【精品】国际经济学作业答案-第九章
国际经济学作业答案-第九章
国际经济学作业答案-第九章Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade TheoryMultiple Choice Questions1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such astariffs are dismantled and removed,(a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economicwelfare will decrease.(b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economicwelfare will increase.(c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasingnational economic welfare.(d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasingnational economic welfare.(e) None of the above.Answer: C2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be madefrom removing tariffs and other trade distortions. These gains will be found bya decrease in(a) world prices of imports.(b) the consumption distortion loss triangle.(c) the production distortion loss triangle.(d) Both (b) and (c).(e) None of the above.Answer: E3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promoteprotectionist policies, which may lead to an increase in national economicwelfare. This argument leads to(a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be betterthan alternatives.(b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-GovernmentalOrganizations, so as to limit taxpayer burden.(c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to beavoided if feasible alternatives are available.(d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if thegovernment allows special interest groups to dictate its trade policy.(e) None of the above.Answer: A4. Theoptimum tariff is(a) the best tariff a country can obtain via a WTO negotiated round ofcompromises.(b) the tariff, which maximizes the terms of trade gains.(c) the tariff, which maximizes the difference between terms of trade gains andterms of trade loses.(d) not practical for a small country due to the likelihood of retaliation.(e) not practical for a large country due to the likelihood of retaliation.Answer: E5. The optimum tariff is most likely to apply to(a) a small tariff imposed by a small country.(b) a small tariff imposed by a large country.(c) a large tariff imposed by a small country.(d) a large tariff imposed by a large country.(e) None of the above.Answer: B6. The prohibitive tariff is a tariff that(a) is so high that it eliminates imports.(b) is so high that it causes undue harm to trade-partner economies.(c) is so high that it causes undue harm to import competing sectors.(d) is so low that the government prohibits its use since it would lose animportant revenue source.(e) None of the above.Answer: A7. The existence of marginal social benefits which are not marginal benefits forthe industry producing the import substitutes(a) is an argument supporting free trade and non-governmental involvement.(b) is an argument supporting the use of an optimum tariff.(c) is an argument supporting the use of market failures as a trade-policystrategy.(d) is an argument rejecting free trade and supporting governmental involvement.(e) None of the above.Answer: D8. The domestic market failure argument is a particular case of the theory of(a) the optimum, or first-best.(b) the second best.(c) the third best.(d) the sufficing principle.(e) None of the above.Answer: B9. The difficulty of ascertaining the rightsecond-best trade policy to follow(a) reinforces support for the third-best policy approach.(b) reinforces support for increasing research capabilities of governmentagencies.(c) reinforces support for abandoning trade policy as an option.(d) reinforces support for free-trade options.(e) None of the above.Answer: D10. The authors of the text believe that(a) second-best policy is worse than optimal policy.(b) special interest groups generally enhance national welfare.(c) national welfare is likely to be enhanced by the imposition of an optimaltariff.(d) market Failure arguments tend to support free-trade policy.(e) there is no such thing as national welfare.Answer: E11. The simple model of competition among political parties long used by politicalscientists tends to lead to the practical solution of selecting the(a) optimal tariff.(b) prohibitive tariff.(c) zero (free-trade) tariff.(d) the tariff rate favored by the median voter.(e) None of the above.Answer: D12. The median voter model(a) works well in the area of trade policy.(b) is not intuitively reasonable.(c) tends to result in biased tariff rates.(d) does not work well in the area of trade policy.(e) None of the above.Answer: D13. The fact that trade policy often imposes harm on large numbers of people, andbenefits only a few may be explained by(a) the lack of political involvement of the public.(b) the power of advertisement.(c) the problem of collective action.(d) the basic impossibility of the democratic system to reach a fair solution.(e) None of the above.Answer: C14. Protectionism tends to be concentrated in two sectors:(a) agriculture and clothing.(b) high tech and national security sensitive industries.(c) capital and skill intensive industries.(d) industries concentrated in the South and in the Midwest of the country.(e) None of the above.Answer: A15. Judging by the changes in the height of tariff rates in major trading countries,the world has been experiencing a great(a) trade liberalization.(b) surge of protectionism.(c) lack of progress in the trade-policy area.(d) move towards regional integration.(e) None of the above.Answer: A16. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was organized as a successor to the(a) IMF.(b) UN.(c) UNCTAD.(d) GATT.(e) The World Bank.Answer: D17. The WTO was established by the ____________ofmultilateral trade negotiations.(a) Kennedy Round(b) Tokyo Round(c) Uruguay Round(d) Dillon Round(e) None of the above.Answer: C18. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 has generally been associated with(a) falling tariffs.(b) free trade.(c) intensifying the worldwide depression.(d) recovery from the worldwide depression.(e) Non-tariff barriers.Answer: C19. A trade policy designed to alleviate some domestic economic problem by exportingit to foreign countries is know as a(n)(a) international dumping policy.(b) countervailing tariff policy.(c) beggar thy neighbor policy.(d) trade adjustment assistance policy.(e) None of the above.Answer: C20. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization haveresulted in(a) termination of export subsidies applied to manufactured goods.(b) termination of import tariffs applied to manufactures.(c) termination of import tariffs applied to agricultural commodities.(d) termination of international theft of copyrights.(e) None of the above.Answer: E21. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization haveresulted in(a) the establishment of universal trade adjustment assistance policies.(b) the establishment of the European Union.(c) the reciprocal trade clause.(d) reductions in trade barriers via multilateral negotiations.(e) None of the above.Answer: D22. Trade theory suggests that Japan would gain from a subsidy the United Statesprovides its grain farmers if the gains to Japanese consumers of wheat products more than offsets the losses to Japanese wheat farmers. This would occur as long as Japan(a) is a net importer in bilateral trade flows with the United States.(b) is a net importer of wheat.(c) has a comparative advantage in wheat.(d) has an absolute advantage in producing wheat.(e) None of the above.Answer: B23. Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage thatforeign exporters might gain because of foreign(a) tariffs.(b) subsidies.(c) quotas.(d) Local-Content legislation.(e) None of the above.Answer: B24. Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a tradebarrier has(a) increased.(b) decreased.(c) remained the same.(d) fluctuated wildly.(e) demonstrated a classic random walk with a mean-reversion tendency.Answer: B25. In 1980 the United States announced an embargo on grain exports to the SovietUnion in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This embargo was mainly resisted by(a) U.S. grain consumers of bread.(b) U.S. grain producers.(c) foreign grain producers.(d) U.S. communists.(e) None of the above.Answer: B26. Export embargoes cause greater losses to consumer surplus in the target country(a) the lesser its initial dependence on foreign produced goods.(b) the more elastic is the target country’s demand schedule.(c) the more elastic is the target country’s domestic supply.(d) the more inelastic the target country’s supply.(e) None of the above.Answer: D27. The strongest political pressure for a trade policy that results in higherprotectionism comes from(a) domestic workers lobbying for import restrictions.(b) domestic workers lobbying for export restrictions.(c) domestic workers lobbying for free trade.(d) domestic consumers lobbying for export restrictions.(e) domestic consumers lobbying for import restrictions.Answer: A28. The average tariff rate to data on dutiable imports in the United States isapproximately(a) 5 % of the value of imports.(b) 15% of the value of imports.(c) 20 % of the value of imports.(d) 25% of the value of imports.(e) more than 25% of the value of imports.Answer: A29. In 1990 the United States imposed trade embargoes on Iraq’s interna tional trade.This would induce smaller losses in Iraq’s consumer surplus the(a) less elastic Iraq’s d emand schedule.(b) more elastic Iraq’s demand schedule.(c) greater is Iraq’s dependence on foreign products.(d) more inelastic is Iraq’s supply schedule.(e) None of the above.Answer: B30. The World Trade Organization provides for all of the following except(a) the usage of the most favored nation clause.(b) assistance in the settlement of trade disagreements.(c) bilateral tariff reductions.(d) multilateral tariff reductions.(e) None of the above.Answer: C31. Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of internationaltrade disputes?(a) World Bank(b) World Trade Organization(c) International Monetary Organization(d) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(e) The League of NationsAnswer: B32. The WTO’s interve ntion against clean air standards(a) has earned it universal approval.(b) was done in order to limit national sovereignty.(c) has resulted in much criticism.(d) has resulted in much criticism among professional economists.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. Under U.S. commercial policy, the escape clause resultsin(a) temporary quotas granted to firms injured by import competition.(b) tariffs that offset export subsidies granted to foreign producers.(c) a refusal of the U.S. to extradite anyone who escaped political oppression.(d) tax advantages extended to minority-owned exporting firms.(e) tariff advantages extended to certain Caribbean countries in the U.S. market.Answer: A34. Under U.S. commercial policy, which clause permits the modification of a tradeliberalization agreement on a temporary basis if serious injury occurs todomestic producers as a result of the agreement?(a) Adjustment assistance clause(b) Escape clause(c) Most favored nation clause(d) Prohibitive tariff clause(e) None of the above.Answer: B35. Today U.S. protectionism is concentrated in(a) high tech industries.(b) labor-intensive industries.(c) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.(d) computer intensive industries.(e) capital-intensive industries.Answer: B36. The reason protectionism remains strong in the United States is that(a) economists can produce any result they are hired to produce.(b) economists cannot persuade the general public that free trade is beneficial.(c) economists do not really understand how the real world works.(d) the losses associated with protectionism are diffuse, making lobbying by thepublic impractical.(e) None of the above.Answer: D37. An issue never confronted effectively by GATT, but considered an important issuefor WTOis that of(a) the promotion of freer World trade(b) the promotion of freer World commodity trade(c) the promotion of freer World services trade(d) the lowering of tariff rates(e) None of the above.Answer: C38. The political wisdom of choosing a tariff acceptable to the median U.S. voter is(a) a good example of the principle of the second best.(b) a good example of the way in which actual tariff policies are determined.(c) a good example of the principle of political negotiation.(d) is not evident in actual tariff determination.Answer: D39. A game-theory explanation of the paradox that even though all countries wouldbenefit if each chose free trade, in fact each tends to follow protectionist policies is(a) Trade war(b) Collective action(c) Prisoner’s dilemma(d) Benefit—Cost analysis(e) None of the above.Answer: C40. When the U.S. placed tariffs on French wine, France placed high tariffs on U.S.chickens. This is an example of:(a) deadweight losses(b) multilateral negotiations(c) bilateral trade negotiations(d) international market failures(e) none of the aboveAnswer: E41. The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industryis best explained by the fact that(a) this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor(b) this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor(c) most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.(d) a politically well organized sector in the U.S.Answer: DEssay Questions1. Developing countries have often attempted to establish cartels so as to counterthe actual or perceived inexorable downward push on the prices of their exported commodities. OPEC is the best well known of these. How are such cartels expected to help the developing countries? At times importing countries profess support for such schemes. Can you think of any logical basis for such support? How are cartels like monopolies, and how are they different from monopolies. Why isthere a presupposition among economists that such schemes are not likely tosucceed in the long run?Answer: Such cartels are ex pected to shift the exporters’ terms of trade in their favor. Also they are expected to produce the maximum profit, whichthe market will bear. Importing countries may benefit from the pricestability generated by the cartel. Cartels are like monopolies in thattheir total output is the same as that which would be generated by asingle monopoly. They differ from monopolies in that the monopolyprofits need to be divided among the producing countries, which havedifferent cost structures.2. The United States appears at times to have a totallyschizophrenic attitudetoward protectionism. The United States was the country that proposed theestablishment of the World Trade Organization as early as the late 1940s, and was also the only industrialized country that refused to ratify this at thattime. The United States has consistently argued on the side of multinationalfree trade in GATT Rounds, and yet maintains many protectionist laws such asthose which reserve oil shipments from Alaska to U.S. flag carriers. How can you explain this apparent lack of national consistency on this issue?。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第9章 贸易政策中的政治经济学)【圣才出品】
第9章贸易政策中的政治经济学一、概念题1．约束（binding）答：在国际贸易中，约束一般是指税率的约束，即“约束”关税的税率。
约束税率是指经过谈判达成协议而固定下来的关税税率。
按关贸总协定规定，缔约各国应该在互惠互利的基础上通过有选择的产品对产品的方式，或者为有关缔约国所接受的多边的程序进行谈判，谈判结果固定下来的各国税则商品的税率为约束税率，汇总起来形成减让表，作为总协定的一个附属部分付诸实施。
按关贸总协定规定，关税减让谈判有四种减让形式来约束关税的税率：①降低关税并约束在降低了的关税水平；②约束现行关税税率；③约束在现行关税水平以上的某个关税水平；④约束免税待遇。
2．支持自由贸易的政治依据（political argument for free trade）答：支持自由贸易的政治依据是指，尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策，但从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则更重要。
现实中的贸易政策经常会由具有特殊利益关系的集团所左右，而不考虑国家的成本与收益。
虽然从理论上可以证明某些选择性的关税和出口补贴政策能够增进整体社会福利，但现实中，任何一个政府机构在制定一套干预贸易的详细计划时都有可能被利益集团所控制，从而成为在有政治影响的部门中进行收入再分配的工具。
如果上述观点正确的话，那么倡导自由贸易无疑是最好的选择。
3．集体行动（collective action）答：集体行动是指关于经济活动中个人理性并不必然导致集体理性。
如果某项活动或者福利的获得需要两个或者两个以上的人的共同努力才能完成，集体行动问题就出现了，即决策集体的每个成员必须单方面决定是否参与提供某种集体产品。
因为集体产品具有非排他性和非竞争性的特征，所以使得不为集体产品的提供付出成本的集团成员也可以获得集体产品。
集团越大，分享收益的人越多，个人的行动对集团利益的影响越小，集团内的成员“搭便车”的动机就越强烈。
这就意味着仅仅依靠个人的自愿，集体产品的供给将是不足的，集体产品不可能依靠个人的自愿提供来解决。
国际经济学第九章 区域经济一体化与关税同盟理论
3、关税同盟（Customs Union） 、关税同盟（Customs Union）
关税同盟是指两个或两个以上的国家或经济体通过达成某种协议，相互 取消关税和与关税具有同等效力的其他措施，并建立共同对外关税或其 他统一限制措施的经济一体化组织。欧共体最早于1968年7月建成六国关 税同盟，以后又于1977年实现九国关税同盟，1992年建成十二国关税同 盟。 关税同盟是比自由贸易区层次更高的经济一体化组织。其特点是，成员 国在相互取消进口关税的同时，建立了共同的对外关税，因此，成员经 济体之间不再需要附加原产地原则。这样实际上是将关税的制定权让渡 给了经济一体化组织，因此，关税同盟对成员经济体的约束力比自由贸 易区大。 从经济一体化的角度看，关税同盟也具有某种局限性。随着成员之间相 互取消关税，各成员国的市场将完全暴露在其他成员国厂商的竞争之下。 各成员国为了保护本国的某些产业，需要采取更加隐蔽的措施，如非关 税壁垒。尽管关税同盟成立之初，已经明确规定了取消非关税壁垒，然 而非关税壁垒措施没有一个统一的判断标准，因此关税同盟包含着鼓励 成员国增加非关税壁垒的倾向。
第二节 关税同盟理论
关税同盟是经济一体化中比较成熟和稳 定的一种形式，它比较集中地反映了区 域经济一体化组织的建立对成员国和非 成员国经济福利的影响。关税同盟的重 要特点是“对内自由、对外保护”，它 的建立既会产生静态的经济效应也会产 生动态的经济效应。
一、关税同盟的静态效应
传统的观点认为，关税同盟在不增加对世界上 其他国家贸易壁垒的限度内，成员国贸易壁垒 的消除代表着贸易向更加自由化的方向发展。 关税同盟被认为既增加了成员国的福利，同时 也增加了非成员国的福利。然而，简可柏·维奈 （Jacob Viner）在其1950年出版的《关税同盟 问题》一书中指出，关税同盟的建立既有可能 增加也有可能减少成员国和世界其他国家的福 利水平，而这取决于贸易创造和贸易转向所取 得的实际效果。 关税同盟的静态效应主要表现在贸易创造和贸 易转向两个方面。
《国际经济学》课后习题参考答案
《国际经济学》课后习题参考答案第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。
生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。
相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。
所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。
2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。
答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。
答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。
答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。
6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。
答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。
对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。
7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。
8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。
国际经济学第九章非关税壁垒
类型
偶发性倾销(sporadic dumping):偶尔以低于国内的价格在 国外市场销售产品，其目的通常是为了向国外推销库存产品； 掠夺性倾销(predatory dumping):暂时以低于国内的价格在 国外市场上销售商品，待占领该国市场后在提价，其目的削 弱或挤跨进口国的竞争企业； 持续性倾销(persistent dumping):长期以低于国内的价格在 国外市场销售商品。(价格弹性 差异定价 利润最大化)
出口补贴
– 2．出口补贴对进口国的影响 从进口国的角度看，出口补贴是一 种威胁。因为接受补贴的产品都以低于 成本的价格将产品销到国外市场，从而 会挤垮进口国的同类工业，对此各国都 采取一些措施。反对出口补贴造成的 “不公平”竞争
二、倾销与反倾销
类型和种类
倾销是在不同国家市场间进行的一种价格歧视行为，指 出口商以低于本国国内价格或成本的价格向国外销售商品的 行为。
补贴
• 出口补贴导致国内市场价格上涨，消费者 受到损失。 • 大国的出口补贴导致本国出口品价格下降， 贸易条件下降，受到损失。 • 出口补贴导致外国贸易报复，征收反补贴 关税，进一步增加出口国的经济损失，使 得本国的出口补贴转化为别国的关税收入。 • 中国的出口退税类似于出口补贴，具有上 述一系列副作用。
• 进口配额与进口关税的比较 • 从上图的DX上移至DX’，表明了进口配额与等效的进口关税的一 个重要的不同之处是，给定的进口配额，当需求增加时，会比等 效的进口关税导致更高的国内价格（2.5美元－2美元）和更多的 国内生产量（25X—20X）；而对于给定的进口关税，当需求增加 时，会比等效的进口配额导致更多的消费量（65X—55X）和进口 量45X—30X），而对国内价格和国内生产量的影响较小。 • 进口配额与进口关税之间的第二个区别是配额制涉及进口许可的 发放。 • 进口配额将进口限定到一个确定的水平，而进口关税的贸易效果 则不确定。由于DX和SX的弹性或形状不确定，以及外国出口者可 以通过提高效率或接受低利润来全部或部分吸收关税。结果是进 口的实际减少额比预期的要少。而进口配额使得允许进口到此国 的数量由配额明确限制，因此，进口配额比等效的进口关税更具 限制性。
国际经济学课程学习题集与参考答案
国际经济学习题集及参考答案一、填空、选择、判断题（每题1分）：第一章：1、国际贸易理论以微观经济学原理为基础，讨论世界围的资源配置问题。
2、最常用国际贸易模型的结构形式为两个国家、两种产品（或部门）和两种要素。
3、在完竞争的假设前提下，封闭条件下的相对价格是国际贸易产生的基础。
4、国家间的供给、需求方面的差异是造成相对价格的根源。
5、贸易后，国际均衡价格由两国的供需共同决定，国际均衡价格处于两国封闭下的相对价格之间。
6、国际贸易利益包括两个部分：来自交换的利益和来自专业化的利益。
7、贸易理论主要围绕三个问题展开：国际贸易的格局、国际贸易的条件、国际贸易的收益。
第二章：1、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
2、哈伯勒首先用机会成本概念来阐明比较优势论。
3、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
4、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
5、斯密的绝对优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的绝对差别；劳动生产率的比较优势论认为国际贸易的基础是各国之间劳动生产率的相对差别。
6、在嘉图模型中，生产可能性边界线方程是一个线性方程式，表示A、B两国的PPF曲线是一条直线段。
7、重商主义者提倡的国家经济政策有：限制进口和鼓励出口，采取奖金、退税、协定和殖民地贸易等措施鼓励出口。
8、嘉图认为在国际贸易中起决定作用的不是绝对成本，而是相对成本。
9、机会成本概念表明：彼种选择的机会成本就构成此种选择的机会成本。
选择题：1、首先用机会成本理论来解释比较优势原理的学者是： C、A、嘉图B、罗布津斯基C、哈伯勒D、穆勒第三章：1、要素禀赋理论最初是由赫克歇尔和俄林提出的，后经萨缪尔森等人加工不断完善。
2、要素禀赋理论由H-O定理、要素价格均等化定理和罗伯津斯基定理、斯托伯-萨缪尔森定理等构成3、要素价格均等化理论指出国际贸易通过商品价格的均等化会导致要素价格的均等化，从而在世界围实现资源的最佳配置。
国际经济学课后习题答案
第二章 古典国际贸易理论1. 根据重商主义的观点，一国必须保持贸易顺差。
在两国模型中是否可能？为什么？思路：在两国模型中一国的贸易顺差等于另一国的贸易逆差，不可能出现两国都顺差的情况，重商主义贸易顺差的目标必有一国无法实现。
2. 在分析中国加入世界贸易组织（WTO ）的利弊时，有人说“为了能够打开出口市场，我们不得不降低关税，进口一些外国产品。
这是我们不得不付出的代价”；请分析评论这种说法。
思路：这种说法实际是“重商主义”，认为出口有利，进口受损，实际上降低关税多进口本国不具有比较优势的产品，把资源用在更加有效率的产品生产中去再出口，能大大提高一国的福利水平，对一国来说反而是好事。
3. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A 国有120名劳动力，B 国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A 国的人均产量是2吨，B 国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A 国的人均产量是10吨，B 国则是16吨。
画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优势。
从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B 国为0.125，所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。
4.得到好处，5. 假中国总劳动为各国生产计算机的机会成本。
（2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3） 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4） 在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。
李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)
资料范本本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打印，感谢您的下载李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)地点：__________________时间：__________________说明：本资料适用于约定双方经过谈判，协商而共同承认，共同遵守的责任与义务，仅供参考，文档可直接下载或修改，不需要的部分可直接删除，使用时请详细阅读内容第一章1.封闭条件下，中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1:4和2:5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后，小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为.A.1:6B.2:6C.3:6D.4:62.在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时存在着价格差异，那么比较利益理论就仍然有效。
这种说法是否正确?A.正确B.不正确3.作为新贸易理论的核心基础之一，规模经济意味着随着产量增加，()A.平均成本与边际成本都下降B. 平均成本变化不确定,边际成本下降C. 平均成本下降D.平均成本与边际成本都上升4.以下说法中，()是错误的。
A.绝对优势理论是以机会成本不变为前提的，而相对优势理论则是以机会成本递增为前提的B.相对优势理论可以部分地解释经济技术发展水平和层次不同的国家之间进行贸易的基础C.生产要素禀赋理论用生产要素禀赋的差异解释国际贸易产生的动因D.无论是生产技术差异还是生产要素禀赋差异导致国际贸易产生,都是以两国之间同一产品的价格存在差异为前提第二章1.下列() 属于李嘉图模型的假定前提条件。
A.生产过程中使用资本和劳动力两种要素B.没有运输成本和其他交易成本C.生产要素可以在两国间自由流动D.生产要素非充分利用因此机会成本不变2.下列()不属于重商主义的观点。
A.货币是财富的唯一表现形式B.通过国际贸易可以提高所有贸易参与国的福利水平C.出口意味着贵金属的流入D.进口意味着贵金属的流出3.下列关于技术差异论的表述哪一项是不正确的()A.分为绝对技术差异论与相对技术差异论B.劳动力在国内两个部门之间自由流动，而且机会成本保持不变C.参与贸易的两个国家福利水平都可以得到提高D.一国比另一国家的技术优势越大，则通过国际贸易获得的福利增加越大4.下列哪一条不是重商主义的理论主张()A.贸易不是“零和”的B.多卖少买，保持贸易顺差，是获得财富的基本原则C.国家应干预经济，鼓励出口，限制进口D.金银货币是财富的唯一形态第三章1.假定每单位x产品的生产需要4单位劳动与6单位土地，每单位Y产品的生产需要2单位劳动与4单位土地，如果本国有100 单位劳动与200单位土地,外国有200单位劳动与300单位土地，则根据H-O理论可推出()A. X是土地密集型产品，本国出口X产B. X 是土地密集型产品，品本国出口YC. Y是土地密集型产品，产品本国出口.D.Y是土地密集型产品，X产品本国出2.根据要素禀赋理论，如果美国与中国相比是资本相对丰裕的国家，汽车是资本密集型产品，而纺织品是劳动密集型产品，则与封闭条件下相比，中美两国进行贸易后()。