英国文学史及选读 第一节课 Introduction
英国文学史及选读(Lecture 1)
The Flea
Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou denies me is; Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be; Thou know’st that this cannot be said A sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead, Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pampered swells with one blood made of two, And this, alas, is more than we would do.
Requirements for this course: 1. Class attendance; 2. A wide reading before and after class; 3. Remembering some important facts; 4. Class discussion.
small wingless jumping insect feeding on human and other blood
over-indulge
Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, nay more than married are. This flea is you and I, ant this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is; Though parents grudge, and you, we are met, And cloistered in the living walls of jet.
英国文学史及选读课件 1 History and Anthology
主要作家及作品选读
D.H.劳伦斯（D.H. Lawrence）：劳伦斯是现 代英国文学的重要作家之一，他的作品以探 讨人性、爱情和性为主题，代表作有《儿子 与情人》（Sons and Lovers）和《查泰莱 夫人的情人》（Lady Chatterley's Lover） 等。
文学特点与影响
文学特点
强调个性、情感、想象力和自然；反对古典主义的规则和约束；寻求新的创作 灵感和表达方式。
对后世影响
浪漫主义文学对后世产生了深远的影响，包括对现代主义、后现代主义等文学 流派的启示；对自然和情感的关注也影响了后来的生态批评和女性主义批评等 文学理论。
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现代时期英国文学
背景介绍
作品和作家。
提高文学鉴赏能力
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通过阅读和分析经典文学作品，培养学生的审美意识、文学感
受力和批判思维。
拓展文化视野
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通过了解英国文学的历史背景、文化内涵和社会意义，增进学
生对英国文化的认识和理解。
英国文学史概述
古代和中世纪文学
包括古希腊罗马文学影响、中世纪宗教文学 和骑士文学等。
文艺复兴时期文学
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18世纪英国文学
背景介绍
18世纪英国社会变革
文学市场的形成
18世纪的英国经历了工业革命、政治 变革和社会转型，这些变化对文学产 生了深远影响。
随着印刷技术的进步和出版业的发展 ，文学作品得以更广泛地传播，形成 了文学市场。
启蒙运动的影响
启蒙运动的思想家们强调理性、科学 和进步，这些观念在18世纪英国文学 中得到了体现。
外研社英美文学简史及名篇选读教学课件英国文学u1
and Saxons (different tribes of Teutons) I.1.3 Angle-land: shortened into England I.1.4 The Old English language: also called
The battle of Hastings finished
2. Medieval English Literature
2.1 Medieval Romance Romance: a long composition, sometimes in verse,
sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. 2.1.1 Three subjects of English romances: 1) the 'matter' of Rome 2) the 'matter' of France 3) the 'matter' of Britain 2.1.2 the Gawain-poet
Anglo-Saxon or Saxon which was spoken from A.D. 600 to about 1100.
2. Epic
Epic: A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation.
英国文学史及作品选读课件Chapter 1The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066)
Anglo-Saxon theologian and historian whose major work, Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (731), written in Latin, remains an important source of ancient English history. He introduced the method of dating events from the birth of Christ.
(2) King Alfred
Known as “the Great.” (849-899)
King of the West Saxons (871-899), scholar, and lawmaker who repelled the Danes and helped consolidate England into a unified kingdom.
Chapter Ⅰ The Anglo-Saxon Period
(450-1066)
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3. Historical background:
(1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts;
(2) 43-ca.420 Roman invasion and occupation of Britain
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4. King Arthur
The Anglo-Saxon Occupation: The native Britons (Celts) were finally confined to the mountainous region of Wales where the modern form of their language is spoken alongside English to this day. In defeat, the Britons produced a body of stories revolving a legendary ruler called Arthur who had fought heroically against the Anglo-Saxon invaders.
Introduction of英国文学史及选读
A General IntroductionMain content：A Brief Introduction to the History of British LiteratureTime：the 1st and 2nd hoursTextbook：History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu WeirenObjective：Make students have a basic frame of the development of British literature so that they may not feel difficult in understanding the main characteristics of the British literature at different time of British history.I. Early and Medieval English Literature (449—1500)1. the Anglo-Saxon PeriodIn 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Ceaser, the Roman conqueror. The roman occupation lasted about 400 years. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. Thus ended the Roman occupation in Britain. At this time, Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. They landed on the British coast, drove the Britons west and north, and settled down themselves. They established different kingdoms. By the 7th century, these small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England, or the land of Angles. The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English, the Angles being the most numerous of the three. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or old English.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. Of old English literature, five relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. Four are short fragments of long poems. But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.2. Feudal EnglandThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came to Britain in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. Revolts were cruelly suppressed and the conquest was completed with violence. It was called the Norman Conquest. William the Conqueror ruled England with a high hand. He pushed England well on its way to feudalism, and the Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.In feudal England, the society was divided into two distinct classes—landlords and peasants. The class conflict was fierce. In 1381, a rising took place.The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose. It described the life and adventures of a noble hero.William Langland is an important poet. His Piers the Plowman is a poem of over 7,000 lines. Most of the written literature in feudal England was intended only for the upper class. The English people had a literature of their own, not written but oral. English folk songs had existed long before the Norman Conquest. The song tradition continued after it. The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.As to the poetry, Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry. His The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.II. The Renaissance Period (1500—1660)The rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or the rebirth of letters. Originally, “Renaissance” means the “revival of learning”.It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.In the days of Henry VIII (1509—1547), there were a group of scholars called Oxford Reformers, who introduced the classical literature to England and strove to reform education on a humanistic line. The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia, Christopher Marlowe, and William Shakespeare.The highest glory of the English Renaissance was its drama. Famous dramatists are Marlowe, Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.As for poetry, sonnets become very popular. Famous poets were Philip Sydney, Edmund Spenser, etc. Metaphysical poems appeared at this time, headed by John Donn.Prose became popular as well. Francis Bacon is famous for prose writing.III. Neoclassicism period (1660—1798)The beginning of this period is the Restoration Period (1660—1688)(restoration of Stuart Monarchy). It was a period of reaction and degeneration. As soon as Charles II came back to Britain in 1660, the theatres were reopened and drama, esp. Comedy, flourished. But under the patronage of the king, it became only an entertainment of the corrupt court. At the same time, English literature of the Restoration period was modelled on the literature of France where classicism was then prevailing. The classicists upheld reason, law and order in literature instead of the free expression of man’s in dividuality in the Renaissance. According to classicism, drama, poetry and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules. The English poets and writers of the Restoration wrote under this influence. John Drydon was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature.The “Glorious Revolution” of 1688 ended in a compromise between the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became a constitutional monarchy and power passed from the king to the Parliament and the Cabinet ministers. In the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution took place. Great changes also took place in rural England. The Enclosure Movement and expropriation of peasants begun in the 15th century was completed in the 18th century. The landless peasants went to the cities and became workers who owned nothing but labour and had to work long hours for low wages. The people in towns and villages protested against the unbearable conditions of life. Throughout the 18th century numerous uprisings broke out in the country.The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment. On the whole, it is an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. England had gone through its bourgeois revolution in the 17th century. English enlighteners of the 18th century stove to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology. The representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. In their works, these writerscriticized different aspects of contemporary England, discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private life. They intended to reform social life according to a more reasonable principle, though this principle could never go beyond the limit of bourgeois interests. The literature of the Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readers.The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. Drama, poetry and prose all followed some standards of classicism.The basic difference between Drydon and the 18th century enlighteners lie in the fact that the former wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the restoration period while the latter wrote for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order. Thus, owing to the need of the English middle class, classicism achieved a rapid growth and prevailed for the better part of the 18th century. After Pope, English classicism found still another exponent in Samuel Johnson.The novel is the most important gift of bourgeois civilization to the world’s imaginative culture. The modern European novel began after the Renaissance, with Cervantes’s “don Quixote”(1605—1615). The modern English novel began two centuries later. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature, which has given the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.Swift’s world-famous novel “Gulliver’s Travels” typifies the bourgeois world in the repellent images of man-like creatures—Yahoos. He also drew ruthless pictures of the depraved aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English state system.Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe” was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, typical of the English bourgeois of the 18th century.The development of the English novel was continued by Richardson. He wrote his first novel “Pamela” by accident.Fielding’s novels unfold a panorama of life in all sections of English society.He exposed the depraved aristocracy, the avaricious bourgeoisie and contrasted the luxurious life of the ruling classes with the misery of the people. He was the real founder of the realistic novel in England. He showed in his masterpiece “Tom Jones” the whole of the life of 18th century England as he saw it. His first novel was “Joseph Andrews”.Another 18th century novelist of the realistic school was Smollett, the author of Rodrick Random and Humphry Clinker.The new element of sentiment or sensibility was added to the novel by Sterne. His “Tristram Shandy” is a very strange novel in English literature.The 18th century was the golden age of English novel. The novel of this period spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist” was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.In drama, Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s comedy was important.His masterpiece is The School for Scandal.In the first half of the 18th century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. By the middle of 18th century, sentimentalism turned to the countryside for its material (classicism and confined its material to the clubs and drawing-rooms, the social and political life of London), though its form was still in a classical style. The poetry of the sentimentalists is marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken expropriatedpeasants. The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite — romanticism in English poetry. The representative was Thomas Gray.In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry. This trend was ushered by Percy, Blake and Burns.IV. Romanticism in English Literature (1798—1832)At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution. It was the product of the social conflicts.Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in political attitudes, they split into two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. the “merry old England” as their ideal.These were the older and sometimes called passive, or escapist romanticists. The representatives are Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Others expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a re volt against prosaic, sordid daily life, against the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature also plays an important role in their works. The passions of man and the beauties of nature appealed strongly to the imagination of the romantic writer, and the glory of lakes and mountains, the little joys or sorrows of children, the weal and woe of ordinary uncultured peasants, the wonder of the fairy world, and the splendour of the Greek art all became the fountain-heads of the writer’s inspiration.Poetry is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The romantic period was one of poetic revival.The great novelists in this period were Walter Scott and Jane Austen. Their works combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common people’s life. They marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey and Hunt.V. Victorian Age (1836—1901)—The Age of Critical RealismThe Chartist Movement took place in this period. It played an important role in the development of English progressive literature in connection with the working class movement. In this period of tense class struggle appeared a new literary trend—critical realism. The English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and early 50s. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he creates pictures of bourgeoiscivilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Other critical realists were William Makepeace Thackeray and Thomas Hardy.In prose writing, thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Mathew Arnold, Thomas Babington Macaulay were important.The poetry in this period experienced some new ways of expression. Important poets were Robert Browning and his wife Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning), and two Rossettis (Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Georgina Rossetti).At the end of the 19th century, some literary trends appeared in the English literature. In fiction, naturalism was important. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”, but by giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. However, some of the best naturalistic novels may approach or even become forceful realistic literature because naturalism in reality was a development of realism. George Gissing wrote under the influence of naturalism in Britain.Another literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19th century was neo-romanticism. Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality, and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, some writers adopted this new trend. Neo-romanticism lays emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. It led the novel back toward story-telling and to romance. Robert Louis Stevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island made him famous. Another famous book was Kidnapped.Another trend was aestheticism. Its theory was “art for art’s sake”.Walter Pater was a representative in prose, and Oscar Wilde in drama. Oscar Wilde and Shaw were forerunners of modernist drama.VI. The 20th CenturyIn the early 20th century, realist novels continued to prevail. Famous realists were John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennet.The first 30 years of the 20th century marked the golden age of modernism. The representatives in fiction included James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, D. H. Laurence, Katherine Mansfield. In poetry, W.B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot were important. They two also played important roles in modernist drama. Lady Gregory and O’Casey tried in modern drama as well.Bernard Shaw has been regarded as the most famous dramatist in English literature after Shakespeare.。
英国文学史及作品选读课件Chapter 1The Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066)
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(2) Caedmon:
The earliest English poet. According to Bede, he was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision. died c. 680
(2) Anglo-Norman Period (Middle English)--- as a result of Norman conquest of the island.
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3. Historical background:
(1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts;
King Alfred’s contribution to English literature: 3 aspects.
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King Alfred’s Contribution to English Language &British Literature
In the 9th century, the Christian Anglo-Saxons were invaded by the Danes. The Danes occupied the northern part of the island. They were stopped by Alfred, King of the West Saxons from 871 till 899, who for a time united all the kingdoms of southern England. Alfred translated various works from Latin. Practically all of Old English poetry is preserved in copies made in the West Saxon dialect after the reign of Alfred.
英国文学史简介-Introduction
Literature, the Methodology
• Welfare of Exo are we?
• Welfare
• Virtue • Beauty
• Aesthetics
The Squatting Puppy
Why Hisotry?
• ἱστορία – historia: inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation
—Dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum
What History?
• His + Story aka dead white men talking “
[History of British Literature]
[Yang Fan]
Preliminary Orientation
Subjects & Objectives
• Historical evolution of British nation • Get acquainted with the hisotry, i.e. Wise Up!
written works, esp. those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
Literature, the Methodology
• Literature: written record of observations, taste, setiments, and other psychic and epistemic functions.
Good Luck!
Francis Bacon-英国文学史及选读
《学术的进展》
•
Novum Organum (1620) ( an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning) 《新工具论》
• literary works
• Essays (1597-1625)《论说文集》 • The New Atlantis 《新大西岛》unfinished, utopian
现代英语：Learning histories makes men clear-minded;
learning poems makes men clever; learning mathematics makes men careful and cautious; learning natural philosophy, your mind will be broadened, your principles will be regulated, and your way of thinking will be serious; learning logic and rhetoric, you will be able to argue with others clearly and effectively.
Two Kinds of Essay
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Categories of Fiction-Types of prose fiction:
• Flash fiction (小小说）: A work of fewer than 2,000 words. (1,000 by some definitions) (around 5 pages) • Short story （短篇小说）: A work of at least 2,000 words but under 7,500 words. (5-25 pages) • Novelette（中篇小说）: A work of at least 7,500 words but under 17,500 words. (25-60 pages) • Novella （中篇小说）: A work of at least 17,500 words but under 50,000 words. (60-170 pages) • Novel （长篇小说）: A work of 50,000 words or more. (about 170+ pages) • Epic （史诗）: A work of 200,000 words or more. (about 680+ pages)
• As Robert Frost says, literature is a performance in words. It is the work of men who are specially sensitive to the language of their time and who use the skill of language to make their vision of life.
An Outline of English Literature
• I. Old English, or Anglo—Saxon, Era (450-1066) • II. Middle English Period (1066-1485) • III. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century) • IV. The 17th Century • V. The 18th Century • VI. The Romantic Age(1789-1837) • VII. Victorian Age (1837-1901) • VIII. 20th Century Literature
• Unit 1: The Anglo-Saxon Period
Why study literature?
• It improves your language proficiency. • It enriches your knowledge about the English culture. • It helps you explore the nature of human beings. It gives you spiritual and psychological relief.
1 Introducຫໍສະໝຸດ ion to literature
1.1 Nature of literature
What is literature? There have been various attempts to define literature. Many books have been written about introduction to literature, and there have been many answers to the question what is literature.
1.2 Function and significance of literature
a. Reading for pleasure Howells observed that the study of literature should begin and end in pleasure. b. Reading for relaxation Modern life is full of pressure. It is people’s common desire to seek temporally relaxation from the stress in life. c. Reading to acquire knowledge Literature gives readers an insight into the tradition, custom, beliefs, attitudes, folklore, values of the age in which it is written.
What is Literature?
Literature is – Writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry – Composition that tells a story, dramatizes a situation, expresses emotions, analyzes and advocates ideas – Helps us grow personally and intellectually – Provides an objective base for knowledge and understanding – Shapes our goals and values by clarifying our own identities, both positively and negatively – Literature makes us human.
二、课程的基本要求
• • • • • • 1．课程的要求：学完本课程，学生应该掌握如下能力： ①对于英国文学史有整体性的把握； ②掌握分析和鉴赏文学作品的能力； ③独立完成千字左右的文学作品评析的英文论文； ④掌握文学概念和相关文学流派的专业知识。 2．质量标准：检验学生是否了解、认识英国文学各个时 期的主要文化、文学流派、主要作家及其代表作品，了 解英国文学的发展历史，并能够用最基本的文化理论和 批评方法，理解、分析文学作品，提高文学鉴赏力、语 言表达能力，提高文学修养。
Literary genres
Fiction (narrative fiction叙述虚构 ): novel, novella中篇小说, short story, myth, parable 寓言, romance, epic史诗 Poetry images, sound, figurative language Drama Poetic form → daily language Nonfiction非小说类散文文学 prose散文 : news report, feature articles, text-books, historical and biographical works
History and Anthology of British Literature
Today’s Schedule
• Introduction Why do we study British literature? What is literature? What are we going to know in this course?
三、教材与教学参考书
• 1．教材： • 吴伟仁 《英国文学史及选读》 1988年 外语教学与 研究出版社 • 2．教学参考书： • （1）陈嘉，《英国文学史》，1986年 商务印书馆 • （2）刘炳善，《英国文学史》，2004年 河南人民 出版社 • （3）张鑫友，《英国文学史及选读学习指南》 2002年 湖北科学技术出版社
Timeline of British literature
1. Tribal部落的,种族的 society of the Celts凯尔特人 → the Roman conquest → Anglo-Saxons 盎格鲁撒克逊人 → the Norman诺曼底人 Conquest (the old and Medieval中世纪的 period) → 2. mid-15th to early 17th c. (the Renaissance) →
→ In the widest sense literature is just about
anything written.
→ But in the more specialized sense of the word,
literature is the art that uses language as a medium.
What are we going to learn in this course? • Syllabus for this course see the contents of the textbook
一、课程性质与任务
• 该门课程在英语专业人才培养中旨在使学生从 英国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，掌握英国 文学各个时期的主要文学、文化思潮，文学流 派，主要作家及其代表作，同时帮助学生对英 国文学的发展有深刻的了解和认识，并通过介 绍一些最基本的文化理论和批评方法，对部分 在思想上艺术上有代表性，有影响的作家及作 品进行分析、导读，增强学生对英国文学的形 成和发展的理解，提高他们对文学作品的鉴赏 能力和文学修养。
What is Literature?
Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences. Literature shows us not only what a society is like in a certain age, but also what individuals feel about it, what they hope from it, and how they can change it or escape from it.