美国英语论文美国文学英语论文
美国英语论文美国文学英语论文
中国大学教学 2010年第10期94赵 硕，西北工业大学人文经法学院副教授，瑞典卡尔斯塔德大学客座教授，美国洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学（UCLA ）访问学者。
美国UCLA 大学英语教学模式的发展与启示赵 硕摘 要：本文在分析UCLA （美国加州大学洛杉矶分校）英语教育特点的基础上，探讨了21世纪以来UCLA 大学英语教育的变革动因，概括了基于ESL 学习标准的UCLA 大学英语教学目标和策略，分析了UCLA 在交际能力培养和使用现代教育技术的基础上如何创造性地运用轻松自由教学模式以更好地实施跨学科教学，在此基础上提出了其教学模式与策略对我国大学外语教学的启示。
关键词：UCLA ；大学英语；教学模式；第二语言美国加州大学洛杉矶分校共设有13个学院，其中文理学院人文学科设有英语外语教学专业，这既是基于UCLA 的学生来自世界一百多个国家和地区，也是为了推进英语的国际化和学生的教学需要而设置的，UCLA 的大学英语教学模式的发展值得我们研究与探讨。
一、UCLA 大学英语教育变革的动因自2004年起，随着美国政府在教育政策、教育经费投入、教师待遇和教育国际交流等诸方面向外语教育倾斜，UCLA 给予大学外语教学前所未有的资助和扶持，其高校英语教育变革也随之启动。
随着全球化进程和高等教育国际化的日益推进，UCLA 日益感觉到让学校的各国大学生学习英语语言与文化的重要性。
美国著名的民意分析和社会学家丹尔·扬克洛维奇认为：让居住在美国的外来人口理解英语语言和文化是美国高等教育在今后十年内必须解决的五大迫切需要之一[1]。
无疑，通过高校英语教育，UCLA 的各国大学生可以熟悉和了解美国或其他国家的文化和语言，更多地理解他人的思想和看法。
UCLA 认为学校需要对世界持有一种包容开放的姿态，要学会从别人的视角和眼光看待世界，而大学英语教育恰好能使青年一代唯我独尊的思想有所改善, 从而使各国的大学生能够在毕业后更好地融入美国这样一个多元文化的社会。
美国文学经典名著 英语作文
美国文学经典名著英语作文The American literary classics have been a source of inspiration and enlightenment for generations of readers around the world. These timeless works of art have not only entertained and captivated audiences but have also served as a mirror, reflecting the complexities of the human experience. From the haunting tales of Edgar Allan Poe to the sweeping epics of Herman Melville, the American literary canon is a testament to the enduring power of the written word.One of the most celebrated American literary classics is "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. This Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, set in the segregated South during the Great Depression, explores themes of racial injustice, the loss of innocence, and the power of empathy. Through the eyes of the young protagonist, Scout Finch, readers are drawn into a world where the lines between good and evil are often blurred, and the pursuit of justice is fraught with challenges. The character of Atticus Finch, Scout's father and a principled lawyer, has become an enduring symbol of moral courage and integrity, inspiring readers to stand up for what is right in the face of adversity.Another quintessential American literary classic is "The Great Gatsby"by F. Scott Fitzgerald. This captivating novel, set against the backdrop of the Roaring Twenties, delves into the themes of wealth, social class, and the pursuit of the American Dream. The enigmatic Jay Gatsby, with his lavish parties and mysterious past, serves as a metaphor for the excesses and disillusionment of the era. Through the lens of the narrator, Nick Carraway, readers are invited to witness the downfall of the American Dream and the tragic consequences of the relentless pursuit of material success.Herman Melville's "Moby-Dick" is widely regarded as one of the greatest American novels of all time. This epic tale of man's struggle against the forces of nature, symbolized by the white whale, Moby-Dick, is a profound exploration of the human condition. The novel's central character, Captain Ahab, is a complex and haunting figure, driven by an obsessive quest for vengeance that ultimately leads to his own downfall. Melville's masterful use of symbolism and his deep philosophical insights have made "Moby-Dick" a beloved classic, inspiring generations of readers to delve into the depths of the human experience.Another iconic American literary classic is "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger. This coming-of-age novel follows the journey of the protagonist, Holden Caulfield, as he navigates the complexities of adolescence and the disillusionment of the adult world. Salinger's distinctive narrative voice and Holden's sardonic wit have made thisnovel a beloved touchstone for generations of readers, who have found solace and resonance in the character's struggles to find meaning and authenticity in a world that often seems indifferent and hypocritical.The works of Ernest Hemingway have also left an indelible mark on American literature. Novels like "The Sun Also Rises" and "The Old Man and the Sea" are celebrated for their spare, yet powerful, prose and their exploration of themes such as the human condition, the nature of masculinity, and the search for meaning in a world ravaged by war and conflict. Hemingway's characters, often grappling with the harsh realities of life, have become iconic representations of the resilience and determination of the human spirit.The American literary canon is further enriched by the works of authors such as Toni Morrison, whose novels "Beloved" and "Song of Solomon" have explored the complex legacies of slavery and the African-American experience. Maya Angelou's autobiographical works, such as "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings," have given voice to the struggles and triumphs of African-American women, while the novels of John Steinbeck, including "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Of Mice and Men," have shed light on the plight of the working class and the enduring human spirit in the face of adversity.These American literary classics, and many others, have not onlyentertained and enlightened readers but have also served as a powerful lens through which we can understand the complexities of the human experience. They have challenged us to confront our own biases and preconceptions, to grapple with the moral and ethical dilemmas that shape our world, and to find solace and inspiration in the timeless stories that have come to define the American literary tradition.As we continue to explore and engage with these masterpieces, we are reminded of the enduring power of the written word and the transformative impact that great literature can have on our lives. The American literary classics have not only stood the test of time but have also become an integral part of our cultural heritage, shaping the way we understand ourselves and the world around us.。
英美文学毕业论文英语模板
英美文学毕业论文英语模板Introduction:This study aims to explore the field of English and American literature in order to gain a deeper understanding of its historical, cultural, and literary significance. The focus will be on examining key literary works and their impact on society, as well as analyzing the diverse themes and styles present in English and American literature.Chapter 1: Historical Background1.1 Overview of English Literature- Highlight the development and evolution of English literature from its origins to the present day.- Discuss notable periods and movements such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, and Modernism, and their contributions to the literary landscape.1.2 Overview of American Literature- Provide a brief history of American literature, including the early colonial period, the American Revolution, and the emergence of a unique American voice in literature.- Explore the influence of major literary movements such as Transcendentalism, Realism, and the Beat Generation.Chapter 2: Notable Literary Works2.1 Shakespeare's Impact on Literature- Examine the works of William Shakespeare and their enduring impact on English and American literature.- Discuss the universal themes and complex characters in plays such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth.2.2 The Great Gatsby and the American Dream- Analyze F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby, as a reflection of the American Dream and the disillusionment of the 1920s Jazz Age.- Explore the themes of wealth, class, and social mobility in the context of American society.Chapter 3: Themes and Styles in English and American Literature3.1 Love and Relationships- Examine the portrayal of love and relationships in English and American literature, focusing on works such as Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms.- Analyze the different perspectives and ideologies surrounding love and relationships in these works.3.2 Identity and Quest for Freedom- Discuss the theme of identity and the yearning for freedom in literary works such as Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man and Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar.- Explore how these works shed light on issues of race, gender, and societal expectations.Conclusion:This study provides an overview of English and American literature, highlighting its historical significance and exploring the diverse themes and styles present in this rich literary tradition. Through the analysis of notable literary works, this study aims to deepen our understanding of the societal, cultural, and artistic developments that have shaped English and American literature. By studying these works, we can gain insight into the human experience across different time periods and cultural contexts.。
英美文学鉴赏论文英文版
Appreciation of pride and prejudice“It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”. This is the first sentence in this book.It’s impressive and classical. The author’s next words are more interesting.”However litter known the feelings or views of such a man be on his first entering neighbourhood,this truth is so well fixed in the minds of th e surrounding families,that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. ”The undertone is very clear: the foundation of the marriage at that time is not emotion but possession. People always think that Austen was an expert at telling love stories. In fact, the marriage in her book is not the result of love, but the result of economic needs.The marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth reveals the characteristics which constitutes a successful marriage. Elizabeth,the second daughter of Mr Bonnet,is a smart、intelligent and active girl. One of these characteristics is that the feeling cannot be brought on by appearances, and must gradually develop between the two people as they get to know one another.There are five marriages in the book.However, unlike Darcy and Elizabeth, there is a flaw in Bingly and Jane’s relationsh ip. The flaw is that both characters are too gullible and too good-hearted to ever act strongly against external forces that may attempt to separate them.Obviously, Lydia and Wickham‘s marriage is an example of an bad marriage. Their marriage was based on appearances, good looks, and youthful vivacity. Once these qualities can no longer be seenby each other, the once strong relationship will slowly fade away.Although little is told of how Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet got together, it can be inferred by their conversions that their relationship was similar to that of Lydia and Wickham.He is Jane Austen‘s example of a weak father. Austen shows that it is necessary to use good judgement to select a spouse, otherwise the two people will lose respect for each other The last example of a marriage is a of a different nature than the ones mentioned above. The marriage between Mr. Collins and Charlotte is based on economics rather than on love or appearance. It was a common practice during Austen‘s time for women to marry a husband to save herself from spinsterhood or to gain financial security.After reading this book, I can strongly feel that the author ridicule the universal phenomenon in Britain at that time that younger sons and daughters who are used to luxurious lives have no choice but marry a man or woman in possession of a large fortune to continue their comfortable lives.Thus, we can see that getting married is a way to become wealthier, particularly for women without many possessions. It’s ridiculous.We married for love but not for money.So we should pursue the true love based on freedom and equality.班级：财务102 个人主页穆格子。
美国文学论文原创全英文版《美国三部曲》的主题
邯郸学院本科毕业论文题目析《“美国”三部曲》的主题思想—以《赚大钱》为例学生 ***学号20100120021005指导教师 ****教授年级 2010级专业英语（师范类）二级学院外国语学院*******外国语学院2014年5月B.A. ThesisOn the Themes of U. S. A. —A Case Study ofThe Big MoneyByXie WenpingSupervisor: Professor. Sun HongyanA Thesis Submitted to School of Foreign LanguagesOf Handan College in Partial FulfillmentOf the Requirement for the DegreeOf Bachelor of ArtsHandan, ChinaMay, 2014郑重声明本人的毕业论文是在指导教师孙红艳的指导下独立撰写完成的。
如有剽窃、抄袭、造假等违反学术道德、学术规范和侵权的行为，本人愿意承担由此产生的各种后果，直至法律责任，并愿意通过网络接受公众的监督。
特此郑重声明。
毕业论文作者：年月日AcknowledgementsIt is really a laborious task to accomplish this B.A. thesis. A lot of people have offered me friendly support and help in the process of writing the thesis. I would like to express my heart felt gratitude to all the respectable professors who have taught and helped me in my undergraduate study and given me much nourishment and inspiration for further study.Special thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Sun Hongyan. She has been available at all times with helpful advice and a helping hand throughout my whole writing process of the thesis. Her erudition and strictness as supervisors, kindness and consideration and tolerance as friends make my study here more meaningful. She teaches me not merely how to conduct research on literature but also how to be an upright person.I would like to express my heart-felt thanks to my family and my dear friends whose encouragement always helps me to carry on.Many thanks to all!AbstractJohn Dos Passos is a member of the extraordinary literary generation. His novel , U. S. A. Trilogy , which is John Dos Passos’s masterpiece, mirrors the dark side of America and revals the essence of the society, marking a higher level of John Dos Passos’s artistic achievements.This thesis tends to explore the themes of U. S. A. Trilogy from three chapters. Chapter one deliberates the theme—the pursuit of money, which is mainly formed by Charley’s pursuit of money and Moorehouse’s pursuit of money. Chapter two elaborates the theme—the protest against the society from two angles—Savage’s p rotest and Mary’s protest.Chapter three investigates the theme—the compromise on the destiny including Charley’s compromise on career and spirit and Margo’s compromise on dream and life.In conclusion, in U. S. A. Trilogy, employing the unique narrative art, John Dos Passos creates insightful themes—the pursuit of money, the protest against the society and the compromise on the destiny. Themes reflect the distorted effects of capitalism on the American people, which is of great realistic significance in modern society. Consequently, U. S. A. Trilogy enlightens that people should be brave, hard-working and hopeful so as to fabricate a more harmonious society.Key Words: John Dos Passos money protest compromise摘要约翰•多斯•帕索斯，是一位美国杰出的的文学家。
美国名著的作文英语
美国名著的作文英语英文，As an avid reader and a literature enthusiast, I have always been drawn to American classics. One of my favorite American novels is "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. This timeless masterpiece not only captures the essence of the American South in the 1930s, but also delves into important themes such as racial injustice, morality, and the loss of innocence.The story is narrated by Scout Finch, a young girl who grows up in the racially divided town of Maycomb, Alabama. Through her innocent eyes, we witness the trial of a black man, Tom Robinson, who is falsely accused of raping a white woman. The novel beautifully portrays the racial tensions and prejudices that existed during that time period, and it is a powerful reminder of the importance of empathy and understanding.One of the reasons why "To Kill a Mockingbird" has resonated with me so deeply is the character of AtticusFinch, Scout's father. Atticus is a symbol of moralintegrity and courage, and his unwavering commitment to justice has left a lasting impression on me. His famous quote, "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it," has become a guiding principle in my own life.The novel's portrayal of childhood and growing up isalso incredibly poignant. Scout and her brother Jem experience a loss of innocence as they confront the harsh realities of the world around them. This coming-of-age aspect of the story is universal and relatable, making it a truly timeless classic.中文，作为一个热爱阅读、热衷于文学的人，我一直被美国的经典作品所吸引。
【英语专业】英美文学学期论文-野性的呼唤（英文）
My Comment on “The Call of the Wild”【英语专业英美文学学期论文】Is it the howl coming from Buck from uncharted wild that knocks my heart softly? Finishing the well-known novel, “The Call of the Wild”, written by American writer Jack London, this feeling strikes me and has been in my mind with the face of Buck.Considering what Buck has experienced in his life, I have to admire the strong mind and courage of Buck. And after chew the cub, what Buck has given me takes up a high position. And questions stand out. What could I learn from the book? Should I learn? What does the author want to say? Merely that a hundred-pound-dog? What is of significance to be used in my own life? A list of feelings fills me up. Absolutely, there is much that has realistic value for me to connect it with practice.Adaptation is the first. At the beginning, Buck lived a civilized life in the Judge Miller’s, enjoying a pleasant life which can be described as a spell full of happiness. After been purchased to Northland, he was just a dog to be used to do hard work. It is fitting to think it at the point of death and living, for great changes bring survival or death. I am glad to see that what is helpful to survival is chosen. Is it wise or shameful, diplomatic or foolish? Our wonderful life, however, depends on our lives. So there is nothing wrong for Buck to gain the opportunity to live under the club of the man in red sweater. Life is not as easy as spelling this four-letter-wordand we must meet its needs. What we have experienced may elucidate this problem. Just like we left hometowns to receive education here, we are all required to make decision by ourselves and do what we may be not accustomed to. Besides, it is necessary for us to adjust quickly to resume campus life. The new environment where we are in, luckily, is much better than the one for Buck. Therefore, thinking that a dog makes it and making up our minds to do, we are able to adapt ourselves to the fresh environment and walk on the road to Rome.Character is the next. Characters serve for success. In terms of this, what is unavoidable also has influences. Whether it is fine all the time or not is beyond our ability, while which kind of character we should form is not. The final say is handled by us. Nine team-dogs including Buck show us various sorts. Dave cares nothing surrounding, and Joe can be known from his perpetual snarl and malignant eyes, for example. It is easy to find people who are similar to them around us. Asking nothing, giving nothing and expecting nothing, or being sour and introspective, or with excessive good mature.Our eyes have enough ability to distinguish the good between the bad. Living companied with fierce competition in society is like in the snow plain where Buck lived at some aspect, in my opinion. So we had better equip ourselves with basic characters and have them root in heart deeply. Stiffness, fearlessness, hardiness and conscientiousness are required.They are essential to help us find where we exactly are. Or shaky ground will be under our feet.Then it is action. Someone could realize his unparalleled dreams very easily. However, it only happens in daydreaming. Would anyone succeed without efforts and actual action? Certainly impossible! No matter how marvelous your words and thoughts are, they are dead if you do not take action to let they come true, resembling flowers that are never watered.In the novel, Buck never gives up to Spitz, the ferocious leader in team-dogs, with the attention that defeating him. His mind operates, so does his action. Victory finally is owned by him. We can learn to do as what he has done. Exercising the guide of words and thoughts in practice may make perfect. After all, action is heavier than empty ideas. Chinese writer Hu Sheng had an article, “Think and Do”, laying great stress on taking action after thinking. “To think should combine with to do”deserves to be remembered.Another is law. As a naturalistic writer, Jack London believed in the natural law that the survival of the fittest. Only by adapting to all kinds of irresistible power from nature and enduring difficulties can one exist in the view of London. A poem of Shakespeare says, “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.” Since on the stage, laws are needed to be carried out. For Buck, it is the law of club and fang. For us it means to catch up with the pace outside.Think about two phenomena. Buck has ever stolen food to protect his stomach from being empty. Jack London once stole oysters of fishermen. Despite differences between them, they both force themselves to obey the law, giving an answer to what people often say, life is cruel. Probably one day we have to bend to other’s will in order to gain opportunity to live. Admittedly, it is life.Friendship is also included. This novel displays us several emotions exemplified by the relationship of Buck and Thornton. One shows his loyalty and the other has care. As a matter of fact, we are unable to deal with our whole business alone. Friendship plays a vital part of every walk of life. Some methods to make friends and communicate with others are hidden behind the words. Trust is necessary, so is a hot heart. What’s more, we should take advantage of the touch with people to be an indeed friend. Supposed in trouble, warm hands would be given at once from dear friends kindly.The novel teaches me much that can do me good through nature and activities animals and human beings have in common. Nevertheless, there is something passive, I think. Buck becomes himself as one rules large demesne among wolves in the wild, having freedom, honor and power. If we pay too much attention to the result, to what Buck has accomplished, we may be led to a wrong way. As people are given a natural appetite not to be downtrodden, our primitive desire may be motivated, dreaming ofbe the empire, caring nothing about whatever measure we take. This point requests enough attention.All above is what I have learnt from the excellent book, “The Call of the Wild”. Though unable to understand it thoroughly, I have received a lot from this book published in the twentieth century in the twenty-first century, for it widens my vision and gives me enjoyment and lessons as well. I take a fancy to both the amazing book and the dog Buck.。
美国文学选读 论文
The Symbolism in the Scarlet Letter任彬英语二班03100221 Scarlet Letter is a very influential novel in American history, even in the whole world. I have read this novel in different life periods, and each time I can get different feelings and inspirations. Since it was published in 1850s, numerous writers and critics have ever commented on this masterpiece and get penetrating ideas. Therefore I’d like to view this novel in my own perspective. I will analysis the use of symbolism and its unique effects of the Scarlet Letter in my paper.1. The brief introduction of author and plotAt first, we can’t ignore the great author, Nathaniel Hawthorne. He is an American novelist and short story writer. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral aspects with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic Movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity.From the writing style of Hawthorne we can find that the Scarlet Letter can be said his masterpiece. The story happened in 17th-century in Boston, Massachusetts. Hester Prynne, our leading role who conceives a daughter through an adulterous affair. At that time it was a great sin and couldn’t be accepted by Puritan residents. So she was forced to wear a scarlet “A” on her bosom as a sign of shame. She and her daught er’s father Dimmesdale was revenged by Hester’s long-lost husband. But at last Hester use her kind heart and enthusiasm save the struggling soul of her lover and win a new life of repentance and dignity.2. The use of symbolism and its effects2.1The Scarlet LetterThe most obvious symbol in this novel must be the Scarlet Letter. And it’s also the most complex symbol. At first it means adultery. Then it means able. Its meaning then becomes indefinite. It is eventually looked on as a symbol of strength. The townspeople regard it as an object of scorn. Hester regards it as a constantreminder of her sin. Outsiders see it as a novelty and some Native Americans presume it's a distinguishing mark for someone of status. This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live.The letter "A", worn on Hester's bosom, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chillingworth. This is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. At this time, Hester shows great courage. Many people in her position will have fled Boston, and seek a place where no one knows of her great sin. Hester chooses to stay though, which shows a lot of strength and integrity.But later, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning into being able, angel and admirable. The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. Hester is a strong admirable woman who goes through more emotional torture that most people go through in a lifetime. The change of the meaning “A” can let us clearly know the ridiculous and cruel side of some aspects in Puritan culture. The society is changing and the social norms against humanity will finally be obsolete by era.2.2PearlOne of the outstanding characteristics of Hawthorne’s novel is that the characters’ names all have their specific meanings. But the name of Hester’s daughter, Pearl, leave me great impression. Pearl is one of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book. Pearl serves as moral in this novel. The moral she is meant to teach is that Hester and Dimmesdale should fully commits their sin and then take responsibility for their sin. She is really a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she has done wrong. At last, Pearl's role as the living scarlet letter is over, and Dimmesdale, who finally takes responsibility for his sin, has also learned the moral, which she is meant to teach.2.3The objectsIn The Scarlet Letter, most of the objects that are described have many symbolic meanings. The most usual symbols appeared in the novel maybe the contrastbetween light and darkness. They represent the most common battle of all time, good versus evil. There are some dark scenes, such as the dark forest and gloomy weather represent the sin and characters’ fear, while the light things may represent hope, love and redemption.Another important symbol is the prison which Hester had ever stayed. The prison represents several different symbols. It is a symbol for the Puritanical severity of law. The description of the prison indicates that it is old, rusted, yet strong with an "iron-clamped oaken door." This represents the rigorous enforcement of laws and the inability to break free of them. Hester is the person who has the courage to break them. She had succeeded even though bear great pain.Rose bush is also a significant symbol in this work. The rose bush is a symbol of passion. As will later become obvious, Hester Prynne's sin is one of passion. It is only in the forest wilderness where the Puritans' laws fail to have any force. We have discussed that Pearl brought redemption for Hester and Dimmesdale. Pearl is thus comparable to the blossoms on the rosebush. The rose may serve as a "moral blossom" in the story is therefore actually saying that Hester's child will serve to provide the moral of the story.2.4What the symbols bring to this novelSymbolism is a traditional artistic form; it also is a major feature of Romanticism. As a famous writer of romanticism, Hawthorne is skillful at the using of symbolism in his works. Over the centuries, numerous people have astonished and confused at the use of symbols in Hawthorne. Different people may have different ideas about the same symbol. As they explore the deep meaning of these symbols, they will get a better knowledge of the themes that author wanted to express. They will know more about the background of that era. Therefore we can say the various usage of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter makes the novel a work of the world.3. ConclusionThe use of symbolism plays an important role in the Scarlet Letter, which makes it a world famous masterpiece and has attracted hundreds of thousands readers over the centuries. Symbolism brings us plenty of imagines; at the same time makesus connect the fable story with reality, and attach realistic meaning to this novel. Hawthorne’s use of symbolism in Scarlet Letter is worthwhile being learned by all the people.。
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中国大学教学 2010年第10期94赵 硕，西北工业大学人文经法学院副教授，瑞典卡尔斯塔德大学客座教授，美国洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学（UCLA ）访问学者。
美国UCLA 大学英语教学模式的发展与启示赵 硕摘 要：本文在分析UCLA （美国加州大学洛杉矶分校）英语教育特点的基础上，探讨了21世纪以来UCLA 大学英语教育的变革动因，概括了基于ESL 学习标准的UCLA 大学英语教学目标和策略，分析了UCLA 在交际能力培养和使用现代教育技术的基础上如何创造性地运用轻松自由教学模式以更好地实施跨学科教学，在此基础上提出了其教学模式与策略对我国大学外语教学的启示。
关键词：UCLA ；大学英语；教学模式；第二语言美国加州大学洛杉矶分校共设有13个学院，其中文理学院人文学科设有英语外语教学专业，这既是基于UCLA 的学生来自世界一百多个国家和地区，也是为了推进英语的国际化和学生的教学需要而设置的，UCLA 的大学英语教学模式的发展值得我们研究与探讨。
一、UCLA 大学英语教育变革的动因自2004年起，随着美国政府在教育政策、教育经费投入、教师待遇和教育国际交流等诸方面向外语教育倾斜，UCLA 给予大学外语教学前所未有的资助和扶持，其高校英语教育变革也随之启动。
随着全球化进程和高等教育国际化的日益推进，UCLA 日益感觉到让学校的各国大学生学习英语语言与文化的重要性。
美国著名的民意分析和社会学家丹尔·扬克洛维奇认为：让居住在美国的外来人口理解英语语言和文化是美国高等教育在今后十年内必须解决的五大迫切需要之一[1]。
无疑，通过高校英语教育，UCLA 的各国大学生可以熟悉和了解美国或其他国家的文化和语言，更多地理解他人的思想和看法。
UCLA 认为学校需要对世界持有一种包容开放的姿态，要学会从别人的视角和眼光看待世界，而大学英语教育恰好能使青年一代唯我独尊的思想有所改善, 从而使各国的大学生能够在毕业后更好地融入美国这样一个多元文化的社会。
由于UCLA 设有80个院系，学生来自125个不同的国家，设置了2000多门不同的课程，主要采用英语为教学语言，因此UCLA 的各个院系都十分关注英语语言教学和研究, 如何整合英语教学、优化教学资源、减少教育内耗以及创新外语教学以便更好地为学生的专业学习服务已经成为UCLA 英语教学改革的内在动力。
二、基于ESL 学习标准的UCLA 大学英语教学目标ESL(English as Second Language)标准包括作为表现指标的学习策略和自我监控策略以及为学生提供在Non-ESL 课堂中知识和技能方面的发展[2]。
英语语言是UCLA 学习者必须掌握的学习语言，因此UCLA 的英语教学系总是致力于发展和利用各种策略以促进学生的英语语言学习。
同时，学生协作也是ESL 标准的一个成功指标，学校英语教师十分重视学生协作对第二语言发展的重要作用，认为学生协作是提高英语语言学习的一种重要方式。
UCLA 的大学英语教学包括以下五个目标：一是用英语来获得信息和知识。
该标准是指大学生为了在社会和学术情景中有效进行沟通而必须获得的英语知识和技能，学生把英语作为第二语言来学习和使用，反映了UCLA 英语语言学习的核心内容。
二是用英语来进行文学评论、欣赏和表达。
要求学生发展英语知识和技能以阅读和理解丰富的文学作品，包括从古典到现代不同文化的作品。
学生必须做出口头和书面的文学解释，以提高对英语文本和意义的理解。
三是用英语进行批判性的分析和评价。
发展学生分析和评价复杂文本和问题的能力，学生学习英语须考虑口头和书面文本的不同，并且使用不同的准则评价和解释文本。
四是用英语进行社会交际和课堂互动。
英语用于社会交际和课堂互动体现了英语学习的技能和策略，学生必须掌握英语以实现真实的交际情境和学术情景。
五是用英语来学习和理解跨文化知识。
清晰地说出在社会和专业语境中获得的“第二文化”的组成部分，促进思想交流和跨文化假设并且获取各个文化层面的知识，包括各种文化习俗、规范、信仰和假设的不同层面，鼓励学生在文化层面上探索自己以及他人的文化。
三、教学方法灵活多样在国际化语境下，UCLA的英语教师在注重培养交际能力的基础上创造性地运用了轻松自由教学模式，以创新外语教学模式，更好地实施跨学科教学，同时转变教育管理机制以鼓励合作和交流。
1.注重交际能力培养在英语教学过程中, UCLA的教师和学生大量地运用目标语进行交流，要求学生以小组形式运用目标语表达、解释和讨论以进行信息交换，具体教学模式主要有传统模式、探索模式和沉浸模式。
传统模式提供阶段性的语言学习经验，使学生获取一定的语言熟练度，在了解文化的同时发展听说读写的技能。
探究式为学生提供接触一种或更多的英语学习的机会，旨在使学生对某种语言和文化有一个系统的了解，使外语教育和课程内容学习相结合。
双向沉浸则把英语为母语的学生和非英语为母语的学生编在同一个班内(通常各占一半)，以两种语言进行教学活动，诸如英语和西班牙语各占50%的时间。
鼓励学生大量运用目标语，并在句子中间进行语码转换，因为语码转换能调动语言学习的主观能动性，提高语言流利程度。
2.轻松自由的教学模式UCLA的英语教师根据学生的水平、兴趣和需要按照一定教学思路，综合多种教学法安排课堂教学。
从20世纪80年代开始，UCLA的英语教学已从注重语法、词汇和语音的教学转向重视培养应用语言交际的能力。
交际法并不排斥语法教学，但强调语法的作用是为了实现交际的目的。
它以学习者为中心、以任务为基础、以情景为依托、以整体为目标，活动围绕交际进行，重视交际过程，容许出现语法错误。
UCLA的交际教学法融合了探究式学习、语境教学、交互式语言教学等多种手段。
3.整合人文学科课程，实施跨学科教学在教育目标的指引下，UCLA进行了外语课程的教学变革。
外语教学委员会的专家们通过评估外语课程与教学现状，认为在美国目前所处的“外语赤字”危机局面下不能单纯强化语言学习[3]。
为此，UCLA的专家委员会建议在文理学院结合各自教学资源进行学科和课程整合，为大学生提供更加宽泛和连贯的课程。
例如文理学院将新闻、法律、历史、教育、文学等专业和英语系联合实施跨学科教学，将语言、文化和文学知识整合成跨学科课程，这样使学生不仅能学习英语，还能够在这些课程中通过历史事件、法律文本、艺术作品、文化传统等各方面的文化学习进一步提升英语语言和文化能力。
整合人文学科、实施跨学科教学势必要求创新原有的外语教学模式。
为此外语教学委员会要求英语教师在教学中将使学生能够理解、分析语言的综合能力作为教学变革的目标，主要是让学生接触和了解真实的外语生活，同时要加强书本知识以外的社会文化知识的学习。
外语教学委员会强调大学生应当在英语学习中从论文、小说、诗歌、影视作品和音乐等多种形式和渠道获取真实的文化和语言信息，使学生具备理解和分析“文化叙事”的能力。
新的跨学科教学模式要求开展团队教学和贯穿四年的联系课程，促使大学生发展语言能力、丰富文化知识、实现教学创新。
4.转变教育管理机制，整合师资，鼓励合作和交流课程和教学内容的整合离不开师资队伍的建设。
针对师资相对匮乏的现状，外语教学委员会的专家们提出了一系列师资建设方案以有效扩大师资队伍。
UCLA认为研究型大学要加大英语师资培养力度，因为本科阶段英语教学师资大多是来自研究型大学的博士毕业生，因此研究型大学外语研究生的培养也必须随之变革。
UCLA创新型外语教学模式要求未来的英语教师不仅要精通语言教学，熟悉新科技和现代技术，还要具备广泛的跨专业、跨学科的人文知识，尽管这种师资在目前非常缺乏，但却是外语教育未来发展的必然要求，代表了UCLA师资建设的发展方向。
四、广泛使用高科技和现代教育技术UCLA提倡通过互联网及专业资料库获取信息，利用电子邮件、布告栏、聊天室、博客使学习者用目标语与目标语国家的教师和同学开展交流，同时开发了大量英语课堂教学软件以提高教学效果。
1.电子邮件UCLA的英语教师通过电子邮件开展部分教学活动，实现与学生的交互教学。
例如，教师规定时间收发交作业，给出反馈意见，而学生可以提取教师教案和练习答案。
通过电子邮件与学生探讨、沟通思想，建立电子信箱中的专家问答栏，邀请国内外同行加入教学团队，建立英语教师档案。
学生可挑选教师，通过电子邮件进95行交流。
教师也可以组织异地学生进行交流，结交笔友，以此提高语言运用和跨文化交际能力。
2.电子布告栏由于电子论坛具有用户管理、讨论管理、实时讨论、用户留言、电子信件等功能，学生能借助浏览器进行讨论，可以针对别人的意见进行评论，根据主题发言。
这是一种主动、协作、开放的英语学习模式，能激发学生学习兴趣、求知欲和创新精神，并且能锻炼学生的思维能力和提高写作能力。
3.建立自主学习中心根据学习者个人需求和水平，鼓励语言自主学习。
自主学习中心融资源、管理、系统于一体，为外语学习者提供良好的学习环境。
继哈佛大学、哥伦比亚大学之后UCLA也开始为学生提供良好的自主学习中心环境。
4. 开设网上图书馆与网上授课由于美国高校网络资源共享，越来越多的网上图书馆与数据库向外语学习者免费或注册开放[4]。
作为远程教育的一部分，UCLA网上外语授课已在美国普遍实行，通过虚拟课堂可以出版和上传个人最新英语作品、建立教育博客，学生可以进行英语写作、阅读并与教师进行知识共享和交流，以此提高虚拟课堂组织的凝聚力。
五、UCLA的大学英语教学变革对我们的启示1.比较不同语言文化特性，促进多元语言文化认同UCLA在英语教学中，逐步扩充学生的语言文化知识，加强对学生目标语文化知识的导入。
这不仅可避免因文化休克造成的交际障碍，还能使学生接触世界各国的优秀文化，了解外语丰富的文化内涵，同时能够把学到的目标语文化知识应用到专业学习活动中去。
2.利用现代化教育技术手段提高教学效率科学技术的发展为外语教学提供了丰富的教育资源，也为师生们共享这些资源提供了可能性。
这就要求我们的外语教师能够开发教学资源、熟悉教学软件和硬件，学会使用网络资源以及远程教育手段，丰富外语教学内容，同时使用互动性的软件增加外语学习兴趣，鼓励师生利用电子邮件、网上讨论等直接参与目标语言交际。
此外，计算机技术应用及掌握的熟练程度也应该应成为评估外语教学能力的标准之一。
3.整合课程、教学和师资，实现教育模式的创新UCLA所实施的一系列外语教育变革，不仅涉及到具体的外语教学改革，还包括高校人文学科的课程整合、教学模式创新以及师资整合和交流计划，对于改变长期低效、低质量的高校外语教育可以说是一个很好的借鉴。
这就要求我们的高校教学管理部门和相关院系能够高瞻远瞩、放眼未来。
其变革决不是在大学课堂中增加一些外语课程那么简单，而是要求跨学科、跨院系合作和管理完成教育创新。