Enlightenment 英国文学史启蒙运动
世纪启蒙文学
英国家庭小说的开创者，其作品以 《帕米拉》、《克拉丽莎》最为著名。 谢立敦
把英国戏剧推向高峰，其代表作《造 谣学校》。
菲尔丁（1707——1754） 是18世纪英国杰出的小说家和 戏剧家。他与笛福和理查生一 起成为英国近代小说的创始人， 特别是他那些被称为“散文滑 稽史诗”的小说，成为英国现 实主义小说的奠基作，而《汤 姆·琼斯》则是其中的典范之作。
严肃剧有两个特
征，一是严肃性，二
是现实性。19世纪的
易卜生、果戈理、肖
伯纳等人的“问题剧”
脱胎于严肃剧。
狄德罗
18世纪法国作家伏尔泰创立的 一种新型小说。作家借小说形式表 现自己的哲学思想和政治观点，具 有鲜明的议论性、分析性和批判性。 人物形象缺少鲜明的个性，具有纯 理性的特点，成为作家哲学思想的 代言人。
感伤主义特点
感伤主义的特点是崇尚感 情，把情感放在理性之上，重 视个性和个人精神生活，描写 自然风景，留恋宗法社会。强 调表现善良人的不幸，在充满 伤感情愫的描写中，唤起读者 对人物命运的同情与怜悯，在 涩泪涟涟中表现美和崇高，以 激起读者的强烈反响。
感伤主义得名于英国作家 斯泰恩的游记《感伤旅行》（A Sentimental Journey 1768）。
万能的上帝啊！我的内心完全暴露出来了，和 你亲自看到的完全一样，请你把那无数的众生叫到 我跟前来！让他们听听我的忏悔，让他们为我的种 种堕落而叹息，让他们为我的种种恶行而羞愧。然 后，让我们每一个人在您的宝座前面，同样真诚地 披露自己的心灵，看看有谁敢于对您说：‘我比这 个人好！’”
（《忏悔录》第1部第2页，人民文学出版社， 1950年版）
席勒
席勒（1795—— 1805）诗人、美学理 论家和剧作家。
Age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动
Like the French Revolution, the Enlightenment has “long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture”.[83] Not surprisingly then, it has been frequently linked to the Revolution of 1789. However, as Roger Chartier points out, it was perhaps the Revolution that “invented the Enlightenment by attempting to root its legitimacy in a corpus of texts and founding authors reconciled and united ... by their preparation of a rupture with the old world”.[84] In other words, the revolutionaries elevated to heroic status those philosophers, such as Voltaire and Rousseau, who could be used to justify their radical break with the Old Regime. In any case, two nineteenth-century historians of the Enlightenment, Hippolyte Taine and Alexis de Tocqueville, did much to solidly this link of Enlightenment causing revolution and the intellectual perception of the Enlightenment itself.In his l Régime (1876), Hippolyte Taine traced the roots of the French Revolution back to French Classicism. However, this was not without the help of the “scientific view of the world *of the Enlightenment+”, which wore down the “monarchical and religious dogma o f the old regime”.[85] In other words then, Taine was only interested in the Enlightenment insofar as it advanced scientific discourse and transmitted what he perceived to be the intellectual legacy of French classicism. Alexis de Tocqueville painted a more elaborate picture of the Enlightenment inL'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1850). For de Tocqueville, the Revolution was the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the eighteenth century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men of letters constituted a sort of “substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power”. This illusory power came from the rise of “public opinion”, born when absolutist centralization removed the nobility and the bourgeosie from the political sphere. The “literary politics” that resulted pr omoted a discourse of equality and was hence in fundamental opposition to the monarchical regime.[86]From a historiographical point of view, de Tocqueville presents an interesting case. He was primarily concerned with the workings of political power under the Old Regime and the philosophical principles of the men of letters. However, there is a distinctly social quality to his analysis. In the words of Chartier, de Tocqueville “clearly designates ... the cultural effects of transformation in the forms of the exercise of power”.[87] Nevertheless, for a serious cultural approach, one has to wait another century for the work of historians such as Robert Darnton (The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800 – published in 1979).In the meantime, though, intellectual history remained the dominant historiographical trend. Ernst Cassirer is a perfect example, writing in his The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (1932 – English translation 1951) that the Enlightenment was “ a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern philosophic thought gained its characteristicself-confidence and self-consciousness”. Borrowing from Kant, he states that Enlightenment was/is the process by which the spirit “achieves cla rity and depth in its understanding of its own nature and destiny, and of its own fundamental character and mission”.[88] In short, the Enlightenment was a series of philosophical, scientific and otherwise intellectual developments that took place mostly in the eighteenth century – the birthplace of intellectual modernity.Only in the 1970s did interpretation of the Enlightenment allow for a more heterogeneous and even extra-European vision. A. Owen Aldridge demonstrated how Enlightenment ideas spread to Spanish colonies and how they interacted with indigenous cultures, while Franco Venturi explored how the Enlightenment took place in normally unstudied areas – Italy, Greece, the Balkans, Poland, Hungary, and Russia.[89]More than any other, however it is Robert Darnton who most radically changed Enlightenment historiography.[citation needed] Consider, for example, the following citation from The Literary Underground of the Old Regime (1982) :“Perhaps the Enlightenment was a more down-to-earth affair than the rarefied climate of opinion described by textbook writers, and we should question the overly highbrow, overly metaphysical view of intellectual life in the eighteenth century.”[90]Indeed, in this book, Darnton examines the underbelly of the French book industry in the eighteenth century, examining the world of book smuggling and the lives of those writers (the “Grub Street Hacks”) who never met the success of their philosophe cousins. In short, rather than concerning himself with Enlightenment canon, Darnton studies “what Frenchmen wanted to read”, and who wrote, published and distributed it.[91] Similarly, in The Business of Enlightenment. A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie 1775-1800, Darnton states that there is no need to further study the encyclopedia itself, as “the book has been analyzed and anthologized dozen of times: to recapitulate all the studies of its intellectual content would be redundant”.[92] He instead, as the title of the book suggests, examines the social conditions that brought about the production of the Encyclopédie. This is representative of the social interpretation as a whole – an examination of the social conditions that brought about Enlightenment ideas rather than a study of the ideas themselves.The work of Jürgen Habermas was central to this emerging social interpretation, although his seminal work The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (published under the title Strukturwandel der Öffentlicheit in 1962) was only translated into English in 1989. The book outlines the creation of the “bourgeois public sphere” in eighteenth century Europe. Essentially, this public sphere describes the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange that appeared in the eighteenth century. Habermas argued that the public sphere was bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state, making it the idealvenue for intellectuals to critically examine contemporary politics and society, away from the interference of established authority.Habermas's work, though influential, has come under criticism on all fronts. While the public sphere is generally an integral component of social interpretations of the Enlightenment, numerous historians have brought into question whether the public sphere was bourgeois, oppositional to the state, independent from the state, or egalitarian.[93]These historiographical developments have done much to open up the study of Enlightenment to a multiplicity of interpretations. In A Social History of Truth (1994), for example, Steven Shapin makes the largely sociological argument that, in seventeenth-century England, the mode of sociability known as civility became the primary discourse of truth; for a statement to have the potential to be considered true, it had to be expressed according to the rules of civil society.Feminist interpretations have also appeared, with Dena Goodman being one notable example. In The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (1994), Goodman argues that many women in fact played an essential part in the French Enlightenment, due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisians salons. These salons “became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment” and women, as salonnières, were “the legitimate governors of *the+ potentially unruly discourse” that t ook place within.[94] On the other hand, Carla Hesse, in The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern(2001), argues that “female participation in the public cultural life of the Old Regime was ... relatively marginal”.[95] It was instead the French Revolution, by destroying the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism (guilds), that opened French society to female participation, particularly in the literary sphere.All this is not to say that intellectual interpretations no longer exist. Jonathan Israel, for example, in Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670-1752 (2006), constructs an argument that is primarily intellectual in scope. Like many historians before him, he sets the Enlightenment within the context of the French Revolution to follow. Israel argues that only an intellectual interpretation can adequately explain the radical break with Old Regime society.[96]。
英美文学4
英美文学史标准版复习4（启蒙运动）The Age of Enlightenment(18century)启蒙运动----reason理性的年代，prose散文的年代，novel小说为主一．背景1.时间：发源于意大利，鼎盛于18c法国2.观点：(对宗教与以往不同的见解)The Enlighteners fought against class inequality,stagnation,prejudice and other survivals of feudalism.反封建、反教会的思想比文艺复兴人文主义文学具有更强烈的政治和革命性。
3.口号：Liberty自由、equality平等、fraternity博爱、natural rights天赋人权。
理性原则全面批判封建统治。
(struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism)4.Purpose目的:to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical&artistic ideas.5.背景：the liberal Whigs辉格党、the conservation Tories托利党争夺政权Public coffeehouses and private clubs appeared.公共咖啡馆和私人俱乐部出现。
6.创作特点：多为小册子、现实主义小说。
补充了解：7.The writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to molding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.启蒙运动时期的作家重视已成型的性格和受不同环境影响的教育。
补充(了解)： 1. Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
英国文学史启蒙运动英文版
• His ideas lead to very productive economies
• Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?
– Laws that govern human nature – Reformers begin studying human nature and
Separation of Powers
• Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government
– British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception)
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire
外国文学史6-18世纪文学
启蒙运动（18世纪）
●启蒙运动的思想核心：“理性崇拜” 启蒙学者认为，社会的黑暗腐败是由于源自自然法则的“理性 ”被教会和封建专制的偏见阻塞，人们的头脑变得愚昧混乱。 要改造社会就要用“理性”和符合理性的科学知识照亮人们的 头脑，启迪人们的蒙昧无知。
●启蒙运动之“理性”vs 古典主义之“理性” 经验真理（自然神论）、科学的归纳方式、资产阶级树立科学 和理性的权威、启蒙文学的新特点
启蒙运动（18世纪）
●启蒙运动的内涵： →用光明驱散黑暗，以理性代替蒙昧：用理性的人代替全能的 上帝 →理性是衡量一切的标准：树立理性至高无上的权威 →理性指的是思维的悟性和人性：以理性为工具开始西方的现 代化进程
●启蒙运动的的本质：资产阶级意识形态的启蒙 →为资产阶级革命提供理论指导：“程度表” 。
要发现磨擦和生热之间的程度关系：小磨擦小生热，大磨擦大生热。
启蒙运动（18世纪）
第三步是真正而恰当的归纳，它的首要工作，就是拒绝和排 斥偶然相关的性质，把这些性质排斥之后，最后遗留下来一 个肯定的、坚固的、真实的和定义明确的显示。
启蒙运动（18世纪）
二. 启蒙运动发生的背景 1.文艺复兴的遗产为启蒙运动的兴起奠定了科学基础。
（文艺复兴提倡通过观察和实验来研究自然，为自然科学的发展打下了基础 。Eg: 哥白尼的日心说，伽利略的铁球实验）
2. 17世纪科学的发展为启蒙运动的诞生起了重要的催化作用。
（ Eg: 牛顿的万有引力定律，英国的第一次工业革命）
3. 新教改革打破了基督教世界的统一和削弱了教会的权威，为启 蒙运动奠定了思想基础。
启蒙运动（18世纪）
第一表：“本质和具有表”。
我们先找到一些磨擦发热的现象。例如用布磨擦手，用铁丝磨擦石头，或者 用纸磨擦木板等等，这些都会生热。 把以上这些现象一一陈列起来，就构成了“本质和具有表”。即：有磨擦， 就有热。
Lecture 4 18th Century
II. Thomas Gray (1716 -1771)
Sentimentalism The graveyard school墓园派 school墓园派
Gray’s Masterpiece Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓畔哀歌》 《墓畔哀歌》 a mode of sentimentalist poetry a keen interest in the English countryside and a sincere feeling for the life of common people
主 谓 结 构
耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄， 耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄，
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
了
The beginning of modern novel
• Smollett: First important sea novelist • Laurence Sterne斯泰恩 : Sentimentalism Sterne斯泰恩 • Samuel Richardson 理查生: • Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded 《帕美拉》 帕美拉》
the people to be their chief objective. ⑶ They believed in the power of reason (the age of reason ) ⑷two groups: ① the moderate (Pope, Defoe, Addison)（温和派） (Pope, Addison)（温和派） → support the principles of the existing social order) ②the radical (Swift, Fielding, Sheridan)（激进派） (Swift, Sheridan)（激进派）
第十章 启蒙运动：欧洲理性时代的到来
• B．君主和行政官同人民的关系 • 君主和行政官都不是人民的主人，而都是为人民服务的，君主和 行政官都不能代替法律，只有人民才能制定法律，只有人民能够 立法的地方才有民主和自由。他认为“行政权力的受任者绝不是 人民的主人，而只是人民的官吏;只要人民愿意就可以委任他们 ，也可以撤换他们。对于这些官吏来说，绝不是什么订约的问题 ，而只是服从的问题;而且在承担国家所赋予他们的职务时，他 们只不过是在履行自己的公民义务，而并没有以任何方式来争论 条件的权利。只有人民才是主权者，任何个人都不是主权者，政 府只不过是主权者的执行人。掌握行政权力的人绝不是人民的主 人，而是人民的官吏。人民既可以委任他们也可以撤换他们。” • C．革命的权利 • 卢梭说，国家成立后，“一切都被妖魔吞噬了，人民再也没有首 领，再也没有法律，而只有一些暴君了。从那个时刻起，也就再 也没有风化与美德的问题了。”在这种情况下，人民成了奴隶般 的被压迫者，官员成了暴君般的统治者，国家到了毁灭的边缘。 • 怎么办?解决这个问题的最好办法就是运用暴力手段把这个政府 完全消灭：“政府的契约被专制制度彻底粉碎。以绞死或废除一 个暴君为目的的暴动，乃是一件如他昨天处置臣民生命财产的那 些暴行同样合法的行为。支持他的只有暴力，推翻他的也也只有 暴力。”
• （2）环境气候对人类的影响 • 孟氏认为，在各种地理因素当中，气候最为重要，对民族特性、 政治制度和婚姻制度产生重要影响。 • （3）宗教观 • 孟氏是有神论者,声称宗教有好坏之分，一方面宗教是虚伪骗人 的，另一方面其主张和做法却符合社会利益，例如宗教通过说教 可以使人变得仁爱、控制情欲、调解婚姻，也可以消除政治制度 的弊害、解救国家，同时还可以约束君主过于放肆的行为。 • （4）政体论和三权分立说 • 孟氏把政体分为三类：共和、君主和专制。其中共和政体又分 全体人民执掌最高权力(民主政治)和部分人执掌权力(贵族政治) 两种。孟氏心目中的理想政体是有政治自由，实行三权分立的英 国君主立宪制。其中心是自由论和三权分立说。他认为，政治自 由仅仅是“一个人能够做他应该做的事情”。这个“应该”与 “不应该”要以法律为标准来衡量，一个人只能在法律范围内行 事，否则自由和安全都不能得到保障。那么如何才能得到这种自 由呢?他认为必须在三权分立的国家里才能实现。
Enlightenment启蒙运动英文ppt
② With the development of modern science, rationalism, as an asset Anti-feudal class provides the ideological and theoretical weapon.
Representative figures
The Enlightenment usually refers to a period between the early 18th century and the French Revolution in1789, in which new thougts were emerging . The Age of Enlightenment (or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to use the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in Church and state.
Voltaire
He was famous for his wit and for his advocacy (提倡) of civil liberties (公民自由), including freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. Voltaire was a prolific（多产的） writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets.
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The 18th century1．Enlightenment Intellectual movementan expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2. Classicismbalance, proportion, decorum and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature3．Difference 17th and 18th Classicism17 please the declining aristocracy18 for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.4．Joseph Addison and Richard Steele essayistsRichard Steele and The Tatler"The Tatler", to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers. contained several essays. in a conversational styleJoseph Addison and “The Spectator“"The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together.it contained a gallery of vivid portraits of the members of the so-called "Spectator Club". supposed to be edited by a small club headed by Mr. SpectatorThe most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern English novel. They attempted to improve manners and moralcontribution1. new code of social morality for the bourgeoisie.2. picture of the social life3. the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.5.Alexander Popemost important English poet,representative of the Enlightenment,one of the first to introduce rationalism to England,master in satiric and didactic verseAn Essay on Criticismheroic couplet, aesthetic theories. a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism. .Essay on Manheroic couplet, indicates political and philosophical viewpointThe Rape of the Lockmock-heroic poem, in which he satirized the triviality and silliness of the high society with a delicate wit.The Dunciad the Iliad of DuncesPope was also an editor of Shakespeare's plays.the poet laureate桂冠诗人an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school6、Jonathan Swift master satiristThe Battle of the Books satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modernwriters. Thought ancient writers were better than the modern ones.A Tale of a Tub（木桶的故事）a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Gulliver's Travels (fiction work) Lillipu,Brobdingnag,Flying Island,Houyhnhnmparticular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventures on some remote islandfloating island of Laputa . absent-minded philosophers and astronomers.satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.island of Sorcerers. satire against all kinds of English social institutions.Pamphlets on Ireland:denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government.The Drapier’s Letters A Modest Proposal7.Defoe forerunner of the English realistic novel.all take the form of memoirs or pretended historical narratives, everything in them gives the impression of reality.jack-of-all-trades great in journalism and authorshipMoll FlandersRobinson Crusoe based on a real factPlot:It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Meaning:realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island,representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. best qualities: his marvellous capacity for work, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend before his will. Defoe glorifies human labour and the hero of bourgeoisie and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.8.Samuel Richardson Pamela the first modern novelnoted as a storyteller, letter-writer and moralizer.Pamela a series of letters from the heroine to her parentsgirl of virtue, bear the burden of a profligate放荡的husband and how she does all her best to reform him.意义a.pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b. moral instruction.c. secret thoughts and feelings. the first English psycho-analytical novel.9.Henry Fielding father of the English novel, comic epic in prose,first to give the modern novel its structure and stylenovelist, dramatist, essayist, pamphleteer, indeed a versatile man.began by attacking Richardson’s Pamela .criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian moralityher secret pleasure in the temptations and her dexterous熟练的manoeuvring to secure the rewards of virtue（把贞操当作商品待价而沽）ridiculing Pamela’s brother, Joseph Andrews, under the same temptationsthis novel called “a.”散文滑稽史诗Other works:Joseph Andrews.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great.The History of Tom Jones,a Foundlingfrom the "great" thief Jonathan Wild to the "great" minister Robert Walpole to all the "great" men of the ruling classes.Tom Jones is Fielding's masterpiece, a pano’ramic全景的picture of England10.Tobias Smollett "Roderick Random"Laurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy11. English Drama not reach the same high level as novelRichard Brinsley SheridanThe RivalsThe School for Scandal best English comedy since shakespeare12.Samuel Johnson lexicographer, critic and poetA Dictionary of the English LanguageBoswell's "Life of Johnson" become a classic of English biography.13.Edward Gibbon 吉朋The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empirehis classical and elevated style a model for succeeding historians and prose-writers.14.Sentimentalism prized feeling over thinking, passion over reasonsincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasantscriticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions.15.Oliver Goldsmith poet, novelist, dramatist and essayistPoems: “The Traveller”“The Deserted Village”(best) in the heroic couplet.Novel The Vicar of Wakefield16.Thomas Gray“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”which is a model of sentimentalist poetry.17.Pre-romanticismstrong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.18.Robert Burns poor Scotch peasant family passion for Scottish folk songsPoems Chiefly in the Scottish DialectPoetry several groups to the subject matterA. love and friendship. "A Red, Red Rose"and "Auld Long Syne".B. hate for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom "A Man's A Man for A'That"C. patriotic poems "My Heart's in the Highlands".D. verse-tales which he based on old Scottish legends.19.William BlakeSongs of Innocence A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.Songs of Experience A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: The Chimney Sweeper、London、The Tiger Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tiger is a symbol of dread and oiolenceThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell。