TPO13综合写作文本与解析
【托福写作资料】TPO13综合写作文本与解析TPO综合写作范文是考生练习托福写作的必备资料，很多考生在网上求这份资料。
那么，在以下内容中，就为大家带TPO综合写作文本与解析，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 13以下是阅读材料：Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteen century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.中文：私人化石收藏家们从十八世纪就开始涉足化石买卖。
所谓化石是指那些古代有机体的石化物。
然而最近几年，化石买卖，尤其是恐龙和其他大型脊椎动物的化石的买卖变得繁荣起来了。
稀有而重要的化石现在以百万计的价格在私人搜藏家之间流通。
这种现象无论对于科学家还是对于公众来说，都不是一件好事情。
The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.中文：化石不在捐赠给博物馆而是由私人收藏家持有，而不是像过去那样捐赠给博物馆。
私人收藏家不会让公众看他的藏品，而博物馆里的展品却是人人有机会看到的。
这样对于公众来说是受损的。
接触化石的机会变少会让大众失去对化石的兴趣的，而这一点显然是令人遗憾的。
More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.中文：更重要的是，科学家将错失很多研究珍贵化石的机会，进而可能同一些关于灭绝生物的重大发现失之交臂。
富有的化石购买者因为对稀有而重要化石的强烈渴望，将会不计成本地想得到这些化石。
科学家和他们所服务的博物馆和大学都无力同那些身价百万的化石购买者竞争，也只能坐视失去化石。
Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientificevidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptors fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.中文：而且，商业化石收藏家常常会破坏他们挖掘出的化石中有科学价值的部分。
多数商业化石收藏家常常没有接受过专业的训练，同时对谨慎研究记录化石没有兴趣。
而这些研究和记录可以揭示过去生活在地球上的生命最重要的信息。
科学家就是通过对筑巢的偷蛋龙的研究就是这种方法：通过对偷蛋龙化石的埋在地下的精确位置以及邻近的其他化石的状态来获知其生物特性的。
私人化石搜藏家万网不关注化石埋藏的唯一以及大型化石边上那些小型的化石。
读完后提取观点啦：- Main point: 私人化石买卖无论对科学家还是对公众都是一件坏事情- Sub point 1: 公众将失去接触化石的机会，进而失去兴趣- Sub point 2: 科学家也将失去接触化石的机会- Sub point 3: 化石包含的珍贵数据可能遭到破坏完后会听到综合写作的听力材料：Of course, there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.中文：当然，在商业市场上买卖化石是有一些负面影响，但是这些负面影响在阅读部分被夸大了。
化石买卖的优点大大的超过其缺点。
First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.中文：首先，私人化石买卖合法之后，公众接触化石的机会不是变少了，而是增加了。
私人化石买卖让更多的化石进入流通领域。
这样，甚至等级较低的公共机构，比如公立学校和图书馆也有能力通过正规渠道购买化石，并向公众展示了。
As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that’s not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn’t, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So, even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that’s out there.中文：至于说科学家将错失接触重要化石机会的说法，也是站不住脚的。
不论是谁，在给一组化石定价之前，都一定是需要科学家来鉴定的，是不是?那么，唯一能够鉴定化石，唯一能够说出化石是否有价值的人是科学家。
是科学家通过对细节的检查和测试来决定化石的价值的。
所以，即使化石最终归于私人收藏家，但是还是要首先经过科学家的手的。
这样，科学团体就不会错过化石上的任何重要信息了。
Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren’t for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren’t that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn’t it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don’t have all the scientific data we’d like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered?中文：最后，私人化石收藏者的确会损坏化石，但是如果没有他们，很多化石就会永远埋在地下了。
新托福TPO综合写作详细解析汇总
新托福TPO综合写作详细解析汇总
在新托福综合写作中，有的同学语言使用的能力还有一定局限，还要刻意追求句式的复杂化，但这样的后果就是写出来的句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。
其实用最好的词表达最多的内容才是最厉害的写作方式，本文小编为大家整理了一篇新托福综合写作范文，来源于TPO 1—15。
新托福综合写作范文TPO2详细解析:团队的作用
新托福综合写作范文TPO3详细解析:伦勃朗
新托福综合写作范文TPO4详细解析:恒温动物
新托福综合写作范文TPO5详细解析:查科峡谷的巨屋
新托福综合写作范文TPO6详细解析:在线百科的利弊
新托福综合写作范文TPO7详细解析:环保认证在美国无用
新托福综合写作范文TPO8详细解析:塞恩加尔骑士
新托福综合写作范文TPO9详细解析:氢燃料
新托福综合写作范文TPO10详细解析:海獭数量减少的原因
新托福综合写作范文TPO11详细解析:人们不爱读书了
新托福综合写作范文TPO12详细解析:简·奥斯汀
新托福综合写作范文TPO13详细解析:私人化石买卖的坏处
新托福综合写作范文TPO14详细解析:回收性砍伐
新托福综合写作范文TPO15详细解析:控制蔗蜍数量的方法
新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。
没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。
瑞德托福模考系统是专业的托福模拟考试软件、托福在线模拟考试软件，提供在线托福全真模考，系统可创建真实托福模考(TOEFL iBT)环境，按照阅读、听力、口语、写作四部分进行考试。
详情了解请登陆托福模考软件
托福模拟考试
在线学习平台：。
tpo13综合写作文本解释
tpo13综合写作文本解释听力记笔记以下这两点最为重要：1、关键词（定位词后的内容）2、逻辑结构（即为文章的逻辑顺序，篇章结构也就是搞对表格题的必需品）关键词大家都比较容易理解，逻辑结构是个抽象的概念，打个比方，画人画皮难画骨，逻辑结构是让我们画骨，我们详细的了解一下怎么才能画好这个骨。
1、必须听到明文章的非政府信息的结构；就是按照分类举例，还是表述一个过程，或者就是将事物展开对照分析，然后搞听力笔记；2、可以适当记一下展现文章结构的逻辑词和过渡词如first,second,third,what'smore,andthen,another，…l如果文章结构为分类举例，那么必须记录的重点信息为分类的依据、每个类别的名称以及每个类别中列出的例子；l如果文章在解释一个过程，那么要着重去听一些表示阶段的信号词，并记录每个阶段的事件进展以及主要特征；l如果文章在跟事物展开比较或对照，那么必须记录他们的相同点、不同点。
1，注意reading/listeningmaterial是不能说话的.最好吧listeningmaterial改成的lecturer,professor,speaker.2,body段开头很不错，很清晰.段落中的表对比转折的词最好不要用第二遍.（however,yet,incontraryto,but.）3，论述和对比在充分点.阅读文章现成的摆在那里就是要你用的，要paraphrase!ex.(second,theauthorbelievesthatthegirlinthepictureisaustenbecauset hesimilaritybetweenthesetwogirls)注意whatsimilarity?4，语法，偏口语化.ex.第二段（how,thespeakerthinksthatthegirlmaybeoneofaust.）总体不错，思路清晰，做到以上几点就能保perfect了.加油.level:good(4.0-5.0)yourperformance:yourespondedwelltothetask,relatingthelecturetothereading.w eaknesses,ifyouhaveany,mighthavetodowithslightimprecisioninyoursummaryofsomeof themainpointsand/oruseofenglishthatisoccasionallyungrammaticalorunclear.。
托福2021年11月13日作文考试真题及答案
托福2021年11月13日作文考试真题及答案托福作文考试需要考生认真进行确认，那么你知道怎样才能在考试中拿高分吗？下面和小编来一起看看托福2021年11月13日作文考试真题及答案，欢迎阅读。
独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way for parents to teach their children about responsibility is to have the children care for an animal.综合写作火星上的条痕是不是液态水形成的?阅读：不是液态水形成的1. 可能是陨石撞击形成;2. 火星温度太低不可能有液态水;3. 火星环绕的探测器没检测到过液态水证据、听力：反驳1.结构按题材划分，独立任务属于议论文，而论点、理由、论据、结论和论证是议论文的五个要素。
具体来说，“论点”是文章的核心，“理由”是论点成立的依据，两者构成因果关系;“论据”是对理由的具体解释，多为事例;“结论”是对观点的重申，两者一脉相承、头尾呼应;而整个写作过程就是一个“论证”的过程。
要想作文得高分，这五要素就必须面面俱到，如此才能写出结构严谨、条理清晰的高分作文。
议论文除了五要素，在给出论点之前多会有简单的背景介绍，不需要长，三两句话即可，为论点的提出造势。
2.内容这篇范文通过通讯、交通和饮食三个方面，共同论证现在的孩子相较其祖父辈生活的更轻松、舒适，每个理由下面都有具体的事例作为细节支撑，让论证更有说服力。
以饮食为例，作者举例说，以前食品由政府分配，数量有限制，人们不能随心所欲买到需要的食品;而现在则大不一样，在超市里人们可以买到任何所需物品。
这种新旧对比，更鲜明的表现出现代社会物资丰富、人们的选择权增加，由此可推断人们的生活变得更便捷、舒适，从而证明论点。
3.语言一篇高分作文在语言上，首先要保证语法正确，用词恰当，这样才能准确达意。
托福TPO13综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO13综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。
考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
文末教你如何使用这个材料。
TPO13 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingPrivate collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.ListeningProfessor: Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that's not realistic either.Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren't for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren't that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all the scientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered?首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，有不少托福考生跟小托君说，自己的口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。
tPO13 习作
The professor indicates that the benefit of sales of fossil is more important than the potential negative influence of it, which is opponent to what is mentioned in the lecture.The first point that the professor uses to fade out the doubt of the reading material is that the private sales of fossil stimulates the exposure of fossil. More people will do this job. So even in the small library we may have chance to get a real fossil to see. We cannot reach a conclusion that the public cannot see the collector s’ fossil.Another point that the professor uses to refute the reading is that the finder will let the export identify the significance of fossil, so scientists will not miss any visual breakthrough of the extinct animal. Although the reading illustrates that the sale may reduce the access of fossil to scientists, it seems that the professors’ statement is more realistic and believable.Last but not least, the professor states another study, which reveals that the quantity of fossils is more important to th e scientific evidence in fossil that is mentioned in reading. If you don’t unearth the fossil, you also cannot know the evidence in it. So the private sales means more fossil that will be discovered. It is helpful to the research.To sum up, the sale is helpful and it will motivate the research of archaeology.It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely affect our daily life. Agree or disagreeEvery day and in every second, there are countless events happening on the globe. Some are close to us; some are miles away from us; some deserve our attention; some seem unnecessary to have a look. Yet even though many of them may rarely have an impact on our daily life, I do think that it is quite vital for us to know these outwardly unnecessary things for some reasons.First and foremost, it is a respectable and noble quality for us to keep learning the world throughout our life. As a saying goes, live and learn. In fact, from the moment we open our eyes, we have been on the journey of learning ourselves, our society and the world, little by little and step by step, not only from our direct experience and everyday life, but also from what has been told by others, read in books and watched on television. Nevertheless, there is still much knowledge we do not know and many new things springing up within every minute. So the journey of our continuous learning is endless and we need to have a broad view to make us a wise and reasonable man.More importantly, having an awareness of what is going on in the world can make people feel they are deeply involved in the world. Philosophers often tell us, the world is based on the Strangers Society, where people are indifferent and even cold to the unacquainted person and seldom concern about the matters which are none of their business. It goes without saying that many things, indeed, may seldom or even never occur in our whole life, not to mention that they may render a ripple in our daily life, but when we see the pictures of those refugees suffering the grave pains of losing their home and families in thewars, when we watch the sports game and shout support for our favorite team, and when we learn about scientists have made a breakthrough to the final conquering of a fatal disease, we feel that we are, and have always been, an inseparable part of the world. We feel that we are closely connected with these ongoing events even if they are thousands of miles away from us. And in that way, a strong sense of place and belonging can be truly established. Admittedly, our time and efforts are limited, and some more urging and significant things deserve our better attention. But why don’t we enhance our efficiency to tackle the problems as quickly as possible and leave a minute for the world to burden our vision. By doing that, I am sure that we can have a better understanding not only about our life, but also about ourselves.。
托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文文本： Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public. The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity. More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers. Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterestedin carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones. 托福TPO13综合写作听力原文文本： Professor：Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that's not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientificexperts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren't for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren't that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all the scientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered? 托福TPO13综合写作满分范文： The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved with the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences. The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading that private collectors will keep their fossil collection away from the public, leading the public to lose interests in fossils. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition. The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museums from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils. Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading.The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort they have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
雅思13test3写作范文
雅思13test3写作范文Task 1.The bar chart illustrates the number of people who visited fourdifferent types of tourist attractions in a particular city in 1980, 1990 and 2000.Overall, it is clear that the most popular type of attraction changed over the years.Let's start with the theme parks. In 1980, around 12 million people visited theme parks. This number increased steadily over the decades, reaching approximately 20 million in 1990 and a whopping 30 million in 2000. It was like a rocket taking off in terms of popularity!The art galleries had a rather different story. In 1980, about 8million people went there. However, the number dropped to around 6 millionin 1990 and then slightly recovered to 7 million in 2000. It was as if art galleries lost their charm for a while and then tried to win some visitors back, but not with a huge success.Now, zoos. In 1980, zoos attracted around 10 million visitors. This figure decreased to about 8 million in 1990 and then remained more or less the same at 8 million in 2000. Zoos seemed to be stuck in a bit of a rut, not really growing or shrinking much.Finally, the museums. They had 15 million visitors in 1980. But, shockingly, the number dropped to just 10 million in 1990. It was like a sudden cold spell hit them. Thankfully, they managed to pick up a bit and had 12 million visitors in 2000.In conclusion, theme parks were the big winners in terms of growing popularity over the three decades, while art galleries, zoos, and museums had a more mixed bag of experiences with some drops and only slight recoveries in visitor numbers.Task 2.Some people believe that nowadays we have too many choices. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Well, in this modern world, it's like we're standing in a supermarket aisle with a bazillion options in front of us. And I kind of agree that we have too many choices these days.On one hand, having a large number of choices can be really overwhelming. Take shopping for clothes, for example. There are so many different styles, colors, and brands out there. You walk into a shopping mall, and it's like being in a fashion jungle. You might end up spending hours just trying to decide what to buy, and in the end, you might not even be happy with your choice because there were just too many things to consider. It's like your brain goes into overdrive and then crashes.Another thing is career choices. Back in the day, there were fewer options you could be a doctor, a teacher, a factory worker, etc. Now, there are all these newfangled jobs like social media influencer, app developer, and data analyst. It sounds great on the surface, but for young people, it can be super confusing. They don't know where to start or what would be the best fit for them. It's like being at a buffet with every type of food imaginable you might not know what to put on your plate.However, some might argue that having many choices is a good thing. It gives us more freedom and the opportunity to find something that reallysuits us. For example, in the world of food, we can choose from different cuisines every day. If we want Italian one day and Thai the next, we can do that. But I think this can also lead to a problem. With so many choices, we might not appreciate things as much. We might just jump from one thing to another without really savoring any of them.In conclusion, while having choices is generally seen as a positive thing, I think in today's world, we've gone a bit overboard. There are just so many options in every aspect of our lives that it can cause more stress and confusion than joy. So, yes, I do believe we have too many choices nowadays.。
TPO-13 Reading 2 解析
Q1正确答案：A解析：consequently“因此，所以”，所以therefore正确。
因为是两句之间的连接词，所以看两句话的关系可以得出答案。
前面说动物的成功繁衍要求它们必须能使自身活动适应周围可预见的事件；后一句说生物的节律必须适合很多周期事件，比如说潮汐，月运周期等等。
两者只能是因果关系。
Q2正确答案：B解析：根据Neurospora定位原文段落的“For instance, apparently normal…”所以这个for instance是对前一句话论点的例证，前一句说到“By isolating organisms completely … have internal clocks.”通过把生物同外部周期性诱因完全隔绝之后生物学家就可以发现生物的内部节律，所以答案是B。
Q3正确答案：D解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的activities和coordinate做关键词定位至第一句，正确，不选；B的Eukaryotes做关键词定位至倒数第四句，明确指出有internal，所以正确，不选；C的intense research做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选；D 的比较原文未提及，错误，可选。
Q4正确答案：C解析：persistent“持续的”，所以C的“enduring”正确。
本句说养在黑暗中一年的Horseshoe crabs会有什么样的节律能够去适应光线较弱的环境，一年当然是比较久的，所以“持续的”正确，而且前文都一直在说continuous怎么样，所以答案是C。
Q5正确答案：B解析：将原句进行简化，stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors，such as 后面是举例，全句引导一个让步逻辑关系，所以只有B选项符合高亮句表述，意思是生物钟的一个重要特征是无论外界环境发生什么样重大的变化，它的周期是不会发生变化的。
TPO-13 Reading 1 解析
Q1正确答案：B解析：complex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。
原句提到生活把我们放在什么样的与其他人的关系网中。
A的delicate“脆弱的，纤细的，美味的”；C的“私人的”和D的“普通的”都不合文意。
Q2正确答案：D解析：段落最后一句说，当an association能够持续得足够久，久到可以让两个人通过一套相对稳定的彼此预期紧密联系起来，才可以叫做relationship，A选项不符合这个说明，说的是with many people；B选项看段落第二句，不符合，说到的是humanness；C选项的demands在原文中没有提及；D选项符合relationship 这个概念的足够久的属性，所以it develops gradually overtime的表达正确。
Q3正确答案：C解析：endow“赋予，捐助”，所以provide“提供，供给”正确。
原句说有时候我们与其他人合作只是做完某事，没有怎么样有更多重要意义的关系。
其余三项的意思放入句子之后均不符合。
Q4正确答案：A解析：关键词是instrumental ties，定位到原文段落的第四句，这句说instrumental ties是为了达到一定目标而要和其他人合作而建立的links，所以有时候这意味着是和竞争者合作而不是竞争。
所以A选项完全符合这个意思的表达，正确。
Q5正确答案：C解析：以primary group和secondary group做关键词定位至第二句和第四句；primary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship；secondary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & have come together for a specific, practical purpose. 所以二者的区别是后半部分提到的目的，一个是亲密的，私人的；另一个是具体的，务实的；C选项完全符合。
托福TPO13
TPO13-1-1 原文：Types of Social GroupsLife places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patternsand provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.1. The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ delicate○ elaborate○ private○ common2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?○ It is a structure of associations with many people.○ It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.○ It places great demands on people.○ It develops gr adually overtime.Paragraph 2: People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, andpersonal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.3. The word endowing in the passage is closest in meaning to○ leaving○ ex posing○ providing○ understanding4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?○ Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.○ Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.○ Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.○ Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.Paragraph 3: Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.5. According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?○ Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.○ In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.○ Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are ma inly practical in purpose.○ Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?○ Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.○ A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.○ Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.○ Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.Paragraph 4: A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.7. The phrase “size up” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ enlarge○ evaluate○ impress○ acceptParagraph 5: Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ Sociologists think th at cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to s ocial solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.9. This passage is developed primarily by○drawing comparisons between theory and practice○presenting two opposing theories○defining important concepts and providing examples of them○discussing causes and their effectsParagraph 7: Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.10. The word “deviate” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ detract○ advance○ select○ depart11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group○ To decide which behavioral norms should be pa ssed on to the next generationParagraph 6: Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that arecharacteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.Primary Groups●Developing socially acceptable behavior●Providing meaning for life situations●Involving close relationshipsSecondary Groups●people as a means to an end●Existing for practical purposesAnswer Choices○ Developing socially acceptable behavior○ Workin g together against competitors○ Experiencing pressure from outside forces○ Viewing people as a means to an end○ Existing for practical purposes○ Providing meaning for life situations○ Involving close relationships---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○34. ○15. ○36. ○47. ○28.○39. ○310. ○411. ○112. ○213.○Primary Groups: Developing socially acceptable behavior; Providing meaning for lifesituations; Involving close relationships○Secondary Groups: Viewing people as a means to an end; Existing for practical purposes---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 答案解析：第一题，B，词汇题。