第二章《管理学原理》习题参考答案教案资料

管理学原理(中国农业出版社)课后习题答案

管理学原理（中国农业出版社）课后习题答案考试范围：除第9、12、14、15章，其余都是考点题型：单选、名词解释、简答题、论述题、案例分析请大家以课本和课堂讲解的内容为主线，好好复习，课后的思考题主要是加深大家对知识点的理解。

第一章1.管理思想产生的背景是什么？答：①18世纪末~19世纪末的传统管理阶段。

这一阶段出现了管理职能同体力劳动的分离，管理工作由资本家个人执行，其特点是一切凭个人经验办事。

②20世纪20~40年代的科学管理阶段。

这一阶段出现了资本家同管理人员的分离，管理人员总结管理经验，使之系统化并加以发展，逐步形成了一套科学管理理论。

2.如何理解管理的含义？答：狭义上的管理指的是组织中的管理活动，其定义是：在特定的环境下，对组织所拥有的资源进行有效的计划，组织，领导和控制，以便达成既定的组织目标的过程。

而广义上的管理还包括了个人对自己活动的安排。

3.管理学有哪些特点？答：（1）一般性：管理学是从一般原理、一般情况的角度对管理活动和管理规律进行研究，不涉及管理分支学科的业务和方法的研究；管理学是研究所有管理活动中的共性原理的基础理论科学，无论是“宏观原理”还是“微观原理”，都需要管理学的原理作基础来加以学习和研究，管理学是各门具体的或专门的管理学科的共同基础；（2）多科性或综合性：从管理内容上看，管理学涉及的领域十分广阔，它需要从不同类型的管理实践中抽象概括出具有普遍意义的管理思想、管理原理和管理方法，从影响管理活动的各种因素上看，除了生产力、生产关系、上层建筑这些基本因素外，还有自然因素、社会因素等，从管理学科与其他学科的相关性上看，它与经济学、社会学、心理学、数学、计算机科学等都有密切关系，是一门非常综合的学科；（3）实践性：也称实用性，管理学所提供的理论与方法都是实践经验的总结与提炼，同时管理的理论与方法又必须为实践服务，才能显示出管理理论与方法的强大生命力；（4）社会性：构成管理过程主要因素的管理主体与管理客体，都是社会最有生命力的人，这就决定了管理的社会性；同时管理在很大程度上带有生产关系的特征，因此没有超阶级的管理学，这也体现了管理的社会性。

管理学原理课后习题答案

管理学原理课后习题答案2011年06月19日星期日上午 10:03第一章答案一、填空1.计划，组织，领导，控制；资源2. 计划，组织，领导，控制；3. 计划4. 人际角色，信息角色，决策角色；5. 决策；6. 协调，人；7. 技术技能，人际技能，概念技能8.组织目标的实现；9. 计划10. 自然，社会11. 管理原理，管理方法；12. 人力资源，物力资源，财力资源，信息资源二、单项选择1.C2. D3.D4.A5. A6.C7.C8.B9.B 10.D11.B 12.C 13.B三、多项选择1. ABEF2. ABD3.ABD四、判断1.×2. ×3.√4. ×5. ×6.√7. √8.√五、简答（要点，非完整答案）1.管理是一个过程，就是一个组织通过计划、组织、领导、控制等工作，对组织所拥有的资源进行合理配置和有效使用，以实现组织预定目标的过程。

计划、组织、领导、控制、创新是一切管理活动最基本的职能。

每一项管理活动都是从计划开始，经过组织和领导，到控制结束。

各职能之间同时相互交叉渗透，控制的结果可能又导致新的计划，又开始一轮新的管理循环。

如此循环不息，把工作不断推向前进。

创新在管理循环中处于轴心的地位，成为推动管理循环的原动力。

2. 管理的科学性表现在它是对劳动过程的管理；管理的艺术性表现在它是对人的管理；二者不可分离。

管理既是科学，也是艺术。

管理是一门科学，由大量学者和实业家在总结管理工作的客观规律基础上形成，用以指导人们的管理实践。

管理者如果没有管理科学知识，则管理过程中或是依靠经验，或是凭主观、靠运气；而有了系统化的科学管理只是，他们就有可能对管理上存在的问题设想出可行的、正确的解决办法。

当然，管理科学并不能为管理者提供解决一切问题的标准方案，它要求管理工作者以管理的基本理论、原则为基础，结合实际，对具体情况做具体分析，以球的问题的解决，从而实现组织目标。

《管理学原理》大纲、目录、课后习题参考答案

《管理学原理》教学辅助资料集教学大纲《管理学原理》教学大纲（Principals of management）一、课程编号：二、课程名称：管理学原理三、学时：48 学分：3 实验学时：0课内上机学时：0四、先修课程要求：高等数学，英语五、适用专业：管理类专业六、适用年级：一、二年级七、课程的性质和任务：管理学原理是管理学科体系中的一门重要学科，主要是从一般理论、一般原理、一般特征的角度对管理活动加以研究，从中找出一般规律性。

因此，也称一般管理学，管理学研究现代管理的一般规律，具体表现为一般原理。

要求学生通过本课程的学习，了解管理学的研究对象、管理一般原理、管理过程（职能）。

重点是管理原理和管理过程，管理原理主要包括系统原理、动态原理、人本原理和创新原理；管理过程主要以职能为主线，分为决策、计划、组织、领导、激励、控制和创新。

八、课程的内容与基本要求：通过本课程的学习，一是使学生了解和掌握古今中外管理思想的发展、管理的基本原理与方法，真正学会对认识进行再认识、对思想进行再思想；二是使学生了解和掌握管理的计划、组织、领导、控制、创新等职能的基本内涵、要求及科学有效实现的方法，对管理职能和过程有一个基本了解；三是使学生能运用所学管理知识进行具体的管理案例分析，并能够在学完课程后对管理实践进行考察，提高学生分析管理问题和解决管理问题的能力，也就是要使学生不仅能够知道“管理”的过程、而且能够弄清“管理”的逻辑；四是开启学生思维并使之追求管理智慧，使学生通过管理学知识的学习而真正学会并能够用自己的头脑来思考管理学理论与实践问题。

在具体进行本课程的学习时，要求学生一要在课堂上认真听讲并作好课前预习和课后复习，力争弄懂弄通教材内容；二要认真完成所布置的课外作业和案例分析，并积极就课堂讨论题目作好准备；三是自发作些社会（机构或组织）管理调研，以为弄懂课程内容积累感性认识和锻炼自己分析、解决管理问题的能力。

九、学时安排：十、实验内容和要求：无十一、考核方式：考试成绩由两块构成，其中期末成绩占70%，平时成绩占30%。

《管理学原理》教案

《管理学原理》教案第一章：管理概述1.1 教学目标了解管理的定义、功能和目的理解管理者的角色和责任掌握管理的基本原则和理论1.2 教学内容管理的概念与实践管理者的角色和技能管理的原则与理论1.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解管理的定义、功能和目的案例分析法：分析管理者的角色和责任小组讨论法：探讨管理的基本原则和理论1.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第二章：组织结构与设计2.1 教学目标了解组织结构的基本形式和类型理解组织设计的原则和步骤掌握组织结构的影响因素和变革管理2.2 教学内容组织结构的基本形式和类型组织设计的原则和步骤组织结构的影响因素和变革管理2.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解组织结构的基本形式和类型案例分析法：分析组织设计的原则和步骤小组讨论法：探讨组织结构的影响因素和变革管理2.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第三章：人力资源管理3.1 教学目标了解人力资源管理的基本概念和原则理解人力资源规划、招聘和selection 的过程和技巧掌握员工培训和发展、绩效管理和薪酬体系设计3.2 教学内容人力资源管理的基本概念和原则人力资源规划、招聘和selection 的过程和技巧员工培训和发展、绩效管理和薪酬体系设计3.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解人力资源管理的基本概念和原则案例分析法：分析人力资源规划、招聘和selection 的过程和技巧小组讨论法：探讨员工培训和发展、绩效管理和薪酬体系设计3.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第四章：领导与激励4.1 教学目标了解领导的基本概念和理论理解领导风格和领导能力掌握激励理论和激励方法4.2 教学内容领导的基本概念和理论领导风格和领导能力激励理论和激励方法4.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解领导的基本概念和理论案例分析法：分析领导风格和领导能力小组讨论法：探讨激励理论和激励方法4.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第五章：决策与问题解决5.1 教学目标了解决策的基本概念和过程理解决策方法和决策技术掌握问题解决和创新的技巧5.2 教学内容决策的基本概念和过程决策方法和决策技术问题解决和创新的技巧5.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解决策的基本概念和过程案例分析法：分析决策方法和决策技术小组讨论法：探讨问题解决和创新的技巧5.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第六章：战略管理6.1 教学目标理解战略管理的重要性掌握战略管理的过程和步骤学习如何制定和实施战略6.2 教学内容战略管理定义和重要性战略管理的过程和步骤战略制定和实施的方法和技巧6.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解战略管理定义和重要性案例分析法：分析战略管理的过程和步骤小组讨论法：探讨战略制定和实施的方法和技巧6.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第七章：营销管理7.1 教学目标理解市场营销的基本概念和原则掌握市场分析、市场细分和目标市场选择的方法学习产品策略、价格策略、推广策略和分销策略的制定7.2 教学内容市场营销的基本概念和原则市场分析、市场细分和目标市场选择的方法产品策略、价格策略、推广策略和分销策略的制定7.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解市场营销的基本概念和原则案例分析法：分析市场分析、市场细分和目标市场选择的方法小组讨论法：探讨产品策略、价格策略、推广策略和分销策略的制定7.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第八章：财务管理8.1 教学目标理解财务管理的基本概念和原则掌握财务分析、投资决策和融资决策的方法学习财务规划和财务控制的方法8.2 教学内容财务管理的基本概念和原则财务分析、投资决策和融资决策的方法财务规划和财务控制的方法8.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解财务管理的基本概念和原则案例分析法：分析财务分析、投资决策和融资决策的方法小组讨论法：探讨财务规划和财务控制的方法8.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第九章：变革与创新管理9.1 教学目标理解变革与创新的重要性掌握变革与创新的管理方法和技巧学习如何推动组织变革与创新9.2 教学内容变革与创新的重要性变革与创新的管理方法和技巧推动组织变革与创新的策略和实践9.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解变革与创新的重要性案例分析法：分析变革与创新的管理方法和技巧小组讨论法：探讨推动组织变革与创新的策略和实践9.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试第十章：伦理与社会责任10.1 教学目标理解伦理和社会责任在管理中的重要性掌握伦理决策和道德领导的原则和方法学习组织如何履行社会责任10.2 教学内容伦理和社会责任在管理中的重要性伦理决策和道德领导的原则和方法组织履行社会责任的实践和案例10.3 教学方法讲授法：讲解伦理和社会责任在管理中的重要性案例分析法：分析伦理决策和道德领导的原则和方法小组讨论法：探讨组织履行社会责任的实践和案例10.4 教学评估小组讨论报告案例分析考试重点和难点解析重点环节1：管理的定义、功能和目的管理者在组织中的角色和责任是理解管理功能的关键。

林志扬版管理学原理课后习题答案

第一章1.管理是一种在正式组织内由一个或更多的人来协调其他人活动的活动过程。

2.由于每个企业能投入生产过程的资源都是有限的，整个社会能用于社会生产的资源也是有限的，所以就要求通过有效的管理来提高资源的使用效率，使有限的资源得到有效的运用，以可用的资源尽可能多地实现某种想要完成的任务或目标。

否则，管理就会失去它的必要性。

3.因为管理并不是促进组织目标有效实现的唯一作用力。

组织成效的高低，除了受管理成效影响外，还受到其他一些因素的影响。

4.①活动主体不同：管理活动的主体是管理者，而业务活动的主体是业务活动者。

②活动内容不同：管理活动具有普遍性和全局性，而业务活动具有特殊性和局部性。

③活动的直接目标不同：管理活动的直接目标是协调业务活动，使业务活动能有效地实现组织目标，而业务活动的直接目标是实现组织的目标。

5.⑴组织中的管理者是从事管理活动的人。

⑵特点：①管理者所从事的是协调组织中被管理者活动的活动。

②管理者对组织目标的实现起间接贡献作用。

③管理者在组织中的行为是受双重人格影响和作用的。

④管理者在履行各种管理职能时，考虑问题的出发点是组织整体的利益追求及组织中各个方面相互之间的联系与关系。

6.①高层管理者：侧重思想（概念）技能。

高层管理者要能够总揽全局，判断出重要因素并了解这些因素之间的关系，用观念进行宏观调控。

同时，人际技能对其也很重要。

②中层管理者：侧重人际技能和思想（概念）技能。

中层管理者的位置特殊，处于高层管理者和基层管理者的过渡位置。

中层管理者既要得到高层管理者的赏识，又要得到基层管理者的信任。

所以人际技能对中层管理者尤为重要。

③基层管理者：侧重技术技能。

基层管理者直接面对员工，这就要求其具备专业知识，技术技能就显得最为重要。

同时，具备人际技能在同下属的频繁交往中也非常有帮助。

7.①研究管理活动的规律性，学习管理的科学理论，掌握新的管理方法。

②在管理实践中不断提高自己的管理艺术水平。

③有效地利用自己与被管理者的时间。

管理学原理第2章练习题及答案

Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。

赵卫东管理学原理习题参考答案解析详解

《管理学原理》习题集参考答案第一章简答题1、随着市场环境急剧变化，创新成为企业生存的一项重要职能，管理者应如何处理创新和维持企业平稳运作的关系？答：树立创新的观念是企业生存的基本要求，企业管理者应在保证企业运作平稳的前提下，从以下几方面为创新创造条件：（1）始终追踪、及时发现环境的变化。

（2）制定长期发展战略，将企业的长期平稳运作和创新均纳入战略。

（3）建立灵活的组织结构，增强对环境的适应能力。

（4）建立有利于创新的组织文化。

2、管理的有效性体现在什么地方？（“正确地做正确的事”表明对管理的何种要求？）答：（1）管理的效果要求实现组织目标（2）管理的效率要求对组织资源进行优化配置（3）管理追求的是效率与效果的统一，即效率与效果的双重优化（4）管理有效性其实质是正确地作正确的事3、为什么说管理是有目的无目标的活动？（或管理是否可以独立存在？）答：（1）管理是服务于组织目标的实现的有意识、有目的的活动，管理的目的隶属和服务于具有特定使命和目标的组织（2）管理不具有自己的目标，不能为管理而管理，只能服务于组织目标的实现4、系统与权变管理思想的观点是什么？有何价值？答：（1）组织是一个由相互依存的众多要素构成的开放系统（2）强调环境或情景因素，需要根据具体的环境条件的不同而采取相应不同的管理方式（3）将研究的重点转移到对管理行动有重大影响的环境因素上（4）没有一成不变、普遍适用的管理理论与方法5、你如何理解企业经营发展中的“天时”、“地利”、“人和”？答：（1）“天时”主要是指国家的政策、外部机会等（2）“地利”包括地理位置、气候条件、资源赋存（3）“人和”包括“人”：人力资源（数量、结构）与“和”：团队、精神6、概念技能在组织高层管理人员制定战略决策中的作用体现在哪些方面？答：（1）概念技能是指综观全局，认清为什么要做某事的能力，也就是洞察企业与环境相互影响之复杂性的能力。

（2）战略决策是确定与企业发展方向和远景有关的大政方针政策，一般指时间较长，范围较大的全局性问题。

管理学原理第2章练习题及答案

Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。