介绍各个国家第一次见面打招呼的方式英语作文
各国打招呼的方式英语作文

各国打招呼的方式英语作文英文回答:In different countries, people have different ways of greeting each other. In English-speaking countries like the United States, people often greet each other with a simple "hello" or "hi." It's considered polite to make eye contact and smile when greeting someone. In more formal situations, people may use phrases like "good morning" or "good afternoon."In some Asian countries like Japan, people often bow when they greet each other. The depth of the bow can vary depending on the level of respect or formality involved. In China, people may greet each other with a handshake or a nod of the head.In France, people often greet each other with a kiss on each cheek, known as "la bise." This is a common way to greet friends and family members. In Germany, people maygreet each other with a firm handshake.In some Middle Eastern countries, people may greet each other with a kiss on the cheek or a hug. It's important to be aware of cultural differences when greeting people from different countries to avoid any misunderstandings.中文回答:在不同的国家,人们打招呼的方式各不相同。
中外打招呼差异英语作文

中外打招呼差异英语作文英文回答:Greetings and salutations vary across different cultures. In English-speaking countries, a common way to greet someone is by saying "Hello" or "Hi." These greetings are very casual and can be used in both formal and informal situations. For example, if I were to meet a friend on the street, I would say "Hi, how are you?" In a more formal setting, such as a business meeting, I might say "Hello, nice to meet you."中文回答:中外打招呼的方式在不同的文化中是有差异的。
在英语国家,常见的打招呼方式是说“Hello”或者“Hi”。
这些打招呼方式非常随意,可以在正式和非正式场合使用。
举个例子,如果我在街上遇到一个朋友,我会说“Hi,你好吗?”在更正式的场合,比如商务会议上,我可能会说“Hello,很高兴见到你。
”。
英文回答:In Chinese culture, the most common way to greet someone is by saying "你好" (nǐ hǎo), which translates to "hello" in English. This greeting is used in both formal and informal situations. Additionally, it is common to ask "你吃了吗?" (nǐ chī le ma), which means "Have you eaten?" This question is a way to show concern for the otherperson's well-being. For example, if I were to meet afriend in China, I would say "你好,你吃了吗?" as a way to greet them and also inquire about their well-being.中文回答:在中国文化中,最常见的打招呼方式是说“你好”。
介绍各国第一次见面的礼仪英语作文带翻译

介绍各国第一次见面的礼仪英语作文带翻译
Different countries have different etiquette, for example: Japan's first meeting, handshake, French kissing, first meeting. The table manners of each country are also different in the United States. When people go to a restaurant to eat, they usually pay them tips.
It is polite to do so in India. People take food with their hands. Do they want to use their hands? Is there any strange etiquette in other countries We're going to see them.
中文翻译:
不同的国家有不同的礼节例如:日本的第一次见面握手法国人的亲吻第一次见面每个国家的餐桌礼仪在美国也是不同的,人们去餐馆吃饭,他们通常会付钱给他们小费,这样做在印度是有礼貌的,人们用手拿东西吃他们想用手是不是其他国家也有很奇怪的礼仪,我们要去看看他们。
不同国家的见面礼仪英语

不同国家的见面礼仪英语意大利、西班牙和大部分欧洲国家 ITALY, SPAIN AND MUCH OF EUROPEGo for two quick cheek kisses: first on the right, then on the left. And if you don't know someone well, they may settle for a handshake. This is the standard for most places in Europe.在意大利、西班牙和欧洲大部分国家,两个人打招呼的方式都是走上前快速地亲吻彼此的脸颊:先是右侧,然后左侧。
如果彼此不太了解对方,也可以通过握手以示友好。
这种打招呼方式在大多数欧洲国家是一种惯例。
法国 FRANCEThe bise (yes, it's notorious enough for a name) is complicated: Offer your right cheek as a starting point. The ensuing number of kisses will vary by region, anywhere from one kiss in certain areas to five kisses in huge swaths of the north. Just go with it.法国的亲吻礼仪比较复杂:先亲吻对方的右侧脸颊,亲吻的次数会因为不同的地区而有所差异,有些地区只吻一下,而在法国北部的大部分地区见面需要亲吻五下。
注意灵活地随机应变就好了。
德国 GERMANYThe cheek kiss remains common here, but you'll usually get only one, on the left. Ever the stoic sort, some Germans have recently called to abolish the kiss, which they say snuck its way into their culture from other countries (ahem, France).亲吻面颊在德国很常见,不过通常只是在脸颊左侧亲吻一下。
关于不同国家打招呼的英语作文

关于不同国家打招呼的英语作文In different countries, people greet each other in various ways. The differences in greeting customs reflect the unique cultural norms and values of each society.在不同的国家,人们以各种不同的方式打招呼。
打招呼的方式的不同反映了每个社会独特的文化规范和价值观。
In the United States, a common way to greet someone is by shaking hands. This gesture is often accompanied by a friendly smile and direct eye contact, signifying respect and openness.在美国,打招呼的常见方式是握手。
这种姿势通常伴随着友好的微笑和直接的眼神接触,表示尊重和开放。
In contrast, in many Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea, bowing is a customary way of greeting. The depth of the bow may vary depending on the social status and relationship between the individuals.相比之下,在许多亚洲国家如日本和韩国,鞠躬是一种习俗的打招呼方式。
鞠躬的深度可能会根据个人社会地位和关系的不同而有所不同。
Another interesting greeting custom can be found in France, where people often greet each other with a kiss on the cheek, known as "la bise." The number of kisses can vary based on the region, ranging from one to four.在法国,还有一种有趣的打招呼习俗,人们经常互相在脸颊亲吻打招呼,称为“la bise”。
不同打招呼方式英语作文

不同打招呼方式英语作文Different Ways of Greeting。
Greeting is an important aspect of communication in every culture. It helps to establish a connection between people and shows respect and friendliness. In English-speaking countries, there are various ways of greeting depending on the situation and the relationship between the speakers. In this essay, we will explore some of the most common ways of greeting in English.1. Hello。
"Hello" is perhaps the most universal and widely used greeting in English. It is appropriate in almost any situation, formal or informal, and can be used with people you know well or those you are meeting for the first time. It is a simple and friendly greeting that shows you are acknowledging the other person's presence.Example: "Hello, how are you today?"2. Hi。
"Hi" is a more casual and informal version of "hello." It is often used among friends, family, and colleagues, but may not be suitable in more formal situations. It is a friendly and relaxed greeting that shows you are comfortable with the other person.Example: "Hi, what's up?"3. Good morning/afternoon/evening。
各个国家见面打招呼的异同英语作文

各个国家见面打招呼的异同英语作文全文共5篇示例,供读者参考篇1Saying Hello Around the WorldHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm going to tell you all about the cool ways people say hello in different countries. Greetings are like the keys that open the door to a conversation. They're really important!In America where I live, we usually say "Hi!" or "Hello!" when greeting someone. If we know the person well, we might give them a high five, fist bump, or even a hug. With adults we don't know very well, we typically just smile, wave, and say hi. It's pretty casual and relaxed.But greetings are way different in other places around the world. Let me tell you about some of the most interesting ones I've learned about:In Japan, people greet each other with a bow. The deeper you bow, the more respect you're showing. Kids might just nod their heads, but adults giving a greeting bow forward at about a 30 degree angle. If you're greeting someone really important likethe emperor, you'd bow way down low at 90 degrees! Pretty crazy, huh?Over in France, it's common for people to greet both men and women they know well with a kiss on each cheek. One kiss on the left cheek, then one on the right cheek. But not a real kiss - it's more like kissing the air near their cheeks. Still, as a kid I'd probably think that was kind of weird!Greetings can get even weirder in some countries. Like in Oman, a country near Saudi Arabia, men greet each other by putting their noses together and doing a little sniff while shaking hands. I don't know why they sniff each other, but that's how they do it over there!In Nepal, people greet one another by putting their palms together in a prayer position and saying "Namaste." It means something like "I salute the divine within you." Pretty deep stuff for a little kid to understand, but I like how it sounds.Here's a really unique one - in Zambia, when friends meet up, they'll greet each other by snapping their fingers back and forth in a cool rhythm. Almost like a little song without words. They'll snap back and forth like that for a while before stopping and saying hello. Music and greeting all in one!The Maori people of New Zealand have an awesome greeting ritual for special occasions. Two people will press their noses together and share a breath with each other. Then they might recite a poem or song that tells their family histories. It shows that they see each other not just as individuals, but parts of bigger family lines.My personal favorite greeting is how they do it in Greenland. Two people will pull their hoods together, touching the front of their jackets. Then they'll breathe on each other's faces to share warmth! Given how freezing cold it is over there, I think that's a really smart way to greet somebody, don't you?In India, people greet each other with the "Namaste" hand gesture like in Nepal. But they shake their heads in a little wiggle back and forth while doing it. I guess that little head bobble just comes naturally to them there.Now those are just a few of the many unique greetings from cultures around the globe. There are so many creative ways that people choose to say hello and kick off conversations. It just goes to show how diverse our big world is, but how greetings let people connect no matter where they're from.The way I see it, if I ever travel to another country someday, I'd definitely want to learn the local greeting. Using a greetinglike everyone else shows respect for their traditions. It's a way to politely say "Hey, I appreciate your culture." And hopefully it opens the door for new friends, great conversations, and amazing adventures!So next time you're just mumbling a casual "Hi" to the kid next door, remember all the awesome greetings happening worldwide. Why not switch it up and try bowing like in Japan? Or snapping rhythms Zambian-style? Either way, greetings connect us all as people who want the same thing - to meet, share stories, and get to know one another.Well, that's all I've got to share about greetings around the world. Let me know if you have any other fun examples I didn't cover! Thanks for reading, and happy greeting no matter which awesome tradition you choose.篇2Hello, My Name is TommyHi everyone! My name is Tommy and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you about the different ways people say hello to each other around the world. Isn't that cool? In my class, we have students from lots of different countries and cultures. We'vebeen learning about how greetings are different depending on where you're from. Let me tell you all about it!The Basics of Saying HelloIn English, the most common way to greet someone is to say "Hello" or "Hi." We learn this from a very young age. When I see my friends, I'll wave and say "Hi guys!" When a grown-up like my teacher says hello, I respond by saying "Hello Mrs. Smith." It's just the basic way we greet each other.But in other languages and cultures, the greetings can be really different. Some greetings involve special handshakes or gestures. Some languages have unique phrases you say when greeting someone. And in certain cultures, the greeting changes based on who you are greeting. Crazy, right?Greetings from Around the WorldLet me tell you about some of the cool greetings I've learned about from my classmates:In French, you say "Salut" for hi or "Bonjour" for hello. My friend Antoine taught me that one. In Spanish, it's "Hola" which kind of sounds like "Hello." My buddy José showed me how to say that.Now get this - in Japan, people greet each other by bowing! The deeper you bow, the more respect you're showing to that person. My pal Hiroshi from Japan taught our class how to bow properly. I tried it but I'm not so great at it yet.In Ethiopia, some people greet others by crossing their arms across their chest. It's a sign of respect and peace. Isn't that neat? My friend Azmera does that greeting all the time.And in Hawaii, some people greet each other by pressing their noses together! It's called a "honi" greeting. My friend Kai is part Hawaiian and he told us all about that tradition. We tried it in class but just ended up laughing a lot.There are so many other cool greetings from around the globe. Like "Namaste" in India where people put their hands together at their chest. Or in Tanzania where some people spit on the ground in front of you as a greeting - obviously we didn't practice that one!Greetings for Different PeopleYou know what else is interesting? The way you greet someone changes based on who you're greeting! Like in English, we say "Hi" to our friends. But if I was meeting the President, I probably wouldn't just say "Hi" to him. That would bedisrespectful. I'd say something more formal like "Hello Mr. President."It's the same in other cultures too. Like in China, my friend Yao told me that you greet elders or teachers differently than you would greet a friend your age. When he greets his grandfather, he has to make a formal gesture with his hands to show respect.And in many Hispanic cultures, there are different greetings for men and women. Like men will shake hands firmly with each other when greeting. But for women, they add a kiss on the cheek as part of the greeting. So fun!My Favorite GreetingsCan you believe all the interesting ways there are to greet people? See, just saying "Hi" isn't the only way. Every culture has its own traditions.If I had to pick my favorite greeting from another culture, I think it would be the nose greeting from Hawaii. It just seems like such a friendly way to say hello to someone. Or maybe the bowing greeting from Japan because it looks so cool.But you know what? I'm proud of the way we greet each other in English too. A simple "Hello" with a smile can go a longway to make someone feel welcome. And that's what greeting is all about - making others feel good when you see them.I hope you learned something new about greetings today. The world is such an amazing place filled with wonderful cultures and traditions. I feel lucky to have friends from so many backgrounds to teach me about their greetings. Who knows, maybe one day I'll travel the world and get to experience all these greetings for myself!篇3Hello, My Name is EmilyHi everybody! My name is Emily and I'm 10 years old. I love learning about different cultures and languages. Today I want to tell you about how people say hello in different countries around the world. It's really interesting!In America, where I live, we usually say "Hi" or "Hello" when we meet someone new. Sometimes we wave our hand too. If we know the person well, like a friend or family member, we might give them a hug or a high five. My grandma always gives me a kiss on the cheek when I see her.But greetings are different in other places. Let me tell you about some of the ways people greet each other in other countries:In Japan, people greet by bowing. The deeper you bow, the more respect you are showing the other person. Little kids don't have to bow very deeply though. Sometimes Japanese people also greet by saying "Konnichiwa" which means "Good afternoon."In India, people often put their hands together in front of their chest and say "Namaste." This is kind of like a silent greeting without touching the other person. In some parts of India, people also greet each other by shaking hands.I learned that in Thailand, people greet with a wai. To do a wai, you put your hands together like for Namaste, but raise them higher towards your face. The higher your hands, the more respect you are showing.In France, it's very common for people to greet each other by kissing on the cheeks! Even people they've just met might do this little cheek kiss greeting. If you go to France, you have to be ready for people to get very close to your face!Arabic speakers in places like Egypt and Saudi Arabia often greet by saying "As-salamu alaykum" which means "Peace be upon you." The other person then responds "Wa alayku mus salaam" meaning "And peace be upon you too."In Russia, one greeting is to say "Zdrastvuitye" which kind of sounds like "Zah-drah-stvy-tye." You stress the "tvui" part. People in Russia might also shake hands, especially if they are meeting for the first time.Some countries don't have much physical greeting at all. In Bulgaria, people just nod their heads up and down at each other. And in Malaysia, people greet by saying "Apa khabar" which means "How are you?"Even in cold places like Antarctica, the scientists and explorers there have their own way of greeting each other warmly by smiling really big and waving energetically!In New Zealand, some people do a special greeting called a Hongi where you press your nose and forehead gently against the other person's. This is a very friendly way of greeting for the Maori culture there.There are so many more fun and unique greetings around the world. In China, some people greet by shaking their ownhands together. Tibetans stick out their tongues to greet! And in some Pacific island cultures, people greet by sniffing or smell each other.Isn't it fascinating how many different ways there are to say hello? Greetings are one of the first things you learn about a culture. They help you make a good first impression. Next time you meet someone from a different country, you can try greeting them in their own language and culture! It's a fun way to make new friends.Well, that's all for my essay about global greetings. I hope you learned something new and interesting! Let me know if you have any other fun greeting stories to share. Thanks for reading, goodbye for now!篇4Meeting New Friends From All Over the WorldHi there! My name is Samantha and I'm 10 years old. I love learning about different cultures from around the world. One thing that's really interesting to me is how people greet each other in various countries. Even though greeting someone is such a simple thing we do every day, the way it's done can bereally different depending on where you are! Let me tell you about some of the cool greeting customs I've learned about.In the United States where I live, we usually say "Hi!" or "Hello!" when greeting someone. If we know them pretty well, we might give them a high five or a hug. But in lots of other places, the greetings can get way more interesting!Like, did you know that in France, they don't really hug or shake hands? Instead, they give each other air kisses on the cheeks! Isn't that funny? I saw a video of some French people greeting each other and they go back and forth kissing the air next to each person's cheeks. They make a kissing soundtoo--mwah mwah! I would probably giggle a lot if I had to greet people that way.And get this--in Japan, people don't say "Hi" or give hugs at all. They bow to each other instead! The deeper you bow, the more respect you're showing. I tried bowing like they do in Japan and I almost fell over because I leaned too far forward. Maybe I need more practice!Speaking of bowing, in Thailand they also bow when greeting someone. But they do it in a different way called a wai. You press your palms together in a prayer position and bow yourhead. It looks very graceful and polite. I should probably start doing that when my mom tells me to go clean my room!Over in Lebanon, they have a funny greeting where you grab the other person's hand and kiss them on each cheek. My friend Yasmin is from Lebanon and she taught me how to do it. You go in for the left cheek first, kiss the air, then switch to the right cheek. You have to do it quickly--try not to headbutt the person by accident!Some greetings get even more lively and energetic. Like in Italy, people don't just say "Hello." They put their whole body into it with big hand gestures and expressive faces. An Italian might say "Ciao, bella!" while waving their arms around cheerfully. I might look a little silly doing that myself, but it seems like such a warm and friendly way to greet someone.Okay, here's one of the coolest greetings I've heard about. In New Zealand, the Maori people have an amazing tradition called a hongi. You press your nose against the other person's nose and share the same breath. How incredible is that?! Sharing a breath shows that you're sharing your life force with someone. I think it sounds like such a beautiful and spiritual way to welcome another person.Those are just some examples of the neat greeting customs around the world. Every culture has its own unique ways to say "It's nice to meet you!" Isn't it fascinating how many different greeting traditions there are? I sure had fun learning about them.The next time I meet someone new, I'll have to remember the proper way to greet them based on where they're from. If they're from France, I'll go mwah mwah! If they're from Thailand, I'll do a wai bow. And if they're from New Zealand...well, I may need to ask them to go very slowly when it's time for a hongi! No matter what, I'll try my best to make them feel warmly welcomed, even if I get the greeting a little mixed up at first. Maybe someday I'll create my own special Samantha greeting to share with people from all over the world!篇5Hello and Greetings from Around the World!Did you know that people say "hello" in many different ways depending on what country they are from? It's true! The way people greet each other can be very different. In some countries, they wave. In other countries, they bow or shake hands. And in some places, they even rub noses together! Isn't that silly?In the United States where I live, we usually say "hello" or "hi" when we see someone. We also often wave our hand and smile. If we know the person really well, like a good friend or family member, we might give them a hug or a high five. But we don't get too close because Americans like to have some personal space between them when talking.My friend Raj is from India and he told me that in his country, people greet each other by putting their hands together in front of their chest and bowing a little bit. They call this gesture "Namaste." Raj said it means something like "The divine in me honors the divine in you." I think that's a very nice way to say hello! I tried doing Namaste with my hands but I'm not very good at it yet.In Japan, people bow a lot when they greet each other too. But the way they bow is a little different - they put their hands at their sides and bend forward at about a 15 to 30 degree angle. The deeper they bow, the more respect they are showing you. Kids at school just bow a little bit, but adults might bow much lower to their bosses or elders. Japanese people also don't shake hands or hug when meeting.Some places have really funny and surprising ways to say hi! Like in certain parts of the Middle East, people might greet goodfriends by rubbing their noses together side-to-side. It's called "Nomashkar" and it shows friendship and closeness. I tried doing that with my friend Sam but he thought I was just being weird! We ended up laughing so hard.In New Zealand, some people might press their noses and foreheads together when greeting friends or family. It's an old tradition called a "Hongi" that comes fr om the Māori people. A classmate of mine from New Zealand showed us how to do it. You press your nose and forehead against the other person while looking into their eyes and share the breath of life. It's seen as a very sacred way of greeting someone.And in Tibet, people stick out their tongues at each other! Can you imagine if we did that in America? Our parents would get so mad at us! But for Tibetans, it's just their fun way of saying "Hello, friend!" The sticking out of the tongue is supposed to show that they are being playful and not aggressive. I don't think I could get used to greeting people like that though!In some European countries like France, Spain and Italy, people greet both male and female friends by kissing each other on the cheek. But the number of kisses is different in each place! In Spain, it's usually two kisses from cheek to cheek. In Italy, it's one kiss on each cheek so that's two kisses total. But in France,people might do up to four kisses alternating from one cheek to the other! My friend Pierre from France tried teaching me but I could never remember if it was supposed to be two kisses or four. It's all so confusing to me!Even countries that share the same language can greet differently. For example, in Britain people might say "Hello!" whereas in Australia they are more likely to say "G'day mate!" which is short for "Good day my friend." Some Australians might also greet with a simple "Hey yous" or "How's it goin'?" And don't even get me started on how many ways there are to say "hello" in different parts of Africa and the Caribbean islands!So as you can see, greetings can be very different all over the world. Wherever you go, it's always polite to try greeting people in the local way. That shows you respect their culture and traditions. Even if you get it wrong at first, most people will be happy you tried. So next time you make a new friend from another country, ask them to teach you the greeting from their homeland. It's a fun way to learn about the world!I hope you enjoyed learning about all the colorful ways people say "hi" to each other. Isn't it amazing how many interesting cultural traditions there are for such a simple thing like saying hello? The world is full of fascinating customs and themore we understand each other, the better we can all get along as friends. So keep an open mind, be respectful, and don't be afraid to greet people in new and different ways. Who knows, you might just start an interesting new greeting trend yourself!。
见面打招呼方式英语作文

见面打招呼方式英语作文题目,Ways of Greeting in English。
Greeting is an essential aspect of social interaction in English-speaking countries. It sets the tone for the conversation and establishes rapport between individuals. In this essay, we will explore various ways of greeting in English and their cultural significance.Firstly, one of the most common greetings in English is "hello." It is a simple yet effective way to acknowledge someone's presence and initiate a conversation. "Hello" can be used in both formal and informal settings, making it versatile and widely accepted across different social contexts.Another popular greeting is "hi." Similar to "hello," "hi" is casual and friendly, often used among friends, acquaintances, and colleagues. It reflects a relaxed attitude and is suitable for informal interactions.In more formal situations, people may use "good morning," "good afternoon," or "good evening" depending on the time of day. These greetings show respect and politeness, particularly in professional settings or when addressing someone of higher status.Furthermore, greetings in English can also involve physical gestures, such as handshakes or hugs. Handshakes are commonly exchanged in business or formal settings as a sign of respect and trust. A firm handshake communicates confidence and professionalism. On the other hand, hugs are reserved for closer relationships and convey warmth and affection.In addition to verbal greetings, non-verbal cues like nodding or smiling are also important in English-speaking cultures. A nod of the head or a smile can indicate acknowledgment and friendliness, even without saying any words.Moreover, cultural factors influence the choice ofgreeting in English. For instance, in some cultures, people may greet each other with a bow or a kiss on the cheek instead of a handshake. It's essential to be aware of these cultural differences to avoid misunderstanding or causing offense.In recent years, with the rise of technology, greetings in English have expanded to include virtual interactions. People now greet each other through emails, text messages, and video calls using expressions like "hi there," "hey," or "how are you?" These digital greetings serve the same purpose as traditional greetings, fostering connection and communication.In conclusion, greeting in English encompasses a wide range of expressions, from simple verbal greetings like "hello" and "hi" to formal expressions like "good morning" and "good evening." Non-verbal cues and cultural considerations also play a significant role in how people greet each other. Whether it's a handshake in a business meeting or a friendly wave to a neighbor, greetings are essential for building relationships and fostering socialconnections in English-speaking societies.I hope this essay provides a comprehensive overview of greeting in English and its cultural significance. If you have any further questions or need clarification on any points, feel free to ask!。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
介绍各个国家第一次见面打招呼的方式英语作文Each country has its own way of greeting.Learning more etiquette details in life can help you win in your hands and feet.
In China, nodding ceremony is the most common meeting etiquette. In public places that are not suitable for walking around at will, such as theaters, venues and banquet halls, when friends meet from a long distance, they can say hello and nod with their right hand. This ceremony is also applicable when they meet across the road when going out.
In the United States, Americans generally do not take the initiative to kiss or hug each other unless they are relatives and friends. Shake hands on formal occasions. Informal occasions, etiquette is more casual, often nod, smile as a gift, or just say "Hi" to each other.
In France, chivalry and respect for women. In interpersonal communication, the etiquette adopted by the French mainly include handshake, hug and kiss.
In Russia, people who meet for the first time usually shake hands, and most people who are familiar with them will hug warmly.
There are so many ways to say hello. I like the Chinese way best.。