the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept.Elvar had just swum up alongside hiui,and had turned on his back.He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again,as the astronomer had done twice before.But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him.Elvar looked up at Sagan,waiting.Then,after a minute or so,the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the word`More?'The astonished astronomer went-to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.`Oh,yes:That's one of the words he knows,'the director said,showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have,andit has been known for a long time that they can make a number o€sounds.What is more,these sounds seem to have different functions,such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster,and much further in water than it does in air.That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans.But can it be said that dolphins have a `language'in the real sense of the word?Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds,or even words.A language has a structure,or what we call a grammar.The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning.For example,the two questions`Who loves Mary?'and`Who does Mary love?' mean different things.If you stop to think about it,you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure.That is why the question`Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.71.The dolphin leapt into the air becauseA)Sagan had turned his backB)it was part of the game they were playingC)he wanted Sagan to scratch him againD)Sagan wanted him to do this72.When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin had done,the directorA)didn't seem to think it was unusualB)thought Sagan was jokingC)told Sagan about other words the dolphin knewD)asked him if he knew other words73.Dolphins'brains are particularly well-developed toA)help them to travel fast in waterB)arrange sounds in different structuresC)respond to different kinds of soundD)communicate with humans through sound74.The sounds we call words can be called a language only ifA)each sound has a different meaningB)each sound is different from the otherC)there is a system of writingD)they have a structure or grammarMarried people live"happily ever after"in fairy tales,but they do so less and less often in real life.1,like many of my friends,got married,divorced,and remarried.I suppose,to some people,I'm a failure.After all,I broke my first solemn promise to"love and cherish until death us do part."But I feel that I'm finally a success.I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage.This time around,the ways my husband and I share our free time,make decisions,and deal with problems are very different.I learned,first of all,not to be a clinging vine(依赖男子的妇女).In my first marriage,I felt the every moment we spent apart was wasted.If Ray wanted to go out to a bar with his friends to watch a football game,I felt rejected and talked him into staying home.I wouldn't accept an offer to go to a movie or join an exercise class it'it meant that Ray would be home alone.I realize now that we were often angry with each other just because we spent too much time together.In contrast,my second husband and I spend some of our tree time apart and try to have interests of our own.I have started playing racquetball at a health club,and Davidsometimes takes off to go to the local auto races with his friends.When we are together,we aren't bored with each other;our separate interests make us more interesting people.I learned not only to be apart sometimes but also to work together when it's time to make decisions.When Ray and I were married,I left all the important decisions to him.He decided how we would spend money, whether we should sell the car or fix it,and where to take a vacation.I know now that I went along with this so that I wouldn't have to take the responsibility when things went wrong.I could always end an argument by saying,"It was your fault!"With my second marriage,I am trying to be a full partner.We ask each other's opinions on major decisions and try to compromise if we disagree.If we make the wrong choice,we're equally guilty.When we rented an apartment,for example,we both had to take the blame for not noticing the drafty windows and the"no pets"clause in our lease.Maybe the most important thing I've learned is to be a grown-up about facing problems.David and i have made a vow to face our troubles like adults.If we're mad at each other or worried and upset,we say how we feel.Rather than hide behind our own misery,we talk about the problem until we discover how to fix it.Everybody argues or has to deal with the occasional crisis,but Ray and I always reacted like children to these stormy times.I would lock myself in the spare bedroom.Ray would stalk out of the house,slam the door,and race off in the car.Then I would cry and worry till he returned.I wish that my first marriage hadn't been the place where I learned how to make a relationship work, but at least I did learn.1feel better now about being an independent person,about making decisions,and about facing problems.My second marriage isn't perfect,but it doesn't have the deep flaws that made the first one fall apart.75.Which of the following has contributed to the writer's divorce?A)Her former husband went out to watch football games.B)She started to play racquetball at a health club.C)They spent too much time together and got bored with each other.D)They spent so little time together that they could not talk to each other.76.It can be learned from the passage that the writer,in her first marriage,A)took less responsibility than she should for major decisionB)tool:the same responsibility as her husbandC)took more blame when things went wrongD)felt equally guilty when things went wrong77.Which of the following that the author should have said when she quarrelled with her former husband but she did not.A)"It was your fault!"B)"Maybe you're right."C)"It's none of your business."D)"It's none of my business."78.All the problems between the writer and David can be resolved becauseA)they hide their feelingsB)they lock themselves in their bedroomC)they have promised not to be mad at each otherD)they dare to face them79,The writer's second marriage is different from the first one in all the following ways exceptA)that they share their free timeB)that they make their decisions togetherC)that they talk to each otherD)that they deal with their troubles together80.The best title for the passage isA)First MarriageB)Second MarriageC)DivorceD)Perfect Marriage（3）Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising.Such groupings as"Help Wanted","Real Estate,""Lost and Found" are made,the rate charged being less than that for display advertising.Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser.The reader who,is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him.The advertiser may,on this account,use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper.It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper.He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs.As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention.Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type.With the increase in the number of such advertisements,however,each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention.In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures.In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement.This is particularly true of realestate advertising.81.Classified advertising is different to display advertising becauseA)all advertisements of a certain type are grouped togetherB)it is more distinguishedC)it is more expensiveD)nowadays the classified advertisements are all of the same size82.One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement isA)house for saleB)people who are asking for helpC)people who are lostD)real antiques for sale83.What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisements,according to thewriter?A)They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.B)They are looking for something they need.C)They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.D)They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.84.What does the writer say about the classified advertisements that used to be put in the papers?A)They used to be voluntary.B)They used to use display type.C)They were all the same size.D)They were more formal.85.Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance,according to the writer?A)Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.B)Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.C）Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be smaller now.D)Because there are more advertisements now and more competition amongst advertisers..（4）Mr Abu,the laboratory attendant,came in from the adjoining store and briskly cleaned the blackboard.He was a retired African sergeant from the Army Medical Corps and was feared by the boys.If he caught any of them in any petty thieving,he offered them the choice of a hard smack on the bottom or of being reported to the science masters.Most boys chose the former as they knew the matter would end there with no long interviews,moral arguments and an entry in the conduct book.The science master,a man called Vernier,stepped in and stood on his small platform.Vernier set the experiments for the day and demonstrated them,then retired behind the"Church Times"which he read seriously in between walking quickly along the rows of laboratory benches,advising boys.It was a simple heat experiment to show that a dark surface gave out more heat by radiation than a bright surface.During the class,Vernier was called away to the telephone and Abu was not about,having retired to the lavatory for a smoke.As soon as a posted guard announced that he was out of sight,minor pandemonium('N k)broke out.Some of the boys raided the store.The wealthier ones took rubber tubing to make catapults and to repair bicycles,and helped themselves to chemicals for developing photographic films.The poorer boys, with a more determined aim,took only things of strict commercial interst which could be sold easily in the market.They emptied stuff into bottles in their pockets.Soda for making soap,magnesium sulphate for opening medicine,salt for cooking,liquid paraffin for women's hairdressing,and fine yellow iodoform powder much in demand for sprinkling on sores.Kojo objected mildly to all this."Oh,shut up!"a few boys said.Sorie,a huge boy who always wore a fez indoors,commanded respect and some leadership in the class. He was gently drinking his favourite mixture of diluted alcohol and bicarbonate----which he called"gin and fizz"----from a beaker."Look here,Kojo,you are getting out of hand.What do you think our parents pay taxes and school fees for?For us to enjoy----or to buy a new car every year for Simpson?"The other boys laughed. Simpson was the European headmaster,feared by the small boys,adored by the boys in the middle school,and liked,in a critical fashion,with reservations,by some of the senior boys and African masters.He had a passion for new motor-cars,buying one yearly."Come to think of it,"Sorie continued to Kojo,"you must take something yourself,then we'll know we are safe,""Yes,you must,"the other boys insisted.Kojo gave in and,unwillingly,took a little nitrate for some gunpowder experiments which he was carrying out at home."Someone!"the look-out called.The boys ran back to their seats in a moment.Sorie washed out his mouth,at the sink with some water.Mr Abu,the laboratory attendant,entered and observed the innocent expression on the faces of thewhole class.He looked round fiercely and suspiciously,and then sniffed the air.It was a physicsexperiment,but the place smelled chemical.However,Vemier came in then.After asking if anyonewas in difficulties,and finding that no one could in a moment think up anything,he retired to hischair and settled down to an article on Christian reunion.86,The boys were afraid of Mr Abu becauseA)he had been an Army sergeant and had military ideas of disciplineB)he reported them to the Science masters whenever he caught them petty thievingC)he was cruelD)he believed in strict discipline87.When the boys were caught petty thieving,they usually chose to be beaten by Mr Abu becauseA)he gave them only one hard smack instead of the six from their teachersB)they did not want to get a bad reputation with their teachersC)they were afraid of their science mastersD)his punishment was quicker than their teachers'88.Some boys took chemicals like soda and iodoform powder becauseA)they liked to set up stalls in the marked and sell things,like tradersB)they were too poor to buy things like soap and medicineC)they wanted money and could sell such things quicklyD)they needed things like soap and medicine for sores89.A big difference between Kojo and Sorie was thatA)Kojo took chemicals for some useful experiment but Sorie only wasted his in making an alcoholicdrink.B)Sorie was rich but Kojo was poorC)Kojo had a guilty conscience but Sorie did notD)when Kojo objected.Sorie proved that what they were doing was reasonable90.On entering the laboratory,Mr Abu was immediately suspicious becauseA)the whole class was looking so innocentB)he was a suspicious man by natureC)there was no teacher in the roomD)he could smell chemicals and he knew it was a physics lesson,（5）Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down her briefcase.As usual,she had brought some work home from the travel agency.She wanted to have a quick bite to eat and then,after spending a few hours working,she was looking forward to watching television or listening to some music:.She was just about to start preparing her dinner when there was a knock at the door.`Uli,no!Who on earth could that be?'she muttered to herself.She went to the door and opened it just wide enough to see who it was.A man of about sixty was standing there.It took her a moment before she realized who he was.He lived in the flat below.They had passed each other on the stairs once or twice,and had nodded to each other but never really spoken.`Uh,sorry to bother you,but...uh...there's something I'd like to talk to you about,'he mumbled.He had a long,thin face and two big front teeth that made him look rather like a rabbit.Alison hesitated,but then, opening the door wide,asked him to come in.It was then that she noticed the dog.She hated dogs----particularly big ones.This one was a very old,very fat bulldog.The man had already bone into her small living-room and,without being asked,he sat down on the sofa.The dog followed him in and climbed up on the sofa next to him,breathing heavily.She stared at it.It stared back.The man coughed.`Uh,do you mind if I smoke?'he asked.Before she could ask him not to,he had taken out a cigarette and lit it.`I'll tell you why I've come.I...I hope you won't be offended but,well...,'he began and then stopped. Suddenly his face went red.His whole body began to shake.Then another cough exploded from somewhere deep inside him.Still coughing,he took out a grey,dirty-looking handkerchief and spat into it.Afterwards he put the cigarette back into his mouth and inhaled deeply.As he did so,some ash fell on the carpet.The man looked around the room.He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say.Alison glanced at her watch and wondered when he would get to the point.She waited.'Nice place you've got here,'he said at last.91.How do you think Alison felt when she heard the knock at the door?A)Afraid.B)Irritated.C)Pleased.D)Curious.92.Who was the man at the door?A)Someone from work.B)A friend who needed advice.。
西北工业大学2017年博士研究生1001考博英语第一次招生考试试题(全)
Part One Structure and Written ExpressionDirection: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1.The doctor's ________ is that she' 11 soon be as good as new if she takes insulin and watches her diet.A.agnosticismB.anticipationC.diagnosisD.prognosis2.It is ________ understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of in his heating will remain forever unspoken.A.uncommunicativelyB. acceptablyC. tacitlyD. taciturnly3.________ springs not out of true and deep admiration, but more often out of a self-seeking wish to identify with someone important or famous.A.A complimentB.An adulatoryC.FlatteryD.Praise4.Leaving for work in plenty of time to catch the train will ________ worry about being late.A.rule offB.preventC.avoidD.obviate5.Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier, aired his veneration of Napoleon Bonaparte so _________ and unceasingly that he became the laughingstock of all people in Europe.A.vociferouslyB. patrioticallyC.verboselyD. loquaciously6.People suffering from __________ prefer to stay shut in their homes and become panic-stricken in large public buildings and open fields.A.acrophobiaB. agoraphobiaC.claustrophobiaD. xenophobia7.All normal human beings are ___________ at least to a degree - they get a feeling of warmth and kinship from engaging in group activities.A.segregatedB.congregationalC. gregariousD.egregious8.He is ____________ drinker, who has been imbibing for so long that he has figuratively speaking, grown old with the vice.A.an inveterateB.an incorrigibleC. a chronicD.an unconscionable9.We listened dumb-struck, full of ____________, to the shocking details of the corruption of the ex- president of the company.A.incredulityB.ingenuityC. ingenuousnessD. incredibility10.Too much ____________ can possibly lead to unhappiness, even to thoughts of suicide as few people have the courage to analyze themselves objectively and minutely.A.retrospectB.introspectionC. perspicacityD.perspicuity11.Hydrocarbons, __________ by engine exhausts, react with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight to form complex toxic gases.A.are given offB.give offC.they are given offD. given off12.He could hardly __________ his temper when he saw the state of his office.A.hold inB.hold upC.hold offD.hold out13.The statesman was evidently __________ the journalist' s questions and glared at him fora few seconds.A.put downB.put outC.put acrossD.put away14.__________, it is widely used in making flares and fireworks.A.as the brilliant white light that burning magnesium producesB.Because of the brilliant white light of burning magnesiumC. The brilliant white light of burning magnesiumD.Burning magnesium produces a brilliant white light15.________ to tell us that the interest of the individual should be subordinate to that of the collective?A.Were you usedB.Are you usedC.Did you useD.Do you used16.I would have gone to the lecture with you __________ I was so busy.A.except thatB.provided thatC.but thatD.only that17.The detective watched and saw the suspect __________ a hotel at the corner of the street.A.getting off the taxi and walking intoB.got off the taxi and walked intoC.get off the taxi and walk intoD.got off the taxi to walk into18.The child is ____________ all the evidence for his opinion.A.not encourage either to be critical for his opinion.B.encouraged either to be critical nor to examineC.either encouraged to be critical or to examineD.neither encouraged to be critical nor to examine19.To be sure, there would be scarcely no time left over for other things if school children __________ all sides of every matter on which they hold opinions.A.would have been expected to have consideredB.were expected to considerC.will be expected to have been consideredD.were expected to have considered20.Whenever work is being done, energy ___________ from one form into another.A.convertsB.convertedC.is convertedD.is being convertedPart Two Reading ComprehensionI.Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneThe Aerospace Bicycle That Fell to Earth(1)A radical new bicycle had its first public showing at the National British CyclingChampionships in Shrewsbury last weekend. Based on the gold medal-winning design from the Barcelona Olympics, it is the first commercial mountain bike made of a single piece of carbon fibre.(2)Bicycles for amateurs have up to now been made of steel, aluminum or magnesium tubes welded together into the conventional "A-frame" shape. But last year, the British competitor Chris Boardman set world records while winning titles in the Olympic cycling pursuit events on a custom-built, carbon-fibre bicycle with lower weight and wind resistance than standard models. Because carbon fibre is both light and extremely strong, it does not need the A-frame shape, saving further weight. Carbon fibre can also be moulded in a single piece, avoiding the weakness of welds.(3)The new bike, which will cost between $ 2000 and $ 3000 when it reaches the shops next month, has the same advantages as the Olympic model, It weighs about 11 kilograms, a saving of 1.5 kilograms on metal frames. With no crossbar, it has a lower center of gravity, making it easier to use in race conditions. "When you're doing some aggressive riding, you throw the bike about form side to side," explains Eddie Eccleston, director of British Eagle, a British bicycle manufacturer based in Powys, Wales, which is marketing the bikes. "The low centre of gravity gives you better control."(4)The frames are being made in the US for British Eagle by $P systems in Camarillo, California, which has clients in the aerospace industry, "This is aerospace technology brought into cycling by enthusiasts," says Eccleston. When professionals tested racing versions of the bike before the Tour de France, they were quicker than metal versions by up to 3 seconds per kilometer.(5)The new design has no struts between the saddle and the back wheel; instead, the frame' s flexibility can be "tuned" to individual tastes by changing the mixture of Kevlar fibre and carbon fibre in the back wheel strut, allowing up to 5 centimeters of movement.(6)The carbon-fibre design has a lower centre of gravity and smoother back-wheel suspension than conventional bikes.21.The new bicycle exhibited at the National British Cycling Championships was radical because ________.A.it was made from the gold medal-winning design of the Barcelona OlympicsB.it was the first commercial mountain bikeC.its public showing last weekend aroused many people's curiosityD.it was made of one single piece of carbon fibre22.According to the context, "bicycles for amateurs" at the beginning of the second paragraph refers to bicycles __________.A.that people buy only for riding in their daily lifeB.that are bought by amateur cyclists who like cycling as an exerciseC.that are built for customers in generalD. that non-Olympic competitors use23.Which of the following statements in Not true?A.The new commercial bike has no crossbar and its centre of gravity is lower than theOlympic model.B.When the rider is doing some rough riding, the new bike' s low centre of gravity gives himbetter control.C.The new bike is made by using aerospace technology and is quicker than the conventionalbike by 3 seconds per kilometer.D.The new bike has no metal bar between the saddle and the back wheel, and the amount ofcarben fibre in the back wheel can be changed according to the user's taste.Passage TwoFree Advice Is Just Around the Corner(1)When Daniel Franklin, a political science professor from Atlanta, needed career advancement advice, be didn't turn to colleagues, therapists or even his mom.(2)He went to the Advice Ladies.(3)Three thirty something New York women, advertising freelancers by day, have turned themselves into Saturday afternoon street-comer oracles, they pull up lawn chairs and a table on a lower Manhattan street comer and dish out free advice to passersby. They've claimed the comer of West Broadway and Broome Street in Soho as their own for the last several months.(4)Amy Alkon, who, with longtime friends Marlowe Minnick and Carolyn Johnson, becomes a part-time shrink each weekend. "We use creative problem-solving to turn problem into fun," she says.(5)On a recent steamy afternoon, a line has formed in front of the Advice Ladles' table. Obviously, New Yorkers need plenty of help. "People feel they have no control in this crazy world. And therapy can take years," Minnick says. "We solve problems instantly, it's instant answer gratification."(6)The three brainstorm before delivering advice on everything from pet discipline, closet-space management, even hair care. But no legal advice "By far, most of our questions are love-related. It's amazing the intimate sexual problems that people will divulge to a total stranger," Alkon says.(7)But they won't be strangers much longer. The Advice Ladies are putting together a book deal. And Robert De Nitro is creating a talk show around them, due nationally this fall from his Tribeca Pictures.(8)"De Nitro asked us for advice, but we think he's already perfect," purrs Alkon.(9)And their career advice to Franklin? "He' s written a book, so we told him to get a manager and go on the touring circuit. It's great money and great publicity for the book."(10)"Good advice," says Franklin.24.There were _________.A.about 30 blew York women who offered free advice by dayB.three women freelancers about 30 years old who offered advertising advice on SaturdayC.about 30 women advertising freelancers offered advice every Saturday afternoon in NewYorkD.three women about 30 years old, who did advertising as a job, offered free advice everySaturday afternoon25.These advisors _________.A.changed the New York street comers into oraclesed the New York street comers as their advice officeC.sat at a street comer to give people free adviceD.made a street comer their place to predict the future to passersby26.New Yorkers came to the Advice Ladies becauseA.the ladies' advice was quick and effective to solve problemsB.New Yorkers felt it was difficult to live m tins crazy worldC.Medical therapy could not solve people's problemsD.New York was a crazy place and its inhabitants need plenty of help27.In the seventh paragraph we read that the Advice Ladies won't be strangers for long because _________.A.they are dealing with a book together and a TV man is writing a talk show about themB.they are going to sell a book about themselves and also appear on a TV showC.they will buy a book through a deal and appear in a film in the coming fall seasonD.they will get to know each other better by working on a book and appearing in a TV showtogetherPassage ThreeThe American Presidential Gala of 1993(1)Mixing populism and celebrity, Clinton dances into office with a week-long multimillion-dollar party full of stars, saxophone music and presidential hugs.(2)The Party was held in a way never seen since World War II. Many movie and music stars showed up, offering their wishes to a new administration. They sang songs like "You know Bill's gonna get this Country straight.”“’93! You and me! U-hi-tee! /Time to pasrtee with Big Bill and Hillaree."(3)The stars came out in constellation because they recognized in Clinton one of their own. Not just that he plays the saxophone, a little. Or that Hillary is a smart, tough lawyer, like most Hollywood moguls. What matters is that Clinton is a beacon of middle-class charm, a love of being loved, a believer in the importance of image, metaphor, style. And he is an ace manipulator of media, selling his symbols directly to the people on TV, without the interference of nosy journalists. It all makes for a wondrous' 90s blend of show biz and politics.(4)"This is our time," Clinton said in his Inaugural Address." Let us embrace it." Last week he had an embrace for everyone, and not just the stars. This huggy-bear President needs to feel the public's approval.(5)At one of the balls of the week, Clinton was like the college student who drops in the night before the exam to show he' s one of the guys, then sneaks back to his dorm to cram. Perhaps there is as much Nixon in him (the ambition, the intellect) as Kennedy (the charm, the recklessness, his position as centrist custodian of liberal dreams). He will need to be the best of both men if he is to close, as he said last week, "the gap between our words and our deeds."(6)During the gala, actor Edward James Olmos quoted Lincoln: "We must disenthrall ourselves, and then we shall save our country." Clinton, a good student with a good memory, mouthed the words as Olmos spoke them. Clinton must have realized that, in a different sense anddifferent era, America faces the task of disenthralling itself, of shaking off the Hollywood stardust and facing facts.(7)In 1992 Clinton vended optimism; now he must be careful in saying so. He sold the nation a miracle product, ALL-NEW HOPE: it gives you cleaner, cheaper government with a fresh minty flavor. But if it doesn' t get the stains out, the electorate' s high hopes could sour into despair. Then the man called Hope will become the man called Hype. All the big stars and better angels will leave him out in the spotlight, stranded, unmasked.28.The meaning of "Clinton dances into his office with a week-long multimillion-dollar party full of stars, saxophone music and presidential hugs" in the first paragraph is: ______.A.Clinton held a party and danced with film stars and musicians, and hugged his guestsB.Clinton went into his office followed by, rich film stars and musicians wanted to behugged by the presidentC.Clinton started his term of president' s work with a week-long gala of celebrities andmusic to celebrate the eventD.Clinton spent a great deal of money to give a party of dance and music to please the filmstars and important people29.By saying "Bill's gonna get this Country straight", the party attendants believe that ______.A.Money bills are important in getting things done for the United StatesB.The president has got to do a wonderful job to save AmericaC.Clinton will change the United States to a free countryD.Clinton is going to solve the problems of the United States30.Which of the following statements is True？A.At one of the balls, Clinton appeared shortly and then left in a quiet way to do his work.B.Clinton was certainly a combination of both Nixon and Kennedy.C.Clinton said at the Party that he was going to close his mouth and work harder.D.When Olmos quoted Lincoln, Clinton repeated the words as Olmos spoke them.Ⅱ. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. (15 % )Medical consumerism--like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly---is designed to be unsatisfying. (31) The prolongation of life and the search for perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness) are inherently self-defeating. The law of diminishing returns necessarily applies. You can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. But, as any geriatric ward shows, that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy.(32)Extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of everything, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched and politics turn mean.What an ignominious destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of bestowing meager increments of unenjoyed life! It would mirror the fate of athletics, in which disproportionate energies and resources--not least medical ones, like illegal steroids--are now invested to shave records by milliseconds. And, it goes without saying; the logical extension of longevism—the "abolition" of death--would not be a solution but only an exacerbation. (33) To air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen--a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories--but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but withdissolving goals.(34)Hence medicine's finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas. For centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. From the Greeks to the Great War, its job was simple: to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. It performed these uncontroversial tasks by and large with meager success. Today, with mission accomplished, medicine's triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. (35) Medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. Yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. The task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities.Part Three Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%) For _________ (36) the bloodshed and tragedy of D-Day, the beaches of Normandy will always evoke a certain _________ (37): a yearning for a time when nations in the civilized world buried their differences and combined to oppose absolute evil, when values seemed clearer and the terrible consequences of war stopped __________ (38) of the annihilation of humanity. But over half a century after the Allies hit those wave-battered sand flats and towering cliffs, the Normandy invasion stands as a feat _______ (39) to be repeated.There will never be _________ (40) D-Day. Technology has changed the conditions of warfare in ways that none of the D-Day participants could have _________ (41). All-out war in the beginnings of this century would surely spell all-out __________ (42) for the belligerents, and possibly for the entire human race. No credible scenario for a future world war would allow time for the massive buildup of conventional forces that occurred in the 1940s. The moral equivalent of the Normandy invasion in the nuclear age would involve a presidential decision to put tens of millions of American lives at _________ (43). And the possible benefits for the allies would be uncertain at best. European defense experts often ask whether the U.S. would be willing to "trade Pittsburgh for Dusseldorf". In practice, the question may well be whether it is worth ___________ (44)American cities to avenge a Europe already _________ (45) to rubble.Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash ( \ ) and write the correct word. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash ( \ ). Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g. 1 (46) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (46)-begun- begane.g. 2 (47) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain wentup.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (47) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (48) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (48) nut(46)A state university president was arrested today and charged with impersonate a police officer became, the authorities say, he pulled over a speeding driver here last month. (47)Using flashing headlights, Richard L. Judd, 64, the president of Central Connecticut State University made the driver. Peter Baba, 24, of Plainville, pull on Jan. 23, the state police said. (48) He then flashed a gold badge and barked at him for speed, they said.(49)Mr. Judd is New Britain's police commissioner from 1981 to 1989 and from 1993 to 1995.(50) But Detective Harold Gannon of the New Britain police said today that the job involved more policy as police work, and did not include the authority to charge or chide criminals. (51 ) The gold badge was mere a university award. (52) The governor said he would not ask for a resignation because Mr. Judd had made a "misjudgment" and had written a letter of apologizing.(53)Later, Mr. Judd's lawyer, Paul J. McOuillan, issued a long apology from his superior, whom he described as "the best thing to happen to New Britain."(54) "My experience and instinct as an E. M. T. and former police commissioner prompted me to involve myself with this matter," Mr. Judd said in the statement. (55)"In hindsight, I see it was mine to manage."Part Five WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below:(15%)Topic: Write in 250 ～300 words about China's auto industry.。
武汉理工大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
武汉理工大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Unit 1 SchoolingPassage OneVocabulary1.striking2.slender impeccable3.discernible4.sloppy5.sagacity6.arrogance7.vow8.homonym9.glistening10.fix the blame onPassage TwoVocabulary1. A2. B3. C4. A5. B6. D7. A8. D9. D10.CTranslation1. 我曾经遇到过这样一位管弦乐指挥严师。
当有人弹错时，他怒骂他为白痴”；当有人弹走音时，他暂停指挥，怒吼。
他就是杰瑞·卡帕琪斯基——乌克兰移民。
2. 传统的观念认为老师应该为学生梳理知识，而不是一味的把知识塞进他们的脑袋里。
作业和小组学习都是备受青睐的学习手段。
传统的方法，如讲授和背诵，都被讥讽为“钻杀”，被人反对，被贬为是用正确的方法来蚕食年轻一代的创造力和积极性。
3. 死记硬背现在被作为解释来自印度（印度人的记忆力让人赞不绝口）家庭的孩子在全国拼字比赛中大胜对手的一个原因。
4. 当然，我们也担心失败会给孩子造成精神创伤，削弱他们的自尊。
5. 研究人员曾以为，最有效的老师会通过小组学习和讨论带领学生学习知识。
Unit 2 MusicPassage OneVocabulary1. molecular2. hyperactive3. integrated4. retention5. condense6. clerical7. alert8. aesthetically9. compelling10. undeniablyPassage TwoVocabulary1. B2. D3. A4. B5. C6. D7. A8. B9. D 10. C Translation1.一项新的研究消除了某些美国人所珍视的观点，即音乐能够提高孩子的智力。
人大考博英语(2010-2017)
历年真题2017年中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅡReading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are4reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Questions16to20are based on the following passage．Sometimes,over a span of many Years,a business will continue to grow,generating ever-increasing amounts of cash,repurchasing stock,paying increased dividends,reducing debt, opening new stores,expanding production facilities,moving into new markets,etc.,while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant(or even falls)．When this happens,the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range．Take,for example,Wal-Mart.Over the past five years,the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over80％,profits by over100％,and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30％during that timeframe.Clearly,the valuation picture has changed.An investor that read the annual report back in2000or2001might have passed on the security,deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio.Today,however,the equation is completely different--despite the stock price,WalMart is,in essence,trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend,twice the earnings power, more stores,and a bigger infrastructure.Home Depot is in much the same boat,largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy．Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon.Ten years ago,in1996, the stock traded between a range of$36．10and$54．30per share.At the time,it had reported earnings per share of$1．40and paid a cash dividend of$0．50per share.Corporate per share book value was$2．48．Last year,the stock traded within a range of$40．30 and$45．30per share;squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior!Yet,despite the stagnant stock price,the2006estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share standaround$2．16(a rise of54％),the cash dividend has more than doubled to$1．20, book value is expected to have grown to$7．40per share(a gain of nearly300％),and the total number of shares outstanding(未偿付的，未完成的)has actually decreased from2．481 billion to an estimated2．355billion due to the company's share repurchase program．16．This passage is probably a part of______．A．Find Hidden Value in the Market B．Become RicherC．Get Good Bargains D．Identify Good Companies17．The italicized word“stagnant”(line4,Para.1)can be best paraphrased as______．A．prominent B．terrible C．unchanged D．progressing18．Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price becauseA．it has stored a large quantity of goodsB．it has become financially more powerfulC．it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD．it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19．All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT______．A．the cash dividend has increasedB．the earning power has become strongerC．both businesses have continued to growD．the stock price has greatly decreased20．According to the author,one had better______．A．buy more shares when the stock price falls downB．sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC．do some research on the value.of a business when its stock price falls downD．invest in the business when its stock price fails downQuestions21to25are based on the following passage．Today's college students are more narcissistic(自恋的)and self-centered than their predecessors,according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society．“We need to stop endlessly repeating'You're special'and having children repeat that back,”said the study's lead author,Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University.“Kids are self-centered enough already.”“Unfortunately,narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society,including the breakdown of close relationships with others,”he said.The study asserts that narcissists“are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived,at risk for infidelity,lack emotional warmth,and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty,and over-controlling and violent behaviors”.Twenge,the author of“Generation Me：Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive,Entitled--and More Miserable Than Ever Before”,said narcissists tend to lack empathy,react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others．Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work.But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically,noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications．Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies.“Permissiveness seems to be a component,”he said.“A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting.Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students,while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings,don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation．Hanady Kader,a University of Washington senior,said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded.But she is dismayed(气馁；心,)by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status.“We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want,and nobody should stand in your way,”Kader said.“I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships.”Kari Dalane,a University of Vermont sophomore,says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered.“People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they're going to find a place in the world,”she said.“People want to look their best,have a good time,but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides,some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome,Dalane said.“It would be more depressing if people answered,'No,I'm not special.'”21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may21．According to the passage,a narcissistic person may______．A．hate criticism B．be dishonest to his/her partnerC．be unwilling to help others D．All the above．22．The italicized word“commended”(line1,Para.3)means______．A．praised B．criticized C．recommended D．disfavored23．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Narcissism may result in bad consequences．B．College students are active to participate in volunteer work．C．Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge．D．Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion．24．It is implied that______．A．both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissism B．the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC．the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the study D．college students are pessimistic about their future25．It is proper to be when you hear someone say“I'm special”．A．objective B．pessimistic C．optimistic D．worriedQuestions26to30are based on the following passage．The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries．The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards,instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election,which can occur more than50days after the card vote is completed．Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill.The National Association of Manufacturers,The National Federation of Independent Business,the U.S.Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers.“This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights”,said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill.Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion(旨迫,胁迫)from unions．Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers.“Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't,”Samuel said.He cites the31,358cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in2005．Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby,the secret ballot would not be eliminated.The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers.“On the ground,the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,”said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council,who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level．The bill has other provisions(规定，条款)as well.The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(促裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a con-tract after3months.An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for2years,a fact that Straczewski calls,“borderline unconstitutional”.“I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract,”said Straczewski．The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers.The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service,the organization that oversees arbitration,reported that in2004,45percent of newly formed unions were deniedfirst contracts by employers.The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees.As it stands,the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in1935．The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages．26．Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A．House bill aims to spur labor union growth．B．House bill aims to counter labor union growth．C．Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment．D．Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees'income．27．According to its opponents,the bill______．A．will protect employees'rightsB．will benefit workers by binding contractsC．will empower unions too muchD．makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28．The word“it”(line5,Para.5)refers to______．A．the change B．the legislationC．the AFL-CIO D．the difference29．People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPTA．the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries B．the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC．binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can't be agreed on betweena recently established union and a companyD．the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employ ees30．It is implied that______．A．fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB．workers'coercion often comes from unionsC．the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD．punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions31to35are based on the following passage．Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society,changing many people's views on race,history and politics.The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals．Muhammad AllCassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville,Kentucky,learning to fight at age12after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself.Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion,going on to win three world heavyweight titles.He became known as much for his swagger(趾高气扬)outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in1965,changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U.S.Army on religious grounds.Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinson's disease,even lighting the Olympic torch at the1996Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September11terrorist attacks．W.E．B．Du Bois(William Edward Burghardt Du Bois)Born in1868,this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent,prolific intellectuals of his time.An academic,activist and historian,Du Bois co-founded the National Associationfor the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),edited“The Crisis”magazine and wrote 17books,four journals and many other scholarly articles.In perhaps his most famous work,“The Souls of Black Folk”,published in1903,he predicted“the problem of20th century [would be］the problem of the colorline”．Martin Luther King Jr．The Rev.Martin Luther King Jr.is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement.He spearheaded(带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches,sit-ins,boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affect-ed Americans'attitudes toward race relations.He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in1964．Malcolm XBlack leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early1960s.He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following,which continued even after his death in1965．Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee's1992movie“Malcolm X”was released．Jackie RobinsonIn1947,Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S.major leagues.After retirement from baseball in1957,he remained active in civil rights and youth activities.In1962,he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame．31．Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A．He never served in the army．B．He learned to fight at an early age．C．His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing．D．He loves peace．32．The italicized word“prolific”(line2,Para.3)is synonymous to______．A．smart B．skilled C．productive D．pioneering33．According to the passage,which of the following statements is NOT true?A．W.E．B．Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people．B．Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S.major baseball leagues throughout his life．C．Martin Luther King Jr.was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements．D．Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death．34．What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A．Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized．B．Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn't win recognition until death．C．All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime．D．All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities．35．Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A．Life of Famous African AmericansB．Influence of Famous African AmericansC．Political Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsD．Cultural Pioneers:Icons and intellectualsPartⅢVocabulary(10％)Directions:There are20incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word.And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．36．The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to______the weightof the building．A．subside B．idealize C．initiate D．sustain37．The actress was very______at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference．A．extraterrestrial B．explicit C．indignant D．innovative38．It is known to all that children in this region have strong______to swimming in summer because of the hot weather．A．inclination B．exposure C．flux D．correlation39．The torch was______by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting．A．implement B．deceive C．exemplify D．ignited40．These samples have to be______in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them．A．immersed B．crisped C．armored D．arrayed41．Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology．A．alternated B．amplified C．designated D．diverged42．Three years______before he returned home from the United States．A．denoted B．destined C．elapsed D．enveloped43．A______plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities．A．deliberate B．disincentive C．functional D．fantastic44．Sometimes in drawing and designing,the sign X______the unknown number．A．facilitates B．fascinates C．denotes D．jots45．The speaker was very much______by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall．A．jerked B．incensed C．laced D．limped46．The two countries have developed a______relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade．A．managerial B．lethal C．metric D．cordial47．The doctor's______was that she should go and see the specialist in this field．A．constraint B．counsel C．coherence D．consciousness48．The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its______declaration in1970that oceans were the heritage of mankind．A．unanimous B．abstract C．autonomous D．almighty49．They need to move to new and large apartments.Do you know of any______ones in this area?A．evacuated B．empty C．vacant D．vacate50．The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get______quickly．A．decomposed B．denounced C．detached D．deduced51．The government decided to take a(n)______action to strengthen the market management．A．diverse B．durable C．epidemic D．drastic52．The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to______it．A．disgrace B．disguise C．defy D．distress53．They admitted that they shared the same______on the matter．A．potentiality B．sentiment C．Postscript D．subscription54．We cannot be______with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday．A．pecked B．reconciled C．perturbed D．presumed55．Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region．A．tugged B．demolished C．hampered D．destroyedPartⅣCloze(10%)Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D．You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level.Nearly one-third of all human beings live within36miles of a coastline.Most of the world's great seaport cities would be56:New Orleans, Amsterdam,Shanghai,and Cairo.Some countries--Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific--would be inundated.Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt,57large populations occupy lowlying areas,would suffer extreme 58．Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons,59in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world.60water quality may result as61flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable,natural62could be flooded with ocean water,destroying forever many of the63plant and animal species living there．Food supplies and forests would be64affected.Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture.Warmer temperatures would65grain-growing regions pole-wards.The warming would also increase and change the pest plants,such as weeds and the insects66 the crops．Human health would also be affected.Warming could67tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever,malaria,and other diseases.Heat stress and heat mortality could rise.The harmful68of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69There will be some70from warming.New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic,longer growing seasons further north will71new agricultural lands,and warmer temperature will make some of today'scolder regions more72But these benefits will be in individual areas.The natural systems --both plant and animal--will be less able than man to cope and73Any change of temperature,rainfall,and sea level of the magnitude now74will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well．The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions75by global warming．56．A．ascended B．assaulted C．erased D．endangered 57．A．which B．where C．when D．what' 58．A．dislocation B．discontent C．distribution D．distinction 59．A．rebuking B．rambling C．resulting D．rallying 60．A．Increased B．Reduced C．Expanded D．Saddened 61．A．inland B．coastal C．urban D．suburban 62．A．dry-land B．mountain C．wetlands D．forest 63．A．unique B．precious C．interesting D．exciting 64．A．geologically B．adversely C．secretively D．serially 65．A．shift B．generate C．grease D．fuse66．A．hiking B．hugging C．attacking D．activating 67．A．endanger B．accommodate C．adhere D．enlarge68．A．profits B．values C．effects D．interests 69．A．conditions B．accommodation C．surroundings D．evolution 70．A．adjustments B．benefits C．adoptions D．profits 71．A．alternate B．abuse C．advocate D．create72．A．accidental B．habitable C．anniversary D．ambient 73．A．adapt B．alleviate C．agitate D．assert74．A．ascertained B．conformed C．consoled D．anticipated 75．A．tutored B．relayed C．triggered D．reflected PartⅤTranslation from English into Chinese(10%) Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese,and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET．Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being.Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it,but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts—detract from well-being．For most of human history,the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefitside of the energy-well-being equation.Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting,converting,and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience,deprivation and constraints on growth.The1970's,then,represented a turning point.After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects.It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply.It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits．PartⅥWritingDirections:You are asked to write in no less than200words about the title of“Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China”.You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET．目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
四川大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
四川大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension (10%)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary and Structures (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. Beneath each of the sentences you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one word or phrase that completes best the sentence, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.16．The concept of a loyal opposition—the ______ of modern democracy—rarely prevails and, much more frequently, opposition is equated with treason and ruthlessly suppressed.A．loop B．essence C．equivalent D．velocity17．Timmer is known as a touch manager who demands ______ results.A．credible B．undeniable C．dynamic D．tangible18．He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a______ of Henry Kissinger.A．casualty B．criteria C．dissection D．necessity19．Now the public has an unprecedented chance to peer over the shoulders of archaeologists and historians and get a firsthand look at the ______ of the Mongols and their Asian predecessors.A．legacy B．bequest C．converse D．miracle20．In the search for solution to seemingly overwhelming problems, it became increasingly ______to include radical, even revolutionary ideas.A．stable B．absolute C．immortal D．plausible21．Researchers at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh announced they had discovered ______evidence that a virus is involved in what used to be called juvenile diabetes.A．incessant B．compelling C．identical D．problematic22．Stephen Schneider, a climatologist at Stanford, notes that unlike greenhouse gases, which ______ rapidly around the globe, the sulfate droplets tend to concentrate over industrialized regions.A．unify B．fragment C．disperse D．shatter23．Now the juries, and ultimately the society they speak for, have to find some way to express ______ at the brutality that women and children face every day.A．aggression B．extenuation C．outrage D．suppression24．It was a type of urban story that continues to ______ big-city dwellers forward each day, a tale of hard work and self-starting initiative, of taking matters into one's own hands to make dreams come true.A．propel B．penetrate C．baffle D．harness25．The primordial fireball would have been a dense roiling stew of radiation and elementary particles condensing out of the ______ energy, annihilating each other, recondensing, then colliding and disappearing all over again.A．colossal B．audacious C．ambient D．autonomousSection BDirections: In this section, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C and D．Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct, and mark out your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.26．The lecturer made too a long speech, so every listener felt tired of him, and some even went out of the lecture hall without getting the permission from the speaker.A B C D27．It is raining hard outside. Haven't you taken an umbrella with you?A B C D28．If he was to come here this afternoon, I should ask him to go to the party held by student union.A B C D29．He did not like abstract painting at all, so the more he looked at the drawings exhibited in the art gallery, the little he liked them.A B C D30．He is a well-known hardworking and clever student, and he often gets top scores in his class; so all his classmates are sure that he studies very hardly.A B C D31．He looked a little bit nervous, that could be seen from his facial expression.A B C D32．Although the wages for all the members of the working staff increase regularly, so their expenses do; for the prices for everything are increasing dramatically at the same time.A B C D33．Sound waves travel in the air in much the same way like water waves spread on the water.A B C D34．Like any other constant repeated action, speaking has to be learned, but once it is learned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.A B C D35．More and more old people whose grown - up children pay little attention to them gathered together and organize interesting activities for themselves.A B C DPart ⅢReading Comprehension (25%)Directions:In this section, you will read five passages.Each one is followed by several questions. You are to choose the one best answer to each question, and mark your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 36～40 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies run to public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. They do this issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institution, both at home and overseas. When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom heoriginally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function.All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country.The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.36．Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.A．rely on their own financial resourcesB．persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC．borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD．depend on the population as a whole for finance37．The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.A．repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB．raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC．exchanged for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD．invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange38．When the savers want their money back they ______.A．ask another company to obtain their money for themB．look for other people to borrow money fromC．put their shares in the company back on the marketD．transfer their money to a more successful company39．All the essential services on which we depend are ______.A．run by the Government or our local authoritiesB．in constant need of financial supportC．financed wholly by rates and taxesD．unable to provide for the needs of the population40．The stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.A．to borrow as much money as they wishB．to make certain everybody saves moneyC．to raise money to finance new developmentsD．to make certain everybody lends money to themPassage TwoQuestions 41～45 are based on the following passage:The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness than usual in England. Only a few months before, Richard Ⅱ, weak, wicked, and treacherous— had been deposed, and Henry Ⅳ declared king in his stead. But it was only a seeming peacefulness, lasting for but a little while; for though King Henry proved himself a just and a merciful man—as justice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days—and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly, there were many noble families who had been benefited by King Richard during his reign, and who had lost some of their power and prestige from the coming of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and estates, from which degradation King Richard had lifted them.They planned to fall upon King Henry and his followers and to massacre them during a great tournament which was being held at Oxford.And they might have succeeded had not one of their own members betrayed them.But Henry did not appear on the lists; whereupon, knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants, the conspirators marched there against him. In the meantime, the king had been warned of the plot, so that instead of finding him in the royal castle, they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London, and that he was marching against them as the head of a considerable army. So nothing was left but flight. One and another, they were all caught and some killed. Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.41．What does the author seem to think of King Henry?A．He was the best king England had ever had.B．He was unfair and cowardly.C．He was just as evil as King Richard.D．He was a better ruler than King Richard.42．How did King Henry find out about the plot?A．His scouts discovered it.B．He saw the conspirators coming.C．One of the conspirators told him.D．He found a copy of the conspirators' plan.43．How did the conspirators find out that Henry was in London?A．They saw him leave Windsor.B．Henry's attendants told them.C．They saw him at the tournament.D．Their scouts told them.44．Why did the nobles wish to kill Henry?A．Henry had taken away power given to them by Richard.B．Henry was weak, wicked, and treacherous.C．Henry had needlessly killed members of their families.D．Henry had killed King Richard.45．It can be inferred that Richard Ⅱ's reign was ______.A．peaceful B．corrupt C．democratic D．illegalPassage ThreeQuestions 46～50 are based on the following passage.The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile of amusement by almost everyone else. Neither folk songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America. But in their devotion to these modes of expression, the people made them their own. The dime novel, interested as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator: themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped. Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the folk song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true “proletarian” literature, that is, a literaturewritten for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have minded so many obscure lodes of American literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers, lumberjacks trainmen, hired girl, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids, I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.46．The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to ______.A．explore a segment of American societyB．promote the American political philosophyC．raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of peopleD．make money47．The “lowest common denominator” refers to ______.A．the poorer classesB．themes and attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of peopleC．attitudes accepted by the American intellectualsD．the character of the authors of the dime novel48．“Proletarian” literatur e is ______.A．written for and read by the great masses of peopleB．distinguished by its devotion to pornographyC．distinguished by its elegant styleD．written for, but not actually read by, most people49．The author believes that a study of our dime novels ______.A．is a waste of timeB．would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of the American traditionC．would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of theAmerican traditionD．would be amusing but unimportant50．Which of the followings implied in the passage?A．The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.B．The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.C．The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understand the attitudes and interests of the common people.D．Because the themes in the dime novels were not good, they could no longer be legally distributed.Passage FourQuestions 51～55 are based on the following passage.There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rulers by ancient writers, who relate how Achiiles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline.The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this percept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wishes to show colorable excuse for the unfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and also how many times peace has been broken, and how man promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one whodeceives will always find those who allow themselves be to deceived.51．The writer does not believe that ______.A．the truth makes men free B．people can protect themselvesC．princes are human D．leaders have to be consistent52．“Prince” in the passage designates ______.A．anyone in power B．elected officials C．aristocrats D．sons of kings53．The lion represents those who are ______.A．too trusting B．reliant on forceC．strong and powerful D．lacking in intelligence54．The fox, in the passage, is ______.A．admired for his trickery B．no match for the lionC．pitied for his wiles D．considered worthless55．The writer suggests that a successful leader must ______.A．be prudent and faithful B．cheat and lieC．have principle to guide his actions D．follow the truthPassage FiveQuestions 56～60 are based on the following passage.T hese is a new type of advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspaper classified columns.It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it doesn't offer anyone job, and sometimes it appears “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone looking for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application”, or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your curriculum vitae or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment, is also an indication of the growing importance of the curriculum vitae, with the suggestion that is may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seeker simply wrote letters of application.“Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs when I left school.The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, and everything else could and should be saved for theinterview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and were available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter, which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach.“Your search is over.I am the person you are looking for,” was a widely used trick that occasionally succeeded.Or it might be some special feature specially designed for the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university education at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the curriculum vitae.56．The new type of advertisement which is appearing in newspaper columns ______.A．informs job hunters of the opportunities availableB．promises useful advice to those looking for employmentC．divides available jobs into various typesD．informs employer that people are available for work57．Nowadays a demand for this specialized type of service has been created because ______.A．there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB．there are so many top-level jobs availableC．there are so many people out of workD．the job history is considered to be a work of art58．In the past it was expected that first-job hunters would ______.A．write an initial letter giving their life historyB．pass some exams before applying for a jobC．have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD．keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview59．Later, as one went on to apply for more important jobs, one was advised to include in the letter ______.A．something that would attract attention to one's applicationB．a personal opinion about the organization one was trying to joinC．something that would offend the person reading itD．a lie that one could easily get away with telling60．The job history has become such an important document because ______.A．there has been an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB．there has been an increase in the number of applicants with degreesC．jobs are becoming much more complicated nowadaysD．the other processes of applying for jobs are more complicatedPart ⅣTranslation (40%)Section A (20%)Directions: Translate the following passages into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on the ANSWER SHEET.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. The difference between the operations and methods of a baker weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist by means of his balance is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion of a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.Section B (20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English and write your English version on the ANSWER SHEET.1．荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕泥污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。
2017年西南大学博士入学考试英语试题+答案解析
西南大学2017年博士入学考试英语试题Part I:Grammar and Vocabulary(20%)Directions:There are twenty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1.The conference chairman made a_______statement before beginning the main business of the afternoon session.A.interestingB.renewableC.reversibleD.preliminary2.Doing research will be much easier if you have someone to bounce ideas off and to give you_______in the entire process.A.rewardB.insuranceC.interestD.feedback3.The_______that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendment4.Malaysia and Indonesia rely much on open markets for forest and fishery products.______, some Asian countries are highly protectionist.A.DeliberatelyB.ConverselyC.EvidentlyD.Naturally5.Such an approach forces the managers to communicate with one another and helps_____ rigid departmental boundaries.A.pass overB.stand forC.break downD.set off6.According to legal provisions,the properties will either______the original owner or else be sold at auction.mit toB.back toC.proceed toD.revert to7.To everyone's surprise,the woman candidate from a small party______the poll in the first round of voting.A.eclipsedB.outshinedC.toppedD.deprived8.The protest went ahead despite government assurances that they would press for_____with the neighboring country in the issuing of visas.A.reciprocityB.show-offC.pay offD.intimacy9.As a teenager,I was______by a blind passion for a film star I would never meet in my life.A.pursuedB.seducedC.consumedD.guaranteed10.The summer session in Georgetown University was a really wonderful occasion which we will______for many years to come.A.discountB.acquitC.cherishD.blur11.She is a very original comedian and can_______laughs out of any audience.A.sufferB.wringC.induceD.infect12.Before the bank was willing to lend him money,it had to______that he was the true owner of the house.A.verifyB.entrustC.acknowledgeD.grant13.It is in vain to say the enlightened statesmen will be able to adjust these clashing interest, and______them all subservient to the public good.A.conformB.causeC.tameD.render14.His originality as a composer is_______by the following group of songs.A.exemplifiedB.createdC.performedD.realize15.When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however,he responded________.“No conditions here are different.”A.ambiguouslyB.implicitlyC.unhesitatinglyD.optimistically16.It is unfair to______from these two incidents and say that all young men are reckless drivers.A.deduceB.generalizeC.minimizeD.transfer17.They are going to London,but their_______destination is Rome.A.ultimateB.primeC.nextD.cardinal18.I_________the minister's figures-the true cost of the project is much higher.A.contendB.agreeC.disputeD.disagree19.She refused to let the injury keep her from_______her goal of being in the Olympics.A.detainingB.attainingC.screwingD.sifting20.The poor old man was________with diabetes and without proper medical treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A.sufferedB.afflictedC.inducedD.infectedPart II:Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this section there are3passages followed by questions or unfinished statements,each with four suggested answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answer on your answer sheet.Text1We began with an experiment.The man asked me to make a drawing on a blank piece of paper.I made a sketch of a creature I had invented some time ago to amuse my children. When I had finished,he asked me to cover the drawing with my hand.Then he asked me to concentrate hard and to try to transmit the thought of what I had sketched A minute went by with no result.He shook his head."it seems very complicated:is it a kind of amoeba?"" Slowly and hesitantly he began to draw the creature's right ear-the spot where I've always begin the drawing."you've got it."I said."Go on!"He completed the drawing quickly.I had carefully redrawn the picture in my mind as I tried to transmit it—which probably accounts for the identical starting point.The man then demonstrated other power.He made the hands of my watch turn back two hours and the date go forward two days by stroking a coin placed over its face,explaining afterward that he derives power from metal.He had a little trouble trying to break my car key. However,he placed it against a metal radiator,and after a few seconds,said,“It is starting to go.The key snapped in two.Then he tried to transmit a picture to me by telepathy.I attempted to make my mind receptive,but no image came into it.Feeling rather embarrassed,I just drew the first thing that came into my head:check mark.The man showed me the piece of paper he was holding. It contained a mirror image of the symbol I had drawn.It could be significant in this connection that the man is left-handed.After I left the room,I began to sift my impressions.Only the day before,an acquaintance had warned me to watch carefully for sleight-of-hand tricks,especially as the man had earlier been a stage conjuror.I had to admit that most of the things had done could have been tricks.For instance,snapping the keys with his fingers and altering the hands and date on my watch with the winder would have been well within the ability of a skilled conjuror.But how could he have faked the drawing of what I had drawn?And if that feat was due to genuine telepathic power,the other demonstrations could also be genuine.1.In line11,“derives”most nearly means________.A.obtainsB.infersC.connectsD.traces2.It can be inferred from lines19-25that the telepathist's demonstrations would appear most convincing to a critical observer if the telepathist were to________.A.provide more information about his backgroundB.critique the performances of other telepathistC.perform in a rigorously controlled environmentD.talk about what he is doing as he performs3.The"acquaintance"mentioned in line19can best be described as a_______.A.skepticB.hypocriteC.hoaxerD.confidant4.Which phrase best characterizes the author's general attitude in this passage?plete indifferentB.righteous indignationC.cynical amusementD.guarded acceptanceText2In the future the little privacy we now have will be gone.Some people call this loss of privacy"Orwellian",harking back to1984.George Orwell's classic work on privacy and autonomy.In that book,Orwell imagined a future in which a totalitarian state used spies, video surveillance,and control over the media to maintain its power.But the age of monolithic state control is over.The future we're rushing toward isn't one in which our every move is watched and recorded by an all-known government.It is instead a future of a hundred electronic monitors who constantly watch and interrupt our daily lives,and where threats to privacy find their roots in the free market,advanced technology,and the unbridled exchange of electronic information.The problem with the word"privacy'"is that it falls short of conveying the really big picture.Privacy isn't just about hiding things.It's about self-possession,autonomy,and integrity.As we move into the computerized world of the21century,privacy will be one of our most important civil rights.But this right of privacy isn't the right of people to close their doors and pull down their window shades-perhaps because they want to engage in some sort of illicit or illegal activity.It's the right of people to control which details about their lives stay inside their own houses and which leak to the outside.Today's war on privacy is intimately related to the recent dramatic advances in technology.Many people today say that in order to enjoy the benefits of modern society,we must necessarily relinquish some degree of privacy.If we want the convenience of paying for a meal by credit card,then we must accept the routine collection of our purchases in a large database over which we have no control.This trade-off is both unnecessary and wrong.It reminds me of another crisis our society faced back in the fifties and sixties-the environmental crisis.Then,advocates of big business said that poisoned rivers and lakes were the necessary costs of economic development,jobs, and an improved standard of living.Poison was progress:anybody who argued otherwise simply didn't understand the facts.Today we know better.Today we know that sustainable economic development depends on preserving the environment.Similarly,in order to reap the benefits of technology.It is more important than ever for us to use technology to protect personal freedom.5.The passage indicates that privacy is_________.A.less valued by people than it once wasB.difficult to maintain in the contemporary worldC.necessary for individual freedom.a stumbling block to economic growth6.In line18,the underlined"degree”most nearly means________.A.stageB.sequenceC.measureD.standing7.Lines18-20("If we….control")primarily serve to_______.A.introduce an additional pointB.discourage a course of actionC.question a decision D illustrate a preceding statement8.The statements in lines24-25("poison..facts")is intended to represent the point of view of ______.A.big businessB.environmentC.the authorD.the public9.The passage concludes by suggesting that if technology is to have a positive effect on people’s lives,then________.A.individual rights must be expandedB.protective measures must be takenC.technological advances must be supportedD.further research must be found10.The author supports the idea that privacy can be protected________.A.at a modest cost to most businessB.with the help of new technologiesC.without giving up valued servicesD.through appropriate government interventionsText3One of the pleasantest things in the world is going on a journey:but I like to do it myself can enjoy society in a room,but out of doors,nature is company for me.I am then never less alone than when alone.I cannot see the wit of walking and talking at the same time.When I am in the country,I wish to vegetate like the country.I like solitude,when I give myself up to it,for the sake of solitude;nor do I ask for"a friend in my retreat,whom I may whisper sweet.""Give me the clear blue sky over my head,and the green turf beneath my feet,a winding road before me,and a three hours'march to dinner and I begin to feel,think,and be myself again.Instead of an awkward silence,broken by attempts at wit or dull commonplaces, mine is that undisturbed silence of the heart which alone is perfect eloquence.Others have different opinions."Let me have a companion of myself:says the novelist Lawrence Sterne,"were it but to remark how the shadows lengthen as the sun declines"It is beautifully said:but in my opinion,this continual comparing of notes interferes with the involuntary impression of things upon the mind and dilutes the experience.If you have to explain what you feel,it is making a tool of a pleasure.You cannot read the book of nature without being perpetually put to the trouble of translating it for the benefit of others.There is one subject on which it is pleasant to talk on a journey.I grant,and that is.What one shall have for supper when we get to our inn at night.Every mile of the road heightens the flavor of the meal we expect at the end of it.How fine is it to enter some old town,walled and turreted,just at approach of nightfall,or to come to some straggling village,with the lights steaming through the surrounding gloom;and then after inquiring for the best entertainment that the place affords,"to take one's ease at one's inn!""These eventful moments in our lives history are too precious,too full of solid,heart-felt happiness to be frittered and dribbled away in solitude.11.The author of the passage would agree with which of the following statements about traveling alone?A.Its enjoyment is largely a matter of personal inclinationB.Its difficulties are easily underestimated by inexperienced traveler.C.It enables one to make much better time than when traveling with a companionD.It is not as much fun as traveling with another person12.The statement in lines2-3(I am…alone")is an example of_________.A.an apologyB.a metaphorC.a paradoxD.a euphemism13.Sterne mentions"the shadows(line11)as an example of a________.A.specialized insight that only a seasoned traveler can bring to bear on a situationB.observation that travelers might enjoy sharing nonethelessC.thoughtless comment that travelers are apt to make to their guidesD.beautiful sight that cannot be communicated accurately to those who do not travel frequently14.In the last paragraph of this passage,the author does which of the following?A.admits to a sudden change of heartB.notes an exception to a previously stated preferenceC.expresses regret about an overly sweeping generalizationD.points out a common misconception15.The physical description of the"town"(line18)and"village”(line19)primarily convey a sense of__________.A.foreboding isolationB.rural povertyC.eccentric customD.provincial charmPart III:English to Chinese Translation(15%)Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.One advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid word is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition.In most work success is measured by income and while our capitalistic society continues,this is inevitable.It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural to apply.The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for extra comforts that a higher income can provide.However dull work may be,it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation,whether in the world at large or only in one's own circle.In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men,or than women who work outside the home.The domesticated wife does not receive wages,has no means of bettering herself,and is valued by her husband not for her housework but for other qualities.Of course,this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to-do to make beautiful houses and beautiful gardens and become the envy of their neighbors;but such women are comparatively few,and for the great majority housework cannot bring as much as satisfaction as work of other kinds brings to men and to professional women.Part IV:Chinese to English Translation(15%)Directions:Translate the following passage into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.朋友来访，站在我的书橱前流连忘返，见他一副痴迷的样子，我故作豪爽地说：“喜欢看什么说就先拿去吧。
2017年博士研究生招生考试英语考试题型
部分 为考生提供的信息 10段会话 I.听力 3篇短文 10段语句 II.词汇 10段语句 III.英语知识运 用 IV.阅读理解 词汇的基本含义，词义关系，词 多项选择题（四选一） 汇生成的基本知识 完形填空多项选择题 （四选一） 10 20 5 10 把握关键内容，中心大意，并做 多项选择题（四选一） 适当推断 语态、词汇及其间的搭配关系 多项选择题（四选一） 10 10 10 5 测试要点 理解说话者意图、观点或态度 题型 多项选择题（四选一） 题目数量 计分 10 1015 15 100
1篇文章（250-300词） 词汇、语法和结构
V.翻译 VI.写作 总计
理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念 4篇文章（共约2000 性含义，进行有关的判断、推理 多项选择题（四选一） 词） 和引申，根据上下文推测生词的 词义等 对连贯性、一致性等语段特征以 1篇文章（150-180词） 英译汉 及文章结构的理解 主题句、写作提纲、规 书面表达 定情景、图、表等 短文写作（250词左 右）
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5
词汇的基本含义，词义关系，词 汇生成的基本知识
多项选择题（四选一）
10
5
III.英语知识运 用
1篇文章（250-300词） 词汇、语法和结构
完形填空多项选择题 （四选一）
20
10
理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念
IV.阅读理解
4篇文章（共约2000 词）
性含义，进行有关的判断、推理 和引申，根据上下文推测生词的
多项选择题（四选一）
20பைடு நூலகம்
30
词义等
V.翻译
1篇文章（150-180词）
对连贯性、一致性等语段特征以 及文章结构的理解
英译汉
1
15
VI.写作
主题句、写作提纲、规 定情景、图、表等
书面表达
短文写作（250词左 右）
1
15
总计
80＋2 100
2017年博士研究生招生考试英语考试题型
部分
为考生提供的信息
测试要点
题型
题目数量 计分
I.听力
10段会话 3篇短文
理解说话者意图、观点或态度 多项选择题（四选一） 10
10
把握关键内容，中心大意，并做 适当推断
多项选择题（四选一）
10
10
II.词汇
10段语句 10段语句
语态、词汇及其间的搭配关系 多项选择题（四选一） 10