Common Computer Language
《计算机专业英语》(中英文对照)
计算机专业英语
1-4
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers
1.1 The Invention of the Computer
It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose.
计算机专业英语 Computer English
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 2009.9.1
Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers
Key points: useful terms and definitions of
在 EDVAC 完 成 之 前 ， 其 他 一 些 机 器 建 成 了 ， 它 们 吸 收 了 Eckert 、 Mauchly和Neuman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟 存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世 界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一 部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。
信息检索关键词部分
信息检索关键词部分Key word第1章信息检索（Information Retrieval, IR）数据检索（data retrieval）相关性（relevance）推送（Push）超空间（hyperspace）拉出（pulling）⽂献逻辑表⽰（视图）（logical view of the document）检索任务（retrieval task 检索（retrieval ）过滤（filtering）全⽂本（full text）词⼲提取（stemming）⽂本操作（text operation）标引词（indexing term）信息检索策略（retrieval strategy）光学字符识别（Optical Character Recognition, OCR）跨语⾔（cross-language）倒排⽂档（inverted file）检出⽂献（retrieved document）相关度（likelihood）信息检索的⼈机交互界⾯（human-computer interaction, HCI）检索模型与评价（Retrieval Model & Evaluation）⽂本图像（textual images）界⾯与可视化（Interface & Visualization）书⽬系统（bibliographic system）多媒体建模与检索（Multimedia Modeling & Searching）数字图书馆（Digital Library）检索评价（retrieval evaluation）标准通⽤标记语⾔（Standard Generalized Markup Language, SGML）标引和检索（indexing and searching）导航（Navigation）并⾏和分布式信息检索（parallel and distribution IR）模型与查询语⾔（model and query language）导航（Navigation）有效标引与检索（efficient indexing and searching）第2章特别检索（ad hoc retrieval）过滤（filtering）集合论（set theoretic）代数（algebraic）概率（probabilistic 路由选择（routing）⽤户需求档（user profile）阙值（threshold）权值（weight）语词加权（term-weighting）相似度（similarity）相异度（dissimilarity）域建模（domain modeling）叙词表（thesaurus）扁平（flat）⼴义向量空间模型（generalized vector space model）神经元（neuron）潜语义标引模型（latent semantic indexing model）邻近结点（proximal node）贝叶斯信任度⽹络（Bayesian belief network）结构导向（structure guided）结构化⽂本检索（structured text retrieval, STR）推理⽹络（inference network）扩展布尔模型（extended Boolean model）⾮重叠链表（non-overlapping list）第3章检索性能评价（retrieval performance evaluation）会话（interactive session）查全率(R, Recall Ratio) 信息性（Informativeness）查准率(P, Precision Ratio) ⾯向⽤户（user-oriented）漏检率(O, Omission Ratio) 新颖率（novelty ratio）误检率(M, Miss Ratio) ⽤户负担（user effort）相对查全率（relative recall）覆盖率（coverage ratio）参考测试集（reference test collection）优劣程度（goodness）查全率负担（recall effort）主观性（subjectiveness）信息性测度（informativeness measure）第4章检索单元（retrieval unit）字母表（alphabet）分隔符（separator）复合性（compositional）模糊布尔（fuzzy Boolean）模式（pattern）SQL(Structured Query Language, 结构化查询语⾔) 布尔查询（Boolean query）参照（reference）半结合（semijoin）标签（tag）有序包含（ordered inclusion）⽆序包含（unordered inclusion）CCL(Common Command Language, 通⽤命令语⾔) 树包含（tree inclusion）布尔运算符（Boolean operator） searching allowing errors容错查询Structured Full-text relevance feedback 相关反馈Query Language (SFQL) （结构化全⽂查询语⾔） extended patterns扩展模式CD-RDx Compact Disk Read only Data exchange (CD-RDx)（只读磁盘数据交换）WAIS (⼴域信息服务系统Wide Area Information Service)visual query languages. 查询语⾔的可视化查询语法树（query syntax tree）第5章query reformulation 查询重构 query expansion 查询扩展 term reweighting 语词重新加权相似性叙词表（similarity thesaurus）User Relevance Feedback⽤户相关反馈 the graphical interfaces 图形化界⾯簇（cluster）检索同义词（searchonym） local context analysis局部上下⽂分析第6章⽂献（document）样式（style）元数据（metadata）Descriptive Metadata 描述性元数据 Semantic Metadata 语义元数据intellectual property rights 知识产权 content rating 内容等级digital signatures数字签名 privacy levels 权限electronic commerce电⼦商务都柏林核⼼元数据集（Dublin Core Metadata Element Set）通⽤标记语⾔（SGML，standard general markup language）机读⽬录记录（Machine Readable Cataloging Record, MARC）资源描述框架(Resource Document Framework, RDF) XML(eXtensible Markup Language, 可扩展标记语⾔) HTML（HyperText Markup Language, 超⽂本标记语⾔）Tagged Image File Format (TIFF标签图像⽂件格式)Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Portable Network Graphics (PNG新型位图图像格式)第7章分隔符（separator）连字符（hyphen）排除表（list of stopwords）词⼲提取（stemming）波特（porter）词库（treasury of words）受控词汇表（controlled vocabulary）索引单元（indexing component）⽂本压缩text compression 压缩算法compression algorithm注释（explanation）统计⽅法（statistical method）赫夫曼（Huffman）压缩⽐（compression ratio）数据加密Encryption 半静态的（semi-static）词汇分析lexical analysis 排除停⽤词elimination of stopwords第8章半静态（semi-static）191 词汇表（vocabulary）192事件表（occurrence）192 inverted files倒排⽂档suffix arrays后缀数组 signature files签名档块寻址（block addressing）193 索引点（index point）199起始位置（beginning）199 Vocabulary search词汇表检索Retrieval of occurrences 事件表检索 Manipulation of occurrences事件表操作散列变换（hashing）205 误检（false drop）205查询语法树（query syntax tree）207 布鲁特-福斯算法简称BF（Brute-Force）故障（failure）210 移位-或（shift-or）位并⾏处理（bit-parallelism）212顺序检索（sequential search）220 原位（in-place）227第9章并⾏计算（parallel computing） SISD （单指令流单数据流）SIMD （单指令流多数据流） MISD （多指令流单数据流）MIMD （多指令流多数据流）分布计算（distributed computing）颗粒度（granularity）231 多任务（multitasking）I/O（input/output）233 标引器（indexer）映射（map）233 命中列表（hit-list）全局语词统计值（global term statistics）线程（thread）算术逻辑单元（arithmetic logic unit, ALU 中介器（broker）虚拟处理器（virtual processor）240分布式信息检索(distributed information retrieval)249⽂献收集器（gatherer）主中介器（central broker）254第10章信息可视化（information visualization）图标（icon）260颜⾊凸出显⽰（color highlighting）焦点+背景（focus-plus-context）画笔和链接（brushing and linking）魔术透镜（magic lenses）移动镜头和调焦（panning and zooming）弹性窗⼝（elastic window）概述及细节信息（overview plus details）⾼亮⾊显⽰（highlight）信息存取任务（information access tasks）⽂献替代（document surrogate）常见问题(FAQ, Frequently Asked Question) 群体性推荐（social recommendation）上下⽂关键词（keyword-in-context, KWIC）伪相关反馈（pseudo-relevance feedback）重叠式窗⼝（overlapping window）⼯作集（working set）第11/12章多媒体信息检索（Multimedia Information Retrieval, MIR）超类（superclass）半结构化数据（semi-structured data）数据⽚（data blade）可扩充型系统（extensible type system）相交（intersect）动态服务器（dynamic server）叠加（overlaps）档案库服务器（archive server）聚集（center）逻辑结构（logical structure）词包含（contain word）例⼦中的查询（query by example）路径名（path-name）通过图像内容查询（Query by Image Content, QBIC）图像标题（image header）主要成分分析（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）精确匹配（exact match）潜语义标引（Latent Semantic Indexing, LSI）基于内容（content-based）范围查寻（Range Query）第13章exponential growth指数增长 Distributed data 数据的分布性volatile data 不稳定数据 redundant data 冗余数据Heterogeneous data异构数据分界点（cut point）373Centralized Architecture集中式结构收集器-标引器（crawler-indexer）373 Wanderers 漫步者 Walkers 步⾏者 Knowbots 知识机器⼈Distributed Architecture分布式结构 gatherers 收集器brokers 中介器 the query interface 查询界⾯the answer interface响应界⾯ PageRank ⽹页级别Crawling the Web漫游Web breadth-first ⼴度优先depth-first fashion 深度优先 Indices（index pl.）索引Web Directories ⽹络⽬录 Metasearchers元搜索引擎Teaching the User⽤户培训颗粒度（granularity）384超⽂本推导主题检索（Hypertext Included Topic Search, HITS）380 Specific queries专指性查询 Broad queries 泛指性查询Vague queries模糊查询 Searching using Hyperlinks使⽤超链接搜索Web Query Languages查询语⾔ Dynamic Search 动态搜索Software Agents 软件代理鱼式搜索（fish search）鲨鱼搜索（shark search）拉出/推送（pull/push）393门户（portal）395 Duplicated data 重复数据第14章联机公共检索⽬录（online public access catalog, OPAC）397化学⽂摘（Chemical Abstract, CA）399 ⽣物学⽂摘（Biological Abstract, BA）⼯程索引（Engineering Index,EI）国会图书馆分类法（Library of Congress Classification）408杜威⼗进分类法（Dewey Decimal Classification）408联机计算机图书馆中⼼（Online Computer Library Center, OCLC）409机读⽬录记录（Machine Readable Cataloging Record, MARC）409第15章NSF (National Science Foundation, 美国国家科学基⾦会)NSNA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration，美国航空航天局）数字图书馆创新项⽬（Digital Libraries Initiative, DLI）4155S（stream,信息流structure,结构space, 空间scenario, 场景society社会）416基于数字化对象标识符（Digital Object Identifier, DOI）420都柏林核⼼（Dublin Core, DC）430 数字图书馆（Digital Library, DL）资源描述框架(Resource Document Framework, RDF)431text encoding initiative (TEI) （⽂本编码创新项⽬）431v。
【人教版】必修二Unit3-Computers-using-language课件
technology or IT. Pay attention
to the advantages and disadvantages
of each one. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
1) 有“别忘了”的意思 2) 放在句末, “虽然有前面说过的话”或“与 预料中的情况相反”的意思
So you made it after all!
After all, what does it matter?
第二十三页，编辑于星期四：十六点 十八分。
She should have offered to pay — she’s a millionaire, after all．
have both disadvantages and
advantages.
第十页，编辑于星期四：十六点 十八分。
Type of IT
Advantages
You can both
TV
listen and watch.
Disadvantages
You cannot write
to friends.来自Web容易与之混淆的词组是in the way意为“造成
阻碍”，请比较：
In a way, I like this new textbook very much．
I’m afraid your bike is in the way．
第二十二页，编辑于星期四：十六点 十八分。
6. after all 毕竟; 到底; 终究
3. What part does Andy play in the football team? He’s a striker.
医学翻译词汇四
医学翻译词汇四医学翻译词汇四医学翻译词汇四203coin catcher 取硬币器coincidence 符合，一致，重合coincidence counter 符合计数器coincidence detector 符合检波器coincidence rangefinder 双像重合测距仪，叠像测距仪co2 incubator 二氧化碳培养箱co2 insufflator 二氧化碳吹入器co2 laser 二氧化碳激光器co2 laser surgical system 二氧化碳激光手术系统colation 漉过，漉液colatorium 漉药器cold ①寒冷的②感冒，伤风cold cathode 冷阴极cold cathode diode 冷阴极二极管cold cathode enlarger 冷阴极放大机cold cathode fluorescence lamp 冷阴极荧光灯cold cathode lamp 冷阴极灯cold closet 冷藏箱cold cream 冷膏，冷霜cold light 冷光cold light amnioscope 冷光源羊膜镜cold light fountain 冷光源204cold light operating lamp 冷光手术灯cold light shadowless primary and secondary lamp 冷光子母无影灯cold light source 冷光源cold light supply 冷光源cold plate 致冷板cold probe 低温探针cold quartz mercury vapor lamp ①（人工）太阳灯②冷光石英水银灯cold receptor 冷感受器cold red light 冷红光灯cold reflector 冷反射镜cold room 冷藏室cold snare 冷圈断器cold sterilization 低温杀菌，低温消毒cold storage 冷藏器cold ultra-violet lamp 冷紫外线灯collapsible 可折叠的，可收缩的，活动的collapsible camera 折叠式照相机collapsible container 可收缩容器collapsible lens 折叠镜头collapsible mast 伸缩套管天线杆，拉杆天线collapsible radio mast 伸缩套管天线杆，拉杆天线collapsible tube 软锡管205collapsible-whip antenna 可折叠鞭状天线collar 套圈，套环，环collar and crow scissors 牙冠剪collarbone 锁骨collar burner 环焰灯collargol 胶体银collarpliers 牙技工成形钳collar scissors 冠颈剪collar splint 硬领夹collator 校对机，分类机collaurum 胶体金collecting lens 聚光透镜，会聚透镜collecting tank 收集槽collection ①收集②收集品，标本collection order 托收委托书collector ①收集器②编辑机③集电器collector lens 聚光透镜college 学院，学会colligation 综合，总括，连接colligative 依数性的collimated beam 准直光束collimating lens 准直透镜206collimation 准直，对准collimator 准直器，平行光管collimator tube 准直管，平行光管collimator viewfinder 准直取景器colliquation 溶化，溶解collision 碰撞，冲突，振动collo- 胶体，胶质collochemistry 胶体化学collodion 火棉胶，胶棉collodion dressing 火棉胶敷料collodion electrode 胶棉电极（eeg）colloid ①胶体，胶质②胶态的colloid gold 胶态金colloid mill 胶体磨colloid osmometer 胶体渗透压计colloid osmotic pressure 胶体渗透压collosol 溶胶colloxylin 火棉，低氮硝化纤维素collum 颈colo- 结肠colometrogram 结肠测计图colometrometer 结肠活动测定器207colon 结肠colon clamp 结肠夹colonic cooler 结肠冷却器colonofiberscope 结肠纤维镜colonofiberscopy 结肠纤维镜检查colonometer 菌丛计数器colonoscope 结肠镜colonoscopy 结肠镜检查colonosigmoidoscope 结肠乙状结肠镜colony 菌（集）落，菌丛colony counter 菌集落计数器color 颜色，染色color adaptometer 颜色适应时间计color chart 比色图表color comparator 比色器color comparison tube 比色管color contrast 色对比color densitometer 彩色光密度计color display 彩色显示器color display tube 彩色显像管color film 彩色胶片color filter 滤色器，滤色玻片208colorimeter 比色计colorimeter tube 比色管colorimetric assay 比色测定colorimetric cylinder 比色管colorimetric method 比色法colorimetric solution 比色溶液colorimetric titration 比色滴定法colorimetry 比色法，色觉检查color index 血色指数color jar 染色缸color killer 消色器color kinescope 彩色显像管color matching guide 比色标color negative film 彩色照像负片color pattern generator 彩色信号发生器color phase microscope 着色相位差显微镜color picture tube 彩色显像管color radicle 色基，发色团color radioisotope scanner 彩色放射性同位素扫描仪color receiver 彩色电视接收机color receiver monitor 彩色电视接收监视器color screen 彩色荧光屏209color spectrum 色谱color standard 比色标准color television 彩色电视color television camera 彩色电视摄像机color television receiver 彩色电视机color television set 彩色电视机color video camera 彩色摄像机color video monitor 彩色监视器color videoscope 彩色映像示波器color vision test 色盲检验表color vision tester 色盲视力检验器coloscope 结肠镜colostomy bag 结肠（造）瘘袋colostomy pouch 结肠排泄袋colour 颜色，染色coloured filter 滤色镜coloured glass 有色玻璃coloured spectacles 有色眼镜colp-; colpo- 阴道colpeurynter 阴道扩张袋colpohysteroscope 阴道子宫镜colpomicroscope ①阴道显微镜②阴道镜210colpomicroscopy 阴道显微镜检查colposcope ①阴道镜②阴道显微镜colposcopy 阴道镜检查，阴道窥器检查colpostat 阴道插物保持托，阴道塞药器colpotherm 阴道电热器column 柱coma 斜射球面像差，彗形像差comb ①梳，梳齿②探针combination 结合；化合；组合combination bag 多用包combination offer 搭配发盘combination screen 复合增感屏（包括前屏及后屏）combination sterilizer bag 消毒用包combination stethoscope 双联听诊器combination therapeutic lamp 组合式治疗灯combination type 组合式combined prism 串棱镜combustible ①易燃的②燃料combustible gas detector/alarm system 可燃气体测定和报警装置combustion 燃烧，发火combustion boat 耐烧盆combustion furnace 燃烧炉211combustion spoon 燃烧匙combustion tube 燃烧管combustor 燃烧室comedones extractor 拔粉刺器comfimeter 空气冷却力计comfort ①安慰，舒适②设备commend 推荐，赞扬commensalism 共栖commentary 注释，评论commerce 商业，贸易commercial agency 商业代理commercial contract 贸易合同commercial invoice 商业发票commercial treaty 贸易协定，贸易条约comminuter 粉碎机comminuting machine 粉碎机commission 委托，代理commission contract 商业代理合同commissurotomy knife 二尖瓣分离刀，联合部切开刀committee 委员会commode ①便桶②五斗橱③洗脸台commode chair 大便椅212commodity 商品，货物commodity inspection bureau 商品检验局commodity inspection and testing bureau certificate 商检局证明书commodity market 商品市场common bile duct probe 胆总管探针common carotid artery puncture needle 颈动脉穿刺针common duct scoop 普通导管匙common mode rejection ratio 共模抑制比communication 通知，通信，联络community 团体，联合会，共同体commutation 交换，转换，整流commutator ①转换器②整流器compact ①条约，合同②致密的，小型的compact laboratory research microscope 多用组合显微镜compact-type 袖珍型compandor 压缩扩展器，展缩器company(abbr. co.; co.) 公司，商号company limited (abbr. co.; ltd) 有限公司comparascope 双片对比显微镜comparator ①比较器，比值器②比色器comparator block 比色座comparer 比较器213comparison 比较，对比comparison microscope 对比显微镜comparison prism 比色棱镜comparison spectroscope 比色分光镜comparison spectrum 比较光谱comparison tube 比值管，比色管comparomicroscope 双片对比显微镜comparoscope 比较显微镜compartment 隔室，分离间compartment incubator 分隔式保温箱compass ①圆规②罗盘，指南针compatibility 适合性，相容性compendium 提纲，摘要，一览表compensable 可补偿的compensated air thermometer 补偿空气温度计compensated scan 展开式扫描compensating calorimeter 抵偿式测热计compensating ocular 补偿目镜compensation 补偿，补充，校正compensator ①补偿棱镜②补偿器，伸缩器competition 竞争，比赛compimeter 视野计214complement 补充，互补，补体complementary color 补色complementation 补充，互补作用，附加complementer 补助器complete denture 全口托牙complex 复合的，复杂的complex filling gum 复合充填树脂complex low frequency apparatus 复合低频治疗器complex number 复数compliance 符合，顺从，可塑性compliance test apparatus 肺弹性测定仪complication 复杂化，混乱，并发症comply 答应，遵守，履行component ①组合的②万分，内容，元件component location guide 装配圆composite filter 复合滤光板composite restorative resin 复合充填树脂composition 组成，成分compound ①复合的②化合物；复合物compound lens 复合透镜compound manometer 复式测压计compound microscope 复式显微镜215compound model 印模膏compound spectacles 复合眼镜comprehend ①了解②包括，包含comprehensive ①广泛的，综合的②理解的compress ①压缩②敷布compressed air 压缩空气compressed air sprayer 压缩空气喷雾器compressed nitrous gas tank 压缩氮气筒compressed oxygen gas tank 压缩氧气筒compressed sponge 压缩海绵，海绵塞条compressed tablet 压缩片compressibility 压缩性，压缩系数compression bandage 压缩绷带compression clamp 压迫夹compression forceps 压迫钳compression plate 加压固位板compression tourniquet 加压止血带compression tube 加压管comprcssive strength 抗压强度compressometer 压缩计compressor 压缩机，压迫器compressor amplifier 压缩放大器216compressor pump 压缩泵computed axial tomographic for head and neck scanner 头颈部x 射线电子计算机断层扫描仪（颅脑ct）computed tomograph (abbr. ct) x 射线电子计算机断层摄影机computed tomographic apparatus x 射线电子计算机断层摄影机computed tomography (abbr. ct) x 射线电子计算机断层摄影术computed tomographic scanner 计算机断层扫描仪computer 计算机，计算器computer aided transverse tomography 电子计算机断层摄影术computer chart 计算表computer generated hologram 计算机再现全息图computerized transvers axial scanning 电子计算机横轴扫描computerized ultrasound sector scanner 计算机控制超声扇型扫描仪computer language 计算机语言computer potentiometer 计算机电位计computer program 计算机程序computer simulation 计算机模拟computer tomograph scanner ct 装置x 射线计算机断层扫描器computor 计算器concave 凹的，凹面的concave-convex 凹凸的concave face 凹面concave grating 凹光栅217concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹面镜concave mirror reflector 凹面反光镜concave sheath 凹形镜鞘（为膀胱镜用）concavity 凹面，凹度concavity slide 载物凹玻片concavoconcave 对凹的，双凹的concavoconcave lens 双凹透镜concavoconvex 凹凸的concavoconvex lens 凹凸透镜concentration 浓缩，浓缩物，集中concentration cell 浓差电池concentration colorimeter 深度比色计concentration gradient 深度梯度concentration pan 蒸浓锅，浓缩盘concentrator 浓缩器concentric 同轴的，同心的concentric circle 同心圆concentric lens 同心透镜concentric needle electrode 同心针状电极concentric tube 同心管concept 概念218conchoscope 鼻腔镜conchotome 鼻甲刀conchotomy scissors 鼻甲剪concluding a contract 缔结合同concretion 凝结物，结石concurrent 同时的，并行的concussion 振荡，振动concussor 振荡按摩器condensation 冷凝，冷凝液condenser ①冷凝器②聚光器③电容器condenser dosimeter 电容放射量仪condenser lens 聚光镜，聚焦透镜condenser type mobile x-ray apparatus 电容式流动x 光机condensing lens 聚光透镜condensing tower 冷凝塔condensing tube 冷凝管condensor ①冷凝器②聚光镜③电容器condition 情况，条件conditioned reflex 条件反射conditioner 调节器conditioning oven 恒温调节器condom 阴茎套219conductance 电导，热导conductibility 传导性conducting probe 电导探针conducting tube 传导管conduction 传导，导电性conduction band 导带conductivity 导电率，传导性conductivity cell 传导性电池conductivity meter 传导率计，电导仪conductometer ①热导计②电导计conductor 导引器，导体conduct pipe 导管conduit 导管，水管condyle 髁condyle reduction forceps 髁骨复位钳cone ①锥（体）②遮光筒，孔cone bur 锥形钻cone-socket handle 锥孔柄cone-socket instrument 锥孔器械cone-socket pliers 锥孔钳conference 会议，讨论会conference microscope 商讨显微镜（多人共同观察）220configuration 外形，构造，（线路）接法，基本配置confinement 分娩，生产confirmation ①认可，确认②证明，证实confirmation note 确认通知书confirmation of offer 确认发盘confirmation of order 确认订单conflict 冲突，矛盾confluence 融合，汇合confocal 同焦点的conformation 构造，组成conformator 头轮廓测量器confusion 干扰，混乱confusion reflector 干扰反射器congenerous 协同的，共同的congenital 先天的，生来的conical 圆锥形的conical beaker 锥形烧杯conical bougie 锥形探条conical burr 圆头锉conical flask 锥形瓶conical graduate 锥形量器conical oesophagus bougie 锥头食道探条221conical scan 圆锥形扫描conical trephine 锥形环钻conimeter 测角器coniometer 尘埃计算器conjunctiva 结膜conjunctival curette 结膜刮匙conjunctival forceps 结膜镊conjunctival scissors 结膜剪conjunctive 结合的，连接的connecting device 连接装置connecting lead 连接导线connecting plug 接线插头connection 连接，结合connection cord 连接电缆connection tube 连接管connector ①接管②连接器③插孔connector and adaptor 接管和接头conoid 锥形的conoscope 锥光镜，锥光偏振仪consent ①同意，许可②插座，万能插口conservancy 保护，保存，管理conservator ①储存器②存油器222consignee ①收货人②受托人consignee code 收货人编码/代号consignment 承运货物，委托检验consignment agreement 委托协议consignment invoice 送货发单consignment note 发货通知书consignor 发货人consistence 稠性，稠度consistency check 一致性检验consistency indicator 稠度指示器consistency meter 稠度计consistency regulator 稠度调节器consistometer 稠度计console ①托架②操作台console display 台式显示器，控制显示器console model 落地式console panel 控制盘，操纵板console switch 操作开关consolette 小型控制台constac 自动稳压器constancy meter 恒定计constant ①常数②恒定的，不变的223constant cell 恒压电池constant current 恒定电流，恒流constant current source 恒流电源constant current stabilizer 恒流稳压器constant current stimulator 恒流刺激器constant humidity incubator 恒湿保温箱constant potential 恒电位constant pressure flow controller 稳压流量控制器constant temperature circulator 恒温循环器constant temperature oven 恒温箱，定温干燥器constant temperature regulator 恒温调节器constant temperature shaking bath 恒温振荡浴槽constant voltage equipment 恒压装置constant warm tube 恒温管constant wattage transformer 恒量变压器constitution 结构，组织constriction 狭窄，缩窄constrictor 缩窄器，压缩器construction features 结构特点consultation 商量，会诊consulting room 诊察室consumable 消耗品，消费商品224consumption 消耗，消费contact 接触，联系contact apparatus 接触治疗机contact bed 接触滤床contact breaker 触断器contact compound scan type sonolayer 连接复合扫描型音层仪contact electrode 接触电极contact glasses 接触镜片contact lens 接触镜片contact maker 接合器contactor 接触器，开关contact thermometer 接触温度计contact tube 接触（x 射线）管contagion gown 隔离衣container ①容器，储存器②集装箱container cargo 集装箱货物contaminant 污染物contamination ①污染②杂质content 含量，内容，目录continuous 连续continuous flow oxygen system 连续流出式供氧装置continuous gum denture 连龈托牙225continuous injector 连续注射器continuous recording oscilloscope camera 连续记录示波器照相机continuous spectrum 连续光谱continuous sterilization 持续灭菌法continuous suction unit 连续吸引器continuous wave laser (abbr. cw laser) 连续式激光器contour ①外形，轮廓②等值线contour alloy 冠面合金，牙合金contouring pliers 成形钳contour model 外形模型contourograph 轮廓仪contra- 反，抗，逆，对contra-angle 反角contra-angle porte-polisher 反角握柄磨光器contraceptive 避孕剂contraceptive device 避孕器contraceptive diaphragm 阴道隔膜，子宫帽contract(abbr. cont.) 合同，契约contract amendment advice 合同更改通知书contract goods 合同货物contractility 收缩性，收缩力contraction ①收缩②订约226contract number(abbr. cont. no) 合同号码contractor ①合拢器②压缩机contract stipulation 合同项目contractual obligation 合同义务contract value 合同金额contraindication 禁忌症contralateral 对侧的contrast 反差，对比度，对照contrast control 反差控制，对比度调整contrast detector 反差检测器contrast echo-cardiograph 造影超声心动图contrast filter 反差滤光片contrast medium 造影剂，对比剂contrast medium auto-injector 造影剂自动注射器contrast photometer 对比光度计contrast range 反差范围contrast solution 造影溶液contravolitional 不随意的，非自愿的control 控制，调节control assembly 控制装置control board 操纵台control chamber 控制箱227control console 控制台control desk 控制台control device 控制器control electrode 控制电极control equipment 控制装置control experiment 对照实验control gauge 校准规control key 控制键control knob 控制按钮controlled trial 对照实验controller 控制器，调节器controlling temperature unit 控温仪control panel 控制盘，操纵板control sequence 控制程序control table 控制台control temperature reading 校核温度记录control test 对照实验control unit 控制器contusion mortar 捣碎用乳钵conus 圆锥，锥体convection 对流，传递convenience 方便，便利228convergence 会聚，集合，会聚点convergence electrode 会聚电极convergent mirror 会聚镜convergent prism 会聚棱镜converging diverging collimator 聚焦幅散准直器converging lens 会聚透镜convergiometer 陷斜眼测验器convergioscope 双目放大镜conversion 转变，转化conversion chart 换算表converter 变换器，换能器，变频器converter-ac to dc 交流至直流变换器converter-dc to ac 直流至交流变换器converter stage 变换级convertible 可逆的，可转换的convertible culture apparatus 发酵培养器convertible lens （变）倍率透镜convertible telescope 综合式窥镜convertor 变换器，换能器，变频器convex 凸的，凸面的convex-edged knife 凸刃刀convexity 凸度，凸面229convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸面镜convexoconcave 凸凹的convexoconcave lens 凸凹透镜convexoconvex 对凸的，双凸的convexoconvex lens 双凸透镜convexo-plane lens 平凸透镜convex probe 凸探头（b 超）convex sheath 凸形镜鞘（为膀胱镜用）conveyer 运送车conveyer device 输送装置convolute 卷曲的，回旋的convolution ①褶积式②匝，圈，转数③旋转cooker ①饮具，锅②火炉cool ①凉的②冷却coolant 冷却剂cooler ①冷却器②冷却剂coolidge s tube 库里吉氏管，热阴极x 射线管cooling 冷却，降温cooling agent 冷却剂cooling air blower 冷却鼓风机cooling apparatus 冷却器，冷却装置230cooling blower 冷却鼓风机cooling device 冷却装置cooling fan 冷风扇cooling jacket 冷却套管cooling stage 冷却台（显微镜）cooling water 冷却水coop ①低压水银灯②桶，笼cooperation 合作，协力cooper-hewitt lamp 库珀一海威特灯，玻璃管汞弧灯coordinate ①坐标②配位coordinate axis 坐标轴coordinate digitizer 坐标数字转换器coordinate plotter 坐标绘图仪coordinate system 坐标制，坐标系统coordinate-type potentiometer 坐标式电位计coordination 调整，协调coordinatograph 坐标制图器，坐标仪coordinator ①坐标测定器②协调器copier 复印机，印刷器coping 盖，顶部coplin jar 科普林氏缸，玻片染色缸copper amalgam 铜汞合金231copper band 铜（托）圈copper cement 铜粘固粉copper line 铜线，绿线copper paraffin melting pan 铜制石蜡熔化锅copper sulfate 硫酸铜copple 坩埚copy 抄本，副本，复制品copying camera 复制照相机copying machine 复印机coquille 球面镜co60 radiotherapy unit 60 钴治疗机cord ①软线，电缆②索，带cordotomy knife 光彩髓前侧柱切除刀，光彩髓切开刀cord pendant lamp 吊灯cordwood 积木式（器件）cordwood system 积木式（一种微型器件的组合方式）core 轴心，中心，磁心core-; coro- 瞳孔core buffer 磁心缓冲器corectome 虹膜刀corediastasis 瞳孔扩大core material 磁心材料232coreometer 瞳孔计，测瞳器coreoncion 虹膜镊core storage 磁心存储器core switch circuit 磁心开关电路cork 软木塞，栓cork bore 木塞钻孔器cork bore shaper 木塞穿孔锉corkscrew bolt 木塞螺丝钉corn-cutter 鸡眼刀cornea 角膜corneal curette 角膜刮匙corneal cutting forceps 角膜切除钳corneal grafter 角膜移植器corneal knife 有膜刀corneal loupe 角膜放大镜corneal magnifier 角膜放大镜corneal microscope 角膜显微镜corneal needle guide 角膜针导子corneal scissors 角膜剪corneal scraper 角膜刮刀corneal trephine 角膜环钻corneal tube 角膜板层管233corneascope 角膜镜corneoscleral forceps 角巩膜镊corneoscleral trephine 角巩膜环钻corneous operating scissors 角形手术剪corner ①棱角，角②弯管，弯头corner angle 棱角corner cube prism 直角棱镜corner cutter 切角器corner insert 角形插头corner reflector 角形反射器corometer 瞳孔计，测瞳器corona ①电晕，日冕②冠状物corona guard 电晕防护器coronary 冠状的coronary angiogram 冠状血管造影片coronary angiography 冠状血管造影术coronary artery 冠状动脉coronary artery bypass kit 冠状动脉搭桥术用器械coronary artery bypass surgery 冠状动脉搭桥手术coronary artery bypass catheter 冠状动脉搭桥造影导管coronary artery catheter 冠状动脉导管coronary artery scissors 冠状动脉剪234coronary dilatation equipment 冠状动脉扩张装置coronary perfusion canula 冠状动脉灌流套管coronary perfusion catheter 冠状动脉灌导管coronary perfusion pressure monitor 冠状动脉灌注压力监护仪coronary scissors 冠状剪coronary sinus flow analyzer 心脏冠状窦血流分析仪coroner 检验员coronoid 冠状的coroscope 视网膜镜cproscopy 视网膜检影法，瞳孔检查法corporation (abbr. co.) （联合）公司corpse 尸体correct 校正，校准correcting circuit 校正电路correcting filter 校正滤波器correcting unit 校正装置correction 矫正，校正correction analyzer 校正分析仪correction pulse 校正脉冲correction signal 校正信号correctophone 语言矫正器corrector ①校正器②校正电路235correlation 联系，相关correlation detector 相关检波器correlation measuring instrument 相关测量计correlator 相关器correlogram 相关图corrosion 腐蚀，侵蚀corrosion electrode 腐蚀电极corrosion resistant rotary micro tome 耐侵蚀旋转式切片机corrosion specimen 腐蚀标本corrosion target 腐蚀电极corrosion testing 腐蚀试验corrosive ①腐蚀剂②腐蚀的corrugated tube 螺纹管，波纹管corset 围腰corundum 金刚砂，刚玉cosmic ray 宇宙（射）线cosmolin 凡士林，防腐油cost 价格，成本，费用costa 肋骨costal elevator 肋骨起子costal periosteotome 肋骨骨膜刀costal periostotome 肋骨骨膜刀236cost and freight (abbr. cf) 成本加运费costectome 肋骨切除刀costotome 肋骨刀，断肋器costotomy chisel 肋骨凿cost price 成本，成本费cot 指套，小床cotton 棉，棉花cotton applicator 卷棉子cotton bud 棉签cotton carrier 卷棉子，夹棉器cotton covered wire 纱包线cotton jacket 棉背心cotton needle 棉花针cotton paper 棉纸cotton plugs forceps 药棉塞耳钳cotton roll 棉卷cotton swab 棉签cotton tip applicator 棉球棍cotton wool 脱脂棉cotton wool carrier （喉）卷棉子cotton wool tampon 棉塞cottrell 电收尘器237cotyloid 杯状的，臼状的couch 床，长沙发椅couching 内障墒除术cough counter 咳嗽计数器coulant meter 电量计coulomb 库仑（电量单位）coulometer 库仑计，电量计count 计数count detector 计数检测器counter ①计数器，计数管②计算机counter balanced microscope manipulator 显微镜平衡操纵器counter balance 托盘天平counter clockwise 逆时针方向的counter electrophoresis 对流电泳counter for radioisotope 放射性同位素计数器counterpoise ①天衡器，砝码②配重counter register 计数寄存器counter shock 计数电震计counter tube 计数管counterweight 砝码counting 计数counting assembly 计数装置238counting cell （血细胞）计数池counting chamber （血球）计数板，计数池counting grid 计数栅counting meter 计数器counting plate 计算板，计数盘counting rate computer 计数率计算机counting ratemeter 计数率计counting tube 计数管counting unit 计数装置counting vial 计数管形瓶count pulse 计数脉冲country 国家，地区country of destination 目的国country of origin 生产国，原产国couple 一对，连接coupled rhythm 二联律coupler 耦合器，连接器coupler plug 连接插头coupling adjustment 耦合调整coupling amplifier 耦合放大器coupling probe 耦合探头coupling transformer 耦合变压器239coupling tube 耦合管couveuse 孵化器，保温箱cover 盖，罩covered wire 绝缘线，皮线coverglass 盖玻片coverglass forceps 盖玻片镊cover hood 机罩套covering 套，罩cover plate 盖片cowhorn forceps 牛角钳cowl 帽，罩coxa 髋，髋关节coxankylometer 髋弯测量仪coxo-plastics circular bone chisel 髋关节成形圆凿coxo-plastics file 髋关节成形锉coxo-plastics plain bone chisel 髋关节成形平凿cp(chemically pure) 化学纯（试剂）c. p. m.(counts per minute) 次/分（每分钟次数）c. p. s.; c/s(cycles per second) 周/秒（每秒钟周波数），赫（兹）cpu(central processing unit) 中央处理器cr(chromium) 铬crack 破裂，裂痕240crack detector 探伤仪，裂缝探测器cradle 吊架，支架cranial 颅的，颅侧的cranial diameter 颅经cranial drill 颅骨钻cranial drill set 颅钻机cranial hemostat 颅止血器cranial perforator 颅骨穿孔钻cranial rongeur 颅骨咬骨钳cranial trephine 颅骨环锯craniencephalometer 颅外测脑器cranio- 颅cranioclast 碎颅钳craniodiaclast 碎颅器craniognomy 颅形学，相颅术craniograph 颅形描记器craniometer 头颅测量计craniophore 颅位保持器cranioscope 颅检查器craniostat 颅支持器craniotome 开颅器craniotomy forceps 颅骨切开钳241craniotony scissors 颅骨剪craniotonometer 头颅叩听诊器craniotonoscope 头颅叩听诊器craniotractor 碎颅牵引器craniotripsotome 碎颅刀cranium 颅cranium holder 持颅器crash cart 救护车cravat 三角布绷带cream ①乳油②乳膏，霜剂creamometer 乳脂测定器crease 褶痕，皱褶creatinine analyser 肌酸酐分析仪creator 创造者credit card 信用卡credit sale 赊售crematory incinerator 火葬炉cremometer 乳油计crepe bandage 弹性绷带crescent 月牙，新月状的crescograph 植物生长描记器crevice 裂隙，裂缝242crib ①槽②栏床cribral 筛状的cribration 过筛cricoid 轮形的，环状的crimper 压折器cripple cart 残废人用手推车critesistor 热敏电阻critical 临界的，极限的critical absorption wavelength 临界吸收波长critical care system 危重病人护理系统critical point 临界点critical resistance 临界电阻cr lead cr 导程，胸右手导程（心电图）cro (cathode-ray oscilloscope) 阴极射线示波器crocodile clip 鳄鱼夹cross ①交叉的②十字，十字形cross action forceps 咬齿钳cross bar 横杆，闩cross box 转换箱cross-cut 横切cross-cut bur 横切钻cross cylinder 十字筒243crossed 交叉的crossed lens 最小球差透镜cross fire 信道间的干扰crossgraphy 断面造影术cross-hatched （画有）交叉影线的cross point 交叉点cross section 横切面，横断面crotchet 产钩，取胎钩crwn 冠，牙冠crown holder 冠柱crown pliers 金冠钳crown post-puller 冠柱拔出器crown remover 去冠器crown saw 冠形锯crown scissors 金冠剪crown slitter 牙冠拆除钳，破冠器crownwork 牙冠术crt(cathode-ray tube) 阴极射线管，示波管crt indicator 阴极射线指示器crucial bandage 十字绷带crucible 坩埚，炉缸crucible tongs 坩埚钳，坩埚夹244crude 天然的，生的，粗制的crusher 压碎器，碾碎机crushing clamp 挤压夹crushing forceps 压碎钳crutch ①拐杖，支器②（电缆）终端接续套管crutcher 搅和机，螺旋搅拌器crutch shoe 拐杖脚垫cryo- 冷，冰冻，低温cryo-cut 冷冻切割cryo-cut cryostat microtome 冷冻切割恒冷切片机cryo-cut microtome 冷冻切割切片机cryodrying 低温干燥cryoextractor 冷冻（内障）摘出器，低温摘除器cryofixation 冰冻固定cryogen 冷冻剂，致冷剂cryogenerator 低温发生器，低温致冷器cryogenic compressor 低温压缩机cryogenic dewar bottle 低温杜瓦瓶，低温真空瓶cryogenic equipment 低温设备cryogenic memory 低温存储器cryogenic refrigerator 低温致冷器，低温冰箱cryogenic system 低温装置，深冷装置245cryogenic thermometer 低温温度计cryolite 冰晶石cryometer 深冷温度计，低温计cryomicroscope 低温显微镜cryomite 小型低温致冷器cryopencil 冷冻头（眼科用）cryophorus 凝冰器cryoprobe ①冷冻器，冷冻探头②冷冻手术刀cryopump 低温泵cryoscope 冰点测定器cryoscopy 冰点降低测定法cryostat 低温箱，低温恒温器cryostat cabinet 冷冻恒温柜cryosurgery 冷冻手术cryosurgery system 低温手术装置cryosurgical equipment 冷冻外科仪器cryotome 低温切片机cryoultramicrotome 低温超薄切片机，冰冻超薄切片crypt 陷窝，陷凹，腺管crypt hook 肛门陷凹钩cryptometer （涂料）遮盖力计cryptoradiometer x 射线透度计246cryptosciascope 克鲁克管（观察x 射线阴影）cryptoscope 荧光镜，荧光屏cryptoscopy 荧光镜透视检查，x 射线透视检查cryscope 冰点测定器crystal 晶体，结晶crystal analyzer 晶体分析仪crystal bar photocell 晶体棒光电池crystal calibrator 晶体校准器crystal cell 晶体盒crystal clock 石英钟crystal controlled oscillator 晶控振荡器crystal counter 晶体计数器crystal diode 晶体二极管crystal earphone 晶体耳机crystal glasses 水晶镜crystalline lens 晶状体crystallizer 结晶器crystallizing dish 结晶皿crystallizing pan 结晶锅，结晶盘crystallogram 晶体照片crystallography 结晶学，晶体照像术crystal oscillator 晶体振荡器247crystal radio 晶体管收音机crystal scintillation counter 晶体闪烁计数器crystal spectrometer 晶体分光计crystal structure 晶体结构crystal transducer 晶体换能器，晶体传感器crystal triode 晶体三极管crystal video receiver 晶体电视接收机cs(cesium) 铯c. s.(current strength) 电流强度c/s; c/s(cycles per second) 每秒周数，周/钞ct(①cardiotachometer ②computed tomography) ①心率计②电子计算机x 线断层摄影术ct scanner ct 扫描装置cu(cuprum) 铜cubic 立方的，立方体的cubic centimeter(abbr. cm3; c. c.) 立方厘米，立方公分，公摄cubic foot(abbr. cf) 立方英尺cubicle switch 组合开关，室内开关cucurbitula 吸杯，吸罐cue tape 指令磁带cuff 袖袋，封套cuff spreader 麻醉套管扩张器cuirass respirator 胸甲式呼吸器248culdoscope 陷凹镜，后穹窿镜culdoscopy 陷凹镜检查，后穹窿镜检查cultivation 培养，培育cultivator 孵卵器culture 培养，培养物culture bottle 培养瓶culture dish 培养皿，培养碟culture flask 培养瓶culture medium 培养基culture plate 培养皿culture tube 培养管cup 杯cupping cup 拔火罐cupping glass 吸奶杯，吸杯，拔罐cup shaped 杯状的curage 刮除术curet 刮匙，刮器curet scaler 刮离刀curettage 刮除术curette 刮匙，刮器curette for osseous tuberculosis 骨结核刮匙curie 居里（放射性强度单位=3.7 1010 次衰变/秒）249curiegram 氡(射)线照片curiemeter 居里测定仪curietherapy 镭疗法current 流,电流current amplifier 电流放大器current balance 电动天平current collector 集电器current condenser 收电容器current indicator 电流指示器current meter ①电流计②流速计current regulator 电流调节器,变阻器current stabilizer 电流稳定器,稳流器current tap 分插器curschmann s trocar 库司曼氏套针(皮下水肿穿刺套针) curtain electrophoresis 幕电泳curtometer 曲面测量计,曲度计。
基于C语言嵌入式开发技术在智能手机应用论文
基于C语言嵌入式开发技术在智能手机中的应用摘要：随着信息技术的发展，特别是c语言嵌入式开发技术的广泛应用，给智能手机的发展带来了新的动力。
c语言是一种比较通用的计算机程序设计语言，c语言编写出来的程序具有安全、方便、运行效率高等特点。
在智能手机中应用，不仅能保证通话的安全，同时也有较快的运行速率，能为用户带来许多的方便。
本文主要从基于c语言嵌入式智能手机的软件设计、基于c语言嵌入式智能手机的硬件设计、c语言嵌入式开发技术应用程序在智能手机中的应用三方面出发，对基于c语言嵌入式开发技术在智能手机中的应用进行相应的论述。
关键词：c语言嵌入式；开发技术；智能手机中图分类号：tn929 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1007-9599 (2011) 22-0000-02embedded development technology application based on c language in the smart phoneluo sha(beihai vocational college,beihai 536000,china)abstract:with the development of information technology,especially the c language embedded development technology,widely used,to the development of smart phones has brought a new impetus.c language is a relatively common computer programming language,c language program written bya safe,convenient operation and high efficiency.in the smart phone applications,not only to ensure the safety of the call,but also run faster rate,can bring a lot of convenience for the user.this article from the c-based embedded software design of smart phones,smart phones based on the c language embedded hardware design,c-language application development technology embedded in the smart phone starting in three areas of application,based on the c language for embedded development technology applications in the smart phone discussion accordingly.keywords:c language embedded;development of technology;smart phones随着经济的发展，人们生活水平的提高，人们对手机的功能的需求越来越高，不仅要满足其通话、发短信功能，还要满足其社交、游戏、办公及多媒体等功能。
下列关于计算机语言的描述正确
下列关于计算机语言的描述正确English Answer：Computer languages are systems of symbols used to translate human intentions into instructions that machines can execute. They provide a way for humans to communicate with computers and control their behavior.There are many different computer languages, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most popular languages include:Java: A general-purpose language that is widely used in web development, mobile applications, and enterprise software.Python: A general-purpose language that is known for its simplicity and ease of use. It is popular in machine learning, data science, and web development.C++: A powerful and efficient language that is often used in operating systems, embedded systems, and high-performance applications.JavaScript: A popular language that is used in web development and mobile applications.C#: A general-purpose language that is popular in Windows development and web development.Each computer language has its own unique features and syntax. For example, Java is an object-oriented language, which means that it is based on the concept of objects and classes. Python is an interpreted language, which means that it is executed directly by the interpreter without being compiled into machine code.Computer languages are constantly evolving, and new languages are being developed all the time. However, the basic principles of computer languages remain the same.中文回答：计算机语言是符号系统，用于将人的意图翻译成机器可以执行的指令。
计算机英语(第2版)新增答案
《计算机英语（第2版）》参考答案注：这里仅给出《计算机英语（第2版）》新增或变化课文的答案，其他未改动课文答案参见《计算机英语（第1版）》原来的答案。
Unit OneSection CPDA Prizefight: Palm vs. Pocket PCI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. With DataViz’s Documents To Go, you can view and edit desktop documents on your PDA without converting them first to a PDA-specific ________. (format)2. Both Palm OS and Windows Mobile PDAs can offer e-mail via ________ so that new messages received on your desktop system are transferred to the PDA for on-the-go reading. (synchronization)3. The Windows Mobile keyboard, Block Recognizer, and Letter Recognizer are all ________ input areas, meaning they appear and disappear as needed. (virtual)4. Generally speaking, Windows Mobile performs better in entering information and playing ________ files while Palm OS offers easier operation, more ________ programs, better desktop compatibility, and a stronger e-mail application. (multimedia; third-party)II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. data field数据字段2. learning curve学习曲线3. third-party solution第三方解决方案4. Windows Media Player Windows媒体播放器5. 开始按钮Start button6. 指定输入区designated input area7. 手写体识别系统handwriting-recognition system8. 字符集character setUnit ThreeSection BLonghorn：The Next Version of WindowsI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. NGSCB, the new security architecture Microsoft is developing for Longhorn, splits the OS into two parts: a standard mode and a(n) ________ mode. (secure)2. It is reported that Longhorn will provide different levels of operation that disable the more intensive Aero effects to boost ________ on less capable PCs. (performance)3. With Longhorn’s new graphics and presentation engine, we can create and display Tiles on the desktop, which remind us of the old Active Desktop but are based on ________ instead of ________. (XML; HTML)4. The most talked-about feature in Longhorn so far is its new storage system, WinFS, whichworks like a(n) ________ database. (relational)II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. search box搜索框2. built-in firewall内置防火墙3. standalone application独立应用程序4. active desktop 活动桌面5. mobile device移动设备6. 专有软件proprietary software7. 快速加载键quick-launch key8. 图形加速器graphics accelerator9. 虚拟文件夹virtual folder10. 三维界面three-dimensional interfaceUnit FourSection CArraysI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Given the array called object with 20 elements, if you see the term object10, you know the array is in ________ form; if you see the term object[10], you know the array is in ________ form. (subscript; index)2. In most programming languages, an array is a static data structure. When you define an array, the size is ________. (fixed)3. A(n) ________ is a pictorial representation of a frequency array. (histogram)4. An array that consists of just rows and columns is probably a(n) ________ array. (two-dimensional)II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. bar chart条形图2. frequency array频率数组3. graphical representation图形表示4. multidimensional array多维数组5. 用户视图user(’s) view6. 下标形式subscript form7. 一维数组one-dimensional array8. 编程结构programming constructUnit FiveSection BMicrosoft .NET vs. J2EEI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. One of the differences between C# and Java is that Java runs on any platform with a Java Virtual ________ while C# only runs in Windows for the foreseeable future. (Machine)2. With .NET, Microsoft is opening up a channel both to ________ in other programming languages and to ________. (developers; components)3. J2EE is a single-language platform; calls from/to objects in other languages are possiblethrough ________, but this kind of support is not a ubiquitous part of the platform. (CORBA)4. One important element of the .NET platform is a common language ________, which runs bytecodes in an Internal Language format. (runtime)II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. messaging model消息收发模型2. common language runtime通用语言运行时刻（环境）3. hierarchical namespace分等级层次的名称空间4. development community开发社区5. CORBA公用对象请求代理（程序）体系结构6. 基本组件base component7. 元数据标记metadata tag8. 虚拟机virtual machine9. 集成开发环境IDE（integrated development environment）10. 简单对象访问协议SOAP（Simple Object Access Protocol）Unit SixSection ASoftware Life CycleI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. The development process in the software life cycle involves four phases: analysis, design, implementation, and ________. (testing)2. In the system development process, the system analyst defines the user, needs, requirements and methods in the ________ phase. (analysis)3. In the system development process, the code is written in the ________ phase. (implementation)4. In the system development process, modularity is a very well-established principle used in the ________ phase. (design)5. The most commonly used tool in the design phase is the ________. (structure chart)6. In the system development process, ________ and pseudocode are tools used by programmers in the implementation phase. (flowcharts)7. Pseudocode is part English and part program ________. (logic)8. While black box testing is done by the system test engineer and the ________, white box testing is done by the ________. (user; programmer)II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. standard graphical symbol标准图形符号2. logical flow of data标准图形符号3. test case测试用例4. program validation程序验证5. white box testing白盒测试6. student registration system学生注册系统7. customized banking package定制的金融软件包8. software life cycle软件生命周期9. user working environment用户工作环境10. implementation phase实现阶段11. 测试数据test data12. 结构图structure chart13. 系统开发阶段system development phase14. 软件工程software engineering15. 系统分析员system(s) analyst16. 测试工程师test engineer17. 系统生命周期system life cycle18. 设计阶段design phase19. 黑盒测试black box testing20. 会计软件包accounting packageIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:development; testing; programmer; chart; engineer; attend; interfacessystem; software; small; userdevelop; changes; quality; board; UncontrolledIV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:软件工程是软件开发的一个领域；在这个领域中，计算机科学家和工程师研究有关的方法与工具，以使高效开发正确、可靠和健壮的计算机程序变得容易。
低级语言和高级语言（Lowlevellanguageandhigh-levellanguage）
低级语言和高级语言（Low level language and high-levellanguage）13.3.1 low-level language and high-level languageComputer programming languages can be divided into two types: low level language and high-level language.1. low level languageLow-level languages provide the ability to manipulate the underlying hardware of a computer system. A skilled programmer usually uses low-level languages to write bottom system software such as operating systems, device drivers, and compilers. Low-level languages use the CPU instruction set to directly call processors, registers, and memory addresses, and maintain very high efficiency in these operations. Since different CPU provides different instruction sets, low-level languages rely on computers.Low level languages are very flexible and efficient in processing hardware, but writing programs requires a more thorough understanding of operating systems and hardware, usually only by a few professional programmers.(1) machine languageA machine language is a programming language that exists in binary form and can be directly executed by a computer. Every sentence in a machine language is a machine instruction consisting of binary operands and operands.Machine language is difficult for people to understand and difficult to master. It is only used in the initial stage of computer development.(2) assembly languageAssembly language uses some mnemonic symbols to represent the instructions and data in machine language, and makes the machine language symbolic. Therefore, sometimes assembly language is also called symbolic language. Different types of computer systems usually have different assembly languages.Assembly language before execution, it is necessary to use assembly system to translate assembly language into machine language. As shown in figure 13.9.2. high-level languageThe high-level language also provides the instructions or statements needed to write programs, but these statements are very close to human language and are quite functional, and you can use them to write large application software systems. Common computer programming languages are mostly high-level languages such as BASIC, C, C++, FORTRAN, PASCAL, Java, and so on.Unlike low-level language, a high-level program can run on different computer systems, this feature greatly reduces the burden of programmers, so they do not understand the underlying computer knowledge, and will focus on the application of logicsystem.Programs written in high-level languages do not run directly on the operating system. They need to translate program code into computer languages that can be directly run by the computer, depending on the computer system. This work is generally handled automatically by high-level language systems.Generally, program code written in high-level language is called source program, and the translated machine language code is called object program".(1) procedural languageA program written in procedural languages that contains a series of statement descriptions that tell the computer how to execute these statements for specific tasks. The process of the language program need to design specific algorithms, process design program we mentioned earlier, it is mainly aimed at the process of the language, we are most common programming language the process of language, such as BASIC and C etc..(2) declarative languageDeclarative language is a rather special language, which differs greatly from the idea of procedural language. The definition of language programmers only need to specify the rules and conditions, do not need to describe the specific means of language's own built-in algorithm, can put these rules to explain specific steps to solve the problem. That is to say, when you write a program in declarative language, you just tellthe computer what to do without telling it how to do it.The SQL language in the database management system is an illustrative language. For example, the user wrote the SQL statement "SELECT * FROM TB", the function of this statement to output all records of the TB table. You can see, this statement does not describe how to query, but tell the system to check what, the system received this instruction, according to the scheduled algorithm to complete the query, and output results.Figure 13.12 is a Oracle SQL Plus interface that runs the SQL statement.Figure 13.12 Oracle SQL Plus running interface(3) scripting languageScripting languages are extensions that some application systems provide to extend the functionality of the application system. Users can write scripts to embed into the application system and accomplish certain tasks. Scripting languages run entirely on application systems and cannot run separately.For example, HTML, VBScript, and JavaScript are scripting languages running on browsers, using these scripts to write colorful web programs.The macro language in Microsoft Office is also a scripting language, as shown in figure 13.13. This macro language has exactly the same syntax as VB, and users can use these macrosto extend the application of Office. Incidentally, the Office macro language also provides an opportunity for some people who have an ulterior motive, in recent years a variety of macro virus is rampant everywhere, use the Office macro language.Figure 13.13 Microsoft Office macro editorIn general, scripting languages are relatively simple and provide a lot of control options.(4) object oriented languageObject oriented language is a programming language based on object oriented method. The basic idea of object-oriented method is: the objective world is composed of many kinds of objects, each object has its own internal state and the motion law of interaction and connection between different objects of different kinds of system.Object oriented language reflects the objective world more intuitively, and facilitates the decomposition of complex problems into a number of sub problems. Therefore, it has been widely used in the development of large-scale software in recent years.Object oriented languages generally include the following concepts:Object: an object is made up of attributes and operations. Attributes and operations describe the characteristics of an object.Class: a class is a collection of objects with the same characteristics, and an object is an instance of a particular class.Encapsulation: hide the internal details of objects as much as possible. Only some interfaces of an object are provided to the outside.Inheritance: hierarchies exist between classes, and child objects have all the properties of a parent class.Message: an object sending a service request to another object is called a message. Messages are means of communication between objectsPolymorphism: refers to an operation that operates on different objects and can have different operations, depending on the class information that the object determines which operations to perform.C++, Java, and are all object oriented languages.13.3.2 interpreted language and compiled languageWhen a computer translates a source program into an object program, there are two ways of translating, one is "Interpreting", and the other is "compiling". Corresponding to the two translation methods, high-level language can be divided into interpretative language and compiled language.1. explanatory languageInterpreted languages use interpreters to generate target programs. Run an interpretive language program, an interpreter reads a statement, put it into executable machine language, and sent to the processor; and then read the next statement, to continue the process until the end. Explain the characteristics of language is the implementation of the translation of a sentence by sentence, translating, so explain written language program execution speed is relatively slow, especially multi loop program loop is repeated several times to explain, the efficiency is very low.The process in which a statement is interpreted by an interpreted language, as shown in figure 13.10.The more familiar BASIC and scripting languages are explanatory languages. But some advanced BASIC environments, such as Visual BASIC, now provide compilation capabilities.2. compiled languagePrograms written in compiled languages must be passed by the compiler to translate the source program into equivalent object programs before they run, and then execute the machine code. The compiled target program can run directly from the compiler environment under the operating system. Many compilers provide the compiler optimization function to optimize the speed of the target program under different computer systems, so the compiler language runs more efficiently.In a compiled language, programs written in compiled language contain any syntax errors,Then the compiler can not pass, and can not run and view the results.The compiler's compilation process is usually divided into two steps:1. compiler: the compiler converts the source program to the target program, but the target module does not allocate the absolute address of the memory and can not be executed directly.2. links: the compiler converts all relevant objects and function libraries into a loader that assigns addresses and belongs to executable programs.The entire process of compiling a compiler is shown in figure 13.11.Both the C and C++ languages belong to the compiled language.Java is a very special language, is between the compilation and explanation, Java can be compiled to generate binary file binary file, but this can not directly run in the operating system, through the Java virtual machine to explain real operation.。
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Common Computer Language常用计算机英语知识及词汇一. Common Hardware 常见硬件篇CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理单元，又叫中央处理器或微处理器，被喻为电脑的心脏。
RAM：Random Access Memory，随机存储器，即人们常说的“内存”。
ROM：Read－Only Memory，只读存储器。
EDO：Extended Data Output，扩充数据输出。
当CPU的处理速度不断提高时，也相应地要求不断提高DRAM 传送数据速度，一般来说，FPM(Fast Page Model)DRAM传送数据速度在60－70ns，而EDO DRAM比FPM 快3倍，达20ns。
目前最快的是SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM，同步动态存储器) ，其存取速度高达10ns。
SDRAM：Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory，同步动态随机存储器，又称同步DRAM，为新一代动态存储器。
它可以与CPU总线使用同一个时钟，因此，SDRAM存储器较EDO存储器能使计算机的性能大大提高。
Cache：英文含义为“(勘探人员等贮藏粮食、器材等的) 地窖；藏物处”。
电脑中为高速缓冲存储器，是位于CPU和主存储器DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory)之间，规模较小，但速度很高的存储器，通常由SRAM(Static Random Access Memory静态存储器)组成。
CMOS：是Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor的缩写，含义为互补金属氧化物半导体(指互补金属氧化物半导体存储器) 。
CMOS是目前绝大多数电脑中都使用的一种用电池供电的存储器(RAM) 。
它是确定系统的硬件配置，优化微机整体性能，进行系统维护的重要工具。
它保存一些有关系统硬件设置等方面的信息，在关机以后，这些信息也继续存在(这一点与RAM完全不同)。
开机时，电脑需要用这些信息来启动系统。
如果不慎或发生意外而弄乱了CMOS中保留的信息，电脑系统将不能正常启动。
PCI：Peripheral Component Interconnection，局部总线(总线是计算机用于把信息从一个设备传送到另一个设备的高速通道) 。
PCI总线是目前较为先进的一种总线结构，其功能比其他总线有很大的提高，可支持突发读写操作，最高传输率可达132Mbps，是数据传输最快的总线之一，可同时支持多组外围设备。
PCI不受制于CPU处理器，并能兼容现有的各种总线，其主板插槽体积小，因此成本低，利于推广。
Seagate：美国希捷硬盘生产商。
Seagate英文意思为“通往海洋的门户”，常指通海的运河等。
Quantum：英文含意为“定量，总量”。
著名硬盘商标，美国昆腾硬盘生产商(Quantum Corporation)。
Maxtor：“水晶”，美国Maxtor硬盘公司。
LD：Laser Disk，镭射光盘，又称激光视盘。
CD：Compact Disc，压缩光盘，又称激光唱盘。
CD－ROM：Compact Disc－Read Only Memory，压缩光盘－只读记忆(存储) ，又叫“只读光盘”。
VCD：Video Compact Disc，视频压缩光盘，即人们通常所说的“小影碟”。
DVD：至今有许多人把DVD视为Digital Video Disc (数字视频光盘) 的缩写，事实上，从1995年9月，索尼／飞利浦和东芝／时代华纳两大DVD开发集团达成DVD统一标准后，DVD的内涵有了很大的变化，它已成了数字通用光盘，即Digital Versatile Disc的英文缩写。
Versatile“通用”的含义表明了DVD用途的多元化，它不仅可用于影视娱乐，还可用于多媒体计算机等领域。
目前按其用途可分为5种类型：1 计算机用只读光盘——DVD－ROM；2 家用型影音光盘——DVD－Movie；3 专供音乐欣赏的DVD Audio；4 只写一次的光盘——DVD－R；5 可读写多次的光盘——DVD－RAM。
Modem：调制解调器，家用电脑上Internet (国际互联网) 网的必备工具，在一般英汉字典中是查不到Modem 这个词的，它是调制器(Modulator) 与解调器(Demodulator) 的缩写形式。
Modem是实现计算机通信的一种必不可少的外部设备。
因为计算机的数据是数字信号，欲将其通过传输线路(例如电话线)传送到远距离处的另一台计算机或其它终端(如电传打字机等)，必须将数字信号转换成适合于传输的模拟信号(调制信号)。
在接收端又要将接收到的模拟信号恢复成原来的数字信号，这就需要利用调制解调器。
UPS：为Uninterruptible Power Supply (不间断电源) 的英文缩写。
它是伴随着计算机的诞生而出现的，是电脑的重要外围设备之一。
UPS是一种含有储能装置，以逆变器为主要组成的恒压恒频的不间断电源，用以保护电脑在突然断电时不会丢失重要的数据。
TFT：有源矩阵彩色显示器，简称TFT显示器，专用于笔记本电脑。
TFT显示器具有刷新速度快、色彩逼真、亮度鲜明等优点。
此外，它还具有无闪烁、无辐射、无静电等“绿色电脑”所必需的特点。
二. Common Software 常见软件篇DOS：Disk Operating System，磁盘操作系统。
提到DOS，只要稍有电脑知识的人对它都会有所了解。
DOS 的主要功能是管理电脑的硬件和软件资源，方便用户对电脑进行操作。
使用DOS操作电脑，需要用户记住大量命令及其正确格式，比较难学。
Windows (微软视窗操作系统) 的出现，标志着DOS时代的结束，图形操作电脑时代的到来。
Windows：在一般英文字典中查到Windows的意思为“窗户”。
Window指微软公司(Microsoft) 著名的新一代电脑主流“视窗操作系统”。
它通过一些图形图标(Icon)、窗口(Window)和菜单(Menu)等的选择来实现对计算机的控制，极大地方便了用户。
Windows视窗操作系统系列产品有Windows 3.1、Windows 3.2、Windows 95(因为该产品是1995年出品，因而取名为Windows 95，也可写成Win95。
PWindows 95指中文版本的Windows 95)，而功能更强大的最新产品为Windows 98和Windows 2000等。
Windows 95是目前最著名、最受欢迎的图形化操作系统之一。
Windows NT：微软公司的著名网络视窗操作系统。
NT是New Technology (新技术) 的缩写。
OS／2 Warp：Operating System (操作系统) 。
它是IBM推出的一个性能卓越的纯32位操作系统，同时它也能提供完善的DOS支持，在总体技术上比Windows 95更优越，是Windows 95的一个强有力的竞争对手。
OS／2 Warp中的Warp，英文含义为“弄弯；歪曲”，在这里指IBM为其新一代操作系统OS／2加入的别名。
Warp是美国著名的科幻电影《星球大战》中的科学怪人，把软件比喻为《星球大战》中的科学怪人，既给人以出其不意的感觉，又希望用户把对《星球大战》的美好记忆移到OS／2软件上来。
UNIX：一种多用户操作系统。
UCDOS：北京希望电脑公司开发的一套中文磁盘操作集成系统，是目前使用人数最多、使用范围最广的中文平台。
WPS：Word Processing System，文字处理系统，1989年由香港金山公司(King sun) 开发的一套编辑、打印等功能为一体的DOS平台汉字处理系统，以其简单易学和实用方便等优势迅速占领市场。
在昔日WPS 的辉煌时期，国人一提到电脑无不与WPS联系在一起，真可谓“言电脑必提WPS”。
WPS一度成为中文文字处理软件的代名词。
在近几年的“全国计算机等级一级考试”中，WPS是指定的文字处理考试内容。
WPS97：Word Processing System，文字处理系统，珠海金山公司(King sun) 出品，因在1997年上市而命名为WPS97。
它是WPS升级换代产品，是一个能运行在UCDOS、Windows 3 X和Windows 95等中文环境下的文字处理软件。
它综合了WPS、电子词典、方正校对系统、多内码转换、条形码制作等功能，在保留原有的文字编辑方式的同时，支持所见即所得的文字处理方式，是一套图文并茂、功能强大的超级办公软件。
Office 97：Office为“办公室”之意。
这里指微软公司先进的办公集成软件，1997年出品，因此冠之为Office97。
Office 97包括：Word 97(文字处理软件)，Excel 97(电子表格处理软件)，PowerPoint 97(电子幻灯演示软件),Outlook 97(集日程管理、邮件信息交换等功能于一体的个人事务管理软件)。
Word 97：Word在英语中意思为“单词”。
Word 97指微软高级文字处理软件。
其系列产品还有Word 5.0、Word 6.0、Word 7.0等。
Excel 97：Excel英文意为“胜过、优于”，Excel 97是Microsoft Office 97软件包中的一个电子表格软件。
电子表格一开始只作为财务账表的电子版本，也就是利用电脑里的财务账表来替代印刷品的财务账表，并能对表格中一行或一列数据进行简单的算术运算。
Microsoft Excel 97是被公认为目前功能最强大、技术最先进、使用最方便的电子表格软件。
Lotus 1－2－3：Lotus是“莲花”之意。
Lotus 1－2－3是美国莲花(Lotus) 公司推出的在Windows环境下的集成软件，它把常用的电子数据表、文字处理、数据库、图形软件、文件管理功能组合在一个系统里，且可以互相传递和调用信息。
Photoshop：由Photo (照片) 和Shop (商店；工厂) 两个单词组成，由此可知，Photoshop是“处理照片的工厂”。
它是美国Adobe公司出品的在苹果机(Macintosh)和基于Windows的计算机上运行的最流行的图像编辑软件，可使人们编辑扫描到磁盘的绘画艺术品和图片等。
此外，Photoshop还提供了类似在纸上绘画的工具，借助这些工具可以创造出如同水彩画和油画一样的自然主义风格的图画。
CorelDraw：是一个功能强大的综合性绘画软件，许多专业电脑美术设计人员使用它制作各类图文并茂的桌面印刷品，如请柬、简报、宣传品、海报、广告等等。
用CorelDraw可以画出任何东西：从商业区地图、机械结构装配图等技术图纸，到漫画、怪兽等计算机美术作品，CorelDraw几乎无所不能。