语言学定义

articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)--the study of the production of speach sounds.acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学) --the study of physical properties of speech sounds.Allophones(音位变体)--the different phones which cab represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of taht phoneme.consonant(辅音):a major category of sound segments produced by a closure in the vocal tract,or by a narrowing which is so marked that air can not escape without producting audible friction.compositionality(综合性原则):the meaning of a sentence should be viewed from both the grammatical structure and the word meaning.In other words,the meaning of a sentence depend on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.cooperative principle(合作原则):1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim ofQuality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.Constatives(叙事句):a constative sentence is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking.It can be said to be ture or false.Endocentric(向心结构):is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i,e,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable centre or head.Exocentric(离心结构)：it refers to a group of syntactionally related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,thatis,there is no definable "center" or "head" inside the groupillocutionary act(行事行为):when we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings,but also make clear our purpose in producing them,the way we intend them to be understood,or they also have certain forces.The act performed is known as a...linguistics(语言学):is the the scientific study of languageLanguage:is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.locutionary act(发话行为):when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds organzined in a certain way and with a certain meaning.The act performed in this sense is called a ...morpheme(语素):is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that can not be divided intofuither,smaller,units without destorying or drastically altering the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical.Morphology(形态学):is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Phonetics(语音学):phonetics studies how speech sounds areproduced,transmitted and perceived.Pragmatics(语用论):is the study of these relations between language and context that are grammaticalized,or encoded in the structure of a language.perlocutionary act(取效行为):whether or not the effects are intended by the speaker,they can be regarded as parts of the act that the speaker performed.this act is called....performatives(施为句):some sentence is the doing of an action.They can not be said to be true or false.these sentences are called....phoneme(音位):is a phonological unit which is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.phonology(音系学):is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur.sapir-whorf hypotheses(沃尔夫假设):our language helps mould our way of thinking and,consequently,different languages may probably express speakers` unique ways of understanding the world.Semantics(语义学):is the study of meaning,or more specifically,the study of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.sense relations(涵义关系):the sense of a word may be seen as network of its sense relation with others.Syntax(句法):is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.syntax relations(句法关系):syntax relations can be analysed into three kinds: positional relations,relations of substitutability.and relations if co-occurrencesuprasegmentals(超音段特征):units which extend over more than one sound in an utterance.The principal suprasegmentals are syllable,stress,tone and intonation.theory of conversational implicature(会话含义论):in real communication,the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says.the real intention implied in the words is called....vowel(元音):a major category of sound segments produced without abstruction of the vocal tract so that air eascapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or the nose.这个是定义考察下面的是大题Design features of language(语言的结构特征)arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmissionfunctions of language 语言的功能informative,interpersonal function,performative,emotive function,phatic communication,recreational function,metalingual functionImportant distinctions in linguistics语言学重要差别1,descriptive and prescriptive描写和规定区别:the distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.1：the linguistic study aims to describe and analyse the language people actually use.2: the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard "behavior" in using language.2,synchronic and diachronic(共时和历时)1:said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical point in time.2:said of the study of development of language and languages over time.3,language and parol(语言和言语)1,the language system shared by a "speech community".2,the concrete utterances of a speaker.4,competence and performance（语言能力和应用）1,unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language 2,the language actually used by people in speaking and writing.语音学三领域:articulatory phonetics(发音语音学acoustic phonetics:(声学语言学)perceptual or auditory phonetics:感知语音学和听觉语言学theory of the illocutionary Act行事行为论:locutionary act发话行为,illocutionary act行事行为,两种句子:performatives and constatives(施为句和叙事句)cooperative principle合作原则:1,Maxim of Quantity.2,maxim ofQuality.3,Maxim of relatiob.4,Maxim of manner.沃尔夫假设重要理论:on one hand,language may determine our thinking patterns.,on the other hand,similarity between languages is relative.For two different speech communities,the greater there structure differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the word will be.。