中国科学院大学2015考博英语复习
中科院考博英语培训资料考题分析
A. way
B. view
C. vision
D. pursuit
This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growth was ________ 12 percent. (2019,10)
A. expenses
B. revenues
C. budgets
D. payments
10. His ________ with computers began six months ago. A. imagination B. innovation C. observation D. obsession
A. inadequately B. systematically
C. profoundly
D. simultaneously
2. In fear for their lives and in _________ of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.
Successful students sometimes become so _________with grades that they never enjoy their school years. (2019,3)
A. passionate
B. involved
C. immersed
A. interrupt
B. bother
15中科院考博英语部真题
词汇（无）完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。
划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案）In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal.Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes:[P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278)Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes:One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it…[P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196)Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair.While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science.On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of theknowledge-building project, from the earliest planning of their experiments to well after results are published, scientists are engaged in asking and answering questions about the details of the experience and of the conditions under which the phenomenon was observed.Misrepresenting someone else’s honest observation report as one’s own strips the report of accurate information for such a dialogue. It’s hard to answer questions about the little, seemingly insignificant experimental details of an experiment you didn’t actually do, or to refine a description of an experience someone else had. Moreover, such a misrepresentation further undermines the process of building more objective knowledge by failing to contribute the actual insight of the scientist whoappears to be contributing his own view but is actually contributing someone else’s. And while it may appear that a significant number of scientists are marshaling their resources to understand a particular phenomenon, if some of those scientists are plagiarists, there are fewer scientists actually grappling with the problem than it would appear.In such circumstances, we know less than we think we do.Given the intersubjective route to objective knowledge, failing to really weigh in to the dialogue may end up leaving certain of the subjective biases of others in place in the collective ―knowledge‖ that results.Objective knowledge is produced when the scientific community’s members work with each other to screen out subjective biases. This means the sort of honesty required for good science goes beyond the accurate reporting of what has been observed and under what conditions. Because each individual re port is shaped by the individual’s perspective, objective scientific knowledge also depends on honesty about the individual agency actually involved in making the observations. Thus, plagiarism, which often strikes scientists as less of a threat to scienti fic knowledge (and more of an instance of ―being a jerk‖), may pose just as much of a threat to the project of producing objective scientific knowledge as outright fabrication.What I’m arguing here is that plagiarism is a species of dishonesty that can un dermine the knowledge-building project of science in a direct way. Even if what has been lifted by the plagiarist is ―accurate‖ from the point of view of the person who actually collected or analyzed the data or drew conclusions from it, separating this contribution from its true author means it doesn’t function the same way in the ongoing scientific dialogue.In the next post, we’ll continue our discussion of the duties of scientists by looking at what the positive duties of scientists might be, and by examining the sources of these duties.阅读：Passage One（无）Passage Two – Passage Five同2009.3 （Passage One – Passage Four)六选五：第一篇（无）第二篇（同2014.3六选五Passage One）翻译：Our best college students are very good at being critical. In fact being smart, for many, means being critical. (1) Having strong critical skills shows that you will not be easily fooled. It is a sign of sophistication, especially when coupled with an acknowledgment of one’s own “privilege.”The combination of resistance to influence and deflection of responsibility by confessing to one’s advantages is a sure sign of one’s ability to negotiate the politics of learning on campus. But this ability will not take you very far beyond the university. Taking things apart, or taking people down, can provide the satisfactions of cynicism. But this is thin gruel. The skill at unmasking error, or simple intellectual one-upmanship, is not totally without value, but we should be wary of creating a class of self-satisfied debunkers — or, to use a currently fas hionable word on campus, people who like to ―trouble‖ ideas.(2) In overdeveloping the capacity to show how texts, institutions or people fail to accomplish what they set out to do, we may be depriving students of the chance to learn as much as possible from what they study.In campus cultures where being smart means being a critical unmasker, students may become too good at showing how things can’t possibly make sense.(3) They may close themselves off from their potential to find or create meaning and direction from the books, music and experiments they encounter in the classroom.(4) Once outside the university, these students may try to score points by displaying the critical prowess for which they were rewarded in school, but those points often come at their own expense. As debunkers, they contribute to a cultural climate that has little tolerance for finding or making meaning — a culture whose intellectuals and cultural commentators get ―liked‖ by showing that somebody else just can’t be believed. But this cynicism is no achievement.Liberal education in America has long been characterized by the intertwining of two traditions: of critical inquiry in pursuit of truth and exuberant performance in pursuit of excellence. (5)In the last half-century, though, emphasis on inquiry has become dominant, and it has often been reduced to the ability to expose error and undermine belief. The inquirer has taken the guise of the sophisticated (often ironic) spectator, rather than the messy participant in continuing experiments or even the reverent beholder of great cultural achievements.作文：大意：常言道“富不过三代”，你怎么看？。
中科院考博英语 培训资料 完形填空
2007年考博辅导完型填空命题特点和考查点•对英语综合实力的考查，所选材料的内容和形式多样，议论或说明文居多。
考点分布•1. 无需上下文即可选出正确答案，固定搭配。
2-3个•2. 根据上下文连接关系推测。
4-5个•3. 根据全文褒贬色彩选择。
1-2个•4. 词语辨析及搭配。
5-8个重复率较高的词汇•other than•rather than•more than•less than•As重复率较高的语法虚拟语气：与现在事实相反（条件从句过去式If…did；结果主句should/would + v.）与过去事实相反（条件从句If…had + past participle；结果主句should/would + have + past participle）与将来事实相反（条件从句过去式；结果主句should/would + v.）定语从句关联词(关系副词)when, where, why 可做时间、地点、原因等状语关联词(关系代词)who, whom, whose, that, which可做主语、宾语、定语等As, than, but作关系代词All, everything, nothing, little, much, first, last, next, only当一个先行词后面出现两个定语从句时，第二个关系代词用‘wh-’状语从句•时间状语从句•地点状语从句•原因状语从句•since, for, because, as等•结果状语从句•with the result that, so that等•程度状语从句•so… that, such that, s o long as•目的状语从句•so that,in order that•让步状语从句•although, for all that,no matter…•条件状语从句（真实条件）•if,unless, given。
答题需注意处1. 通读全文，从整体角度掌握文章大意2. 结合上下文内容的合理性及句子之间的逻辑关系选择最佳答案完形填空练习中，有些解题信息并非以词的形式出现，而是要从上文或下文的部分句子或整个句子甚至几个句子去捕捉。
中科院考博英语高频基础词汇
中科院考博英语高频基础词汇中科院考博英语高频基础词汇博士英语是独立命题，中科院考博英语阅读量大，词汇量要求也多。
为了帮助大家备考，店铺整理了一些中科院考博英语词汇，希望能帮到大家!rinse vt. 漱;冲洗掉;漂净 n. 冲洗;漂洗;[轻] 染发剂;染发 vi. 冲洗掉;漂净interplanetary adj. 太阳系内的,行星间的rivalry n. 敌对,竞争,对抗contempt n. 轻视,轻蔑bypass vt. 绕开, 忽视 n. 支路，旁道dine v. 用正餐,进餐lion n. 狮子longitude n. 经度assessment n. 估价, 评估propeller n. 螺旋桨, 推进器 =propellorslice n. 薄的切片,一部份,锅铲 vt. 切成薄片,大幅降低item n. 项目,条款，一件商品(或物品) adv. 也inspect vt. 调查, 检阅 vi. 调查chancellor n. 英大臣(使馆秘书, 首相)coconut n. 椰子effect n. 结果, 影响, 效果; 要旨 vt. 招致, 引起; 实现, 达到exempt n. 免税者,被免除义务者 adj. 免除的 v. 使免除vow n. 誓约 vt.& vi. 发誓await vt. 等候,准备...以待,储存 vi. 等待slap n. 掴, 侮辱, 拍击声 vt. 拍击, 侮辱, 惩罚, 申斥 adv. 正面地, 直接地, 突然地accessory adj. 附属的(副的,辅助的) n. 附件，同谋threaten vt. &vi. 威胁,构成威胁prince n. 王子, 亲王, 佼佼者theft n. 偷窃fabric n. 织物, 布, 结构itch n. 痒, 渴望, 疥癣 v. 使...痒, 渴望portion n. 部分,份,命运 v. 将...分配,分配horny adj. 角的',角状的,角质的,淫的shower n. 阵雨,淋浴 vi. 倾盆而下,淋浴 vt. 淋湿,下骤雨,使(大量东西)落在某人身上glance vi.一瞥; 闪微光; 掠过，擦过; 随便提到，简略地触及 n.浏览; 闪光; 歪斜，一掠sweat n. 汗, 流汗, (因冷凝作用形成在物体表面的)水珠, 艰巨的任务, 焦急状态 vi. 出汗, 辛苦工作, 感到焦急 vt. 使流汗, 拼命做出...inland adj. 内陆的, 国内的 adv. 内陆地 n. 内陆fortress n. 堡垒, 要塞, 防御工事infectious adj. 传染的bout n. 来回(一次)renaissance n. 文艺复兴,再生tooth n. 牙齿shameful adj. 可耻的crisp adj. 脆的,易碎的 n. 薯片,松脆物 vt. &vi. 使发脆marsh n. 沼泽, 湿地 Marsh：马什(人名)。
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2002 年 3 月）PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work，，58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It，s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry：jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in，，the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life：'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits'，between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。
中科院考博英语复习资料
中科院考博英语复习资料近年来，随着国家科技实力的不断提升，中国科学家在国际学术界的地位也逐渐上升。
因此，越来越多的人选择考取中国科学院的博士学位，以期能够在未来的学术和科研事业中占据更加优势的地位。
然而，考取博士学位并非易事，需要一定的扎实功底和英语能力。
为了帮助我们考研的同学们能够更好地备考英语，下面将提供一些中科院考博英语复习资料。
一、阅读资料阅读资料是考生备考中最为重要的一个环节。
阅读资料既能够拓宽我们的知识面，又能够提高我们的阅读速度和阅读理解能力，从而帮助我们更好地备考英语。
对于中科院考博的阅读材料，我们可以选择阅读一些相关的学术论文、研究报告等。
这些材料既可以从中科院的官网上下载，也可以在相关学术网站上找到。
在阅读过程中，我们可以逐渐适应学术语言和风格，提高读懂并分析学术文章的能力。
此外，英语报刊也是很好的阅读资料。
通过阅读英语报纸，我们可以了解和掌握国际形势和时事动态，提高我们的综合能力。
二、听力资料听力资料同样是备考过程中不可或缺的一部分。
中科院考博的英语听力部分主要考察考生的听力理解和听力记忆能力，因此，我们可以通过寻找一些高质量的英语听力资料来进行强化练习。
首先，我们可以在网上下载一些英语听力的练习材料，也可以通过在网上订阅相应的英语听力课程来提升听力能力。
此外，可以尝试去看一些和自己专业相关的英语专题讲座和演讲会，这样可以更好的理解和记忆这些相关的内容。
三、写作资料在考取博士学位的过程中，论文写作是博士生必须掌握的一项技能。
因此，备考中的写作能力的提升非常重要。
我们可以选择一些相关的英语写作参考书和样本来提高我们的写作能力。
在备考前可以先查阅一些博士学位论文的写作指南，以及一些英语写作帮助手册和经典英文母语论文样本，这样可以更好的了解和把握论文写作的基本技巧和要点。
四、口语资料口语部分是考博的英语考试中相对较难的一个环节，需要我们在平时生活中不断练习英语口语，才能够在考试中更加自然和流利地表达自己的想法和观点。
中科院考博英语高分技巧-3
考博中科院，英语成关键—技巧之三英文阅读题的答题技巧：以“局外人”看文章，以“出题人”选答案3) 阅读理解分A/B 两部分，A部分：30个题，每题1分，共30分；B部分：10个题，每题1分，共10分。
本部分内容是全套题中最容易得分，也是最容易丢分的，所以正确选择答题方法与实际英文阅读能够同样重要！首先谈A部分，这部分由5篇短文组成，每篇有6个选择题。
a.每篇内容难易程度不同，但是最重要的是要以局外人的平和放松的心态来阅读，一般读一段可以选择一个题，按照顺序来，仅有极少数例外。
主要是把选择题看懂以后到文章中找“证据”。
容易模糊的地方是同义词等陷阱。
b.一般有两个题是比较接近的，但是意义明确，答案只有一个，所以一定可以找到证据，要仔细看相关的段落，证据就是一个短语，一个句子，一个词的情况比较少。
c.遇到考生词或短语，一般是生词，但看上下文找同义词或反义词，还是有线索可以分辨，因为这里考的是阅读。
答案中与常识相悖，非常极端，非常负面的句子一般不是答案。
d.评论作者观点、文章标题或主要意思的时候，在两个选择模糊的情况下，选择比较合理的，因为有一个一定是激进的、明确的，而文章中并没有提到的。
e.因为文章是正式出版物的节选，一般没有激进的观点，而选择题中，出题人刻意制造模糊，看清这点，考题就迎刃而解，成功率提高很多！阅读A的部分，因为连续阅读会产生疲劳，建议安排最后做，时间不够，可以仅看答案的相关性来选择！这部分应该争取丢分在5分以内。
读的比较顺的文章争取全部答对！再谈B部分，这部分由2篇短文组成，每篇有5个填空选择题。
这部分是一个长句子来填空，答案中有一个无关的答案，用来干扰考生的理解能力。
这部分内容，初看比较难，但是实际上也有技巧。
a.每篇内容难易程度不同，但是第一个填空一般比较重要，而最后一个填空比较容易，文章中也会出现一个填空比较容易“定位”。
其次是与填空无关的假句子也比较容易发现。
b.一旦发现比较明确的填空马上定位，通过上下文的逻辑衔接，内容连续性，事情的叙述通顺性，合理性就可以找到另外一个答案，在定位答案的前后，如果有了两个比较明确的答案，其他的填空就比较明显了，所以时间要花在第一个定位和明显的定位上。
中科院博士英语考试辅导
中科院博士英语考试辅导1.引言1.1 中科院博士英语考试辅导的重要性The importance of coaching for the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) doctoral English exam cannot be overstated. As one of the most prestigious academic institutions in China, CAS sets high standards for its entrance exams, including the English proficiency test for prospective doctoral students. This exam plays a crucial role in evaluating candidates' language skills and overall readiness for advanced academic studies in an international environment.1.2 背景介绍中科院博士英语考试是中国科学院博士研究生招生考试中的一部分，是评判考生英语水平的重要指标。
随着我国对科学技术人才需求的增加，中科院博士英语考试的难度和要求也在不断提高。
考生在备考过程中需要有针对性地提升自己的英语能力，以确保能够顺利通过考试。
中科院博士英语考试的背景可以追溯到我国改革开放以来高等教育水平的不断提升，科研机构对高水平科学家的需求日益增加。
中科院作为我国科研力量的核心之一，选拔优秀的研究生以培养未来的科研人才是其重要使命。
而英语作为国际科研交流的重要语言之一，对于科研人员来说具有重要意义。
中科院博士英语考试的设置旨在考察考生的英语综合能力，为他们提供展示自己的机会，也是中科院选拔最优秀学生的重要途径之一。
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中国科学院大学2015考博英语复习“四大策略”攻破低分城墙
考博英语复习是一个长期慢慢积累提高的过程，只有脑海中有大量的英语词汇才能做到阅读速度快给接下来答题的争取更多的时间，出来积累一定量的词汇外就是加强语法的学习。
海量的词汇、语法、完美的结合，平常在注意培养下语感，离高分的步伐会越来越近。
下面育明考博的考博英语辅导老师给大家说下几个注意问题：联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八
一、梳理基础，积累海量词汇
考博英语词汇是一个水滴石穿的过程，需要时间的积累，同时，词汇也是完成各种题型的基础，如果没有词汇量的积累，想要拿高分更是难上建难。
暑期，考生都比较有充裕的时间，所以，考生可以借助这段时间将英语基础打牢。
词汇是考博英语的基石，词汇量积累的多少非常影响考生在做题时的信心、心态、做题速度以及准确率。
因此熟练掌握考博大纲单词尤为重要。
复习词汇的有效办法：避免枯燥乏味的记忆，从词形、词义和词法的角度把握词汇，这涉及眼、口、手、耳、脑并用，充分调动自己学习词汇的主观积极性。
这一阶段对词汇的学习是复习和巩固，所以节奏上需要有所加快，遇到一个单词，扫一眼，快速朗读一遍，之后动手默写一遍，在大脑留下印记。
如果能够下载词汇书的音频，可以在复习完当天的单词之后，再听听词汇音频，听的时候可以努力回忆词汇的拼写、发音、含义和用法。
通过这种方式，全方位地调动自己的感官，达到良好的学习效果。
我在前一段的复习过程中单词已经背的差不多了，现在还再复习单词是不是有点浪费时间。
对于已经把大纲上所列单词背的比较熟练得同学来说，在现阶段的首要任务就是把它们放到试题中去，放到活生生的语境中去，认真体会其引申含义和感情色彩。
同时也应注意，有些同学的确已经将考博词
汇书从头到尾复习了一篇，但应静下心来反问自己——复习过了是否等于都记住了并掌握了，通常来说，仅凭一遍记住考博词汇是不大现实的，因此，因对考博词汇书进行第二轮乃至第三轮的复习，而且在平时的阅读中应随时建立生词库，彻底扫清自己的单词盲点。
二、合理利用历年真题深研究
怎样才能用最短的时间来冲破这段黑暗时期呢?最好的方法就是要把自己从第一次到最后一次做这篇文章时曾经错过的题目进行分类归纳和总结。
大家可以把每到错题都在本子上写出来，认真分析，一定要分析到最透彻的程度。
大家一定要爱惜这些自己做错的题目，把这些题目的真正错误原因进行汇总归类复习。
这样你就能清楚知道属于自己的错误题目，把它们汇总之后，在考前就可以反复复习自己本子上总结出来的，从而在考试中把介于模糊和清晰之间的题目转化成我们清晰的题目。
总之，建议大家在最后的阶段，不要做太多新的题目，而是把我们以前做过的题目进行思路上的归纳总结和分析。
其实，考博的真题足够你复习之用，不必再花大量金钱和时间让其他阅读辅导教材贻误时间甚至误导你。
在真题阅读里学单词，在真题里提高阅读能力，在真题里悟出解题要领。
真题四十篇里涵盖了所有大纲难词的常考用法。
所以真题首先是深化词汇学习的蓝本。
其次考博文章的选材特点都有承继性，句子的复杂程度、文章的难度和常考的领域都有重复性，选用其他的阅读材料未必与考博贴近。
所以精读真题，深入分析每一篇文章的难句结构、段落结构，熟悉常考领域的词汇和引伸的意思是你提高考博阅读水平的捷径。
因为考博阅读是阅读水平达到一定水准之后才可谈及的技巧。
所以精读真题是提高你考博英语成绩所必须下的扎实功夫。
一切空谈的技巧都不完全灵验，比如《阅读手记》中老王的那些
总结，如果你照搬原话生吞活剥，大概是不灵的。
三、加强阅读理解提高速度
在考博的英语复习过程中，同学们总是遇到阅读速度过慢的问题，一篇文章需要花半个小时，有些甚至更多。
其次，英语阅读理解是拿分的关键，考博英语总时间为3个小时，分配到阅读上的时间差不多是每篇17-18分钟左右，所以同学们在平时训练的时候也一定要严格控制好时间和阅读速度，养成良好的阅读习惯。
在进行阅读学习时注意以下几个方面：1.注意在阅读时积累词汇，特别是常见词的不常见意思;2。
抓住句子结构，通过语法知识来进行拆分理解。
在阅读理解中，每篇文章都有长达三四行的句子，要理解全句的含义就不要囫囵吞枣，朦胧处之，而是找出主、谓、宾结构，然后把从句和插入语也找出来，这样句子的意思就不难理解了;3。
整体上把握全篇。
在把每个句子都弄懂的基础上，要统领全篇的内容，抓住中心主题，抓住作者的写作意图;4。
注意按选项要求答题，善于总结答题技巧，能够结合文意，结合选项特征，辨别清为何某一选项是正确的，其它选项是错误的。
四、时刻保持一个好心情
考博过来人都知道，考博是一个十分漫长而又艰辛的过程，住校埋头苦读不回家看望父母，天天早出晚归宿舍，食堂，图书馆三点一线。
其间蕴涵了太多的苦难，太多的辛酸，太多的孤独，也有太多的兴奋。
即便这样我们也要坚持，我们要有“路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索”的精神坚持到底，我们要坚信，只要太阳还在升起我就必能创造奇迹。
最后，建议考生静下心来，以一颗平常心去认真复习备考，劳逸结合，合理安排，把握好每一天，成功进入自己理想的院校。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。