International_Entrepreneurship
entrepreneurship作文
entrepreneurship作文Entrepreneurship is a vital force in today’s economy, driving innovation, creating jobs, and fostering economic growth. It involves the process of starting and managing a new business venture, often characterized by risk-taking and a willingness to embrace uncertainty. Entrepreneurs are individuals who identify opportunities, develop ideas, and transform them into viable businesses.One of the most significant contributions of entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurs are often at the forefront of creating new products, services, and technologies that can change the way we live and work. For example, companies like Apple and Tesla have revolutionized their respective industries through innovative thinking and bold execution. This spirit of innovation not only leads to better products but also improves overall quality of life and enhances productivity in society.Moreover, entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in job creation. Small businesses, often started by entrepreneurs, are responsible for a substantialportion of new jobs in many economies. By launching new ventures, entrepreneurs not only provide employment opportunities for themselves but also contribute to the broader labor market. This job creation is essential for reducing unemployment and boosting economic stability.Furthermore, entrepreneurship fosters competition, which can lead to lower prices and improved services for consumers. When new businesses enter the market, they challenge established companies to innovate and improve their offerings. This competition encourages efficiency and drives businesses to meet the evolving needs of consumers. As a result, consumers benefit from a wider range of choices and better quality products.However, entrepreneurship is not without its challenges. Entrepreneurs often face significant risks, including financial uncertainty and the potential for failure. Many startups do not survive their first few years, and the journey can be fraught with obstacles. Nevertheless, the resilience and determination of entrepreneurs often lead them to find creativesolutions to these challenges, thus contributing to their personal growth and the advancement of society.In conclusion, entrepreneurship is a crucial element of a dynamic economy. It drives innovation, creates jobs, fosters competition, and ultimately leads to economic growth. Despite the risks and challenges, the rewards of entrepreneurship are significant, not only for the entrepreneurs themselves but also for society as a whole. Embracing the entrepreneurial spirit can lead to a brighter future filled with opportunities and advancements.中文翻译：创业是在当今经济中一种重要的力量，它推动着创新、创造就业机会并促进经济增长。
国际商务英文版
Legal System
The legal system of a country refers to the rules, or laws, that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced and through which redress for grievances is obtained. A country’s laws regulate business practice, define the manner in which business transactions are to be executed, and set down the rights and obligations of those involved in business transactions.
3
Legal System
—— Different Legal System
Common law: common law system is based on tradition, precedent, and custom. Tradition refers to a country’s legal history, precedent to cases that have come before the courts in the past, custom to the ways in which laws are applied in specific situations. Common law system has a degree of flexibility. Judges have the power to interpret the law. It is now found in most of Great Britain’s former colonies. 4fferences in Contract Law
人类命运共同体在经济方面的合作英语范文
人类命运共同体在经济方面的合作英语范文In an effort to build a community with a shared future for mankind, international economic collaboration is essential. Here are some of the ways we can work together to achieve this goal.一，Establishing Cooperation AgreementsCooperation agreements between countries can provide a foundation for economic collaboration on a global scale. These agreements can cover areas such as investment, trade and finance, and can help to foster a more inclusive and connected global economy.二，Improving Access to TechnologyTechnology can be a powerful tool for economic and social development, but it often requires investment and resources to make it accessible. By working together to increase access to technology, countries can reduce disparities in wealth and promote economic prosperity.三，Encouraging EntrepreneurshipGrowth and innovation are often driven by entrepreneurs. By working together to support and encourage entrepreneurship, countries can create more opportunities for economic development. This could include expanding access to capital and information, providing technical training and resources, and reducing regulatory barriers.四，Increasing InvestmentInternational investment can be a powerful driver of economic growth and development. Countries can work together to promote foreign direct investment and increase capital flows into emerging markets and underdeveloped regions.五，Addressing InequalityInequality is a major challenge facing the global economy, and countries need to work together to find ways to reduce it. This could include targeted policies and investments to increase access to education and healthcare, reduce barriers to economic inclusion, and promote gender equality.六，Promoting Sustainable Economic PracticiesSustainable economic practices are essential for a healthy and stable global economy. Countries should work together to promote the adoption of green technologies and development strategies that reduce environmental impacts and promote the long-term sustainability of the global economy.The global economy is a complex and interconnected system, and it requires cooperation to maximize its potential. By working together on initiatives such as these, countries can develop more resilient and prosperous economies and create a brighter future for all.。
新视野大学英语第三版翻译
BOOK TWOUnit 5丝绸之路（Silk Road）是我国古代一条连接中国和欧亚大陆（Eurasia）的交通线路，由于这条商路以丝绸贸易为主，故称"丝绸之路"。
作为国际贸易的通道和文化交流的桥梁，丝绸之路有效地促进了东西方经济文化交流和发展，对世界文明进程有着深远影响。
当前，在新的历史条件下，我国提出了"一带一路"（One Belt, One Road）（即"丝绸之路经济带"和"21世纪海上丝绸之路"）的战略构想。
"一带一路"以合作共赢为核心，强调相关各国的互利共赢和共同发展。
这一战略一经提出即受到沿线各国的积极响应。
The Silk Road is a traffic route in the ancient times connecting China and Eurasia. This trade route focuses on the trade of silk, hence the name "the Silk Road". As an international trade channel and a bridge of cultural exchanges, the Silk Road effectively improved the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the East and the West, exerting a profound impact on the progress of the world civilization. Nowadays, under the new historical circumstances, our country proposes the strategy of "One Belt, One Road" (namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road). The strategy of "One Belt, One Road" focuses on cooperation and mutual benefits, emphasizing mutual benefits, win-win, as well as common development of the related countries. Once proposed, the strategy has received positive responses from the related countries along the road. Unit 6国民幸福指数（National Happiness Index，NHI）是衡量人们幸福感的一种指数，也是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展、居民生活与幸福水平的指标工具。
Entrepreneurship
Character/Personality traits
• - Entrepreneurship is well researched by the University community - unfortunately mostly by people who never were one themselves. • 1. A desire to achieve - conquer problems and give birth to a successful venture • 2. Hard work - Their workload is very hard to match
Sources of New Ideas (2 of 2)
• Federal government – Files of the Patent Office contain numerous new product possibilities. – New product ideas can come in response to government regulations. • Research and development – Largest source of new ideas is the entrepreneur’s own “research and development” efforts. May be: • A formal endeavor connected with one’s current employment. • An informal lab in a basement or garage.
Entrepreneurship
410-526-90
Agenda
• • • • What is entrepreneurship? Group Exercise – Definitions Where do ideas come from? Group Exercise - Brainstorming
主语处理单句
英汉口译—主语的处理。
1）英语常用物称表达法，即：不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来2）英语可用人称主语表达，也可用非人称主语表达。
3）用非人称主语表达式，往往注重“什么是发生在什么人身上”，而汉语常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”以下几种方法把英语的主语转换成汉语的主语。
1) I am grateful to receive an honorary degree from Harvard, an honor that means more to me than you might care to imagine.2) To accelerate the economic restructuring in China will help to further strengthen the role of domestic demand.3) The interdependence of our world and the increasing complexity of our challenges will make people-to-people diplomacy ever more significant.4) A right attitude towards the diversity of our cultures will strengthen our trust and confidence.5) It is not uncommon to see the radical change in commerce brought about by on-line trading technology.6) It will be impossible to predict a recovery date from the economic crisis, because of the volatile nature of the global market.7) The source of that pride won't be the things you have acquired or the recognition you have received.8) These complementarities in our relationship will provide a strong foundation to strengthen our trade and investment links.1）我要感谢哈佛大学授予我荣誉学位，对于我来说，这个荣誉的意义远超于大家所能想象的。
加拿大大学及学院课程中coop及Internship大全
加拿大大学及学院课程中coop及Internship大全加拿大最具特色的合作课程（Co-Operative）与带薪实习课程（Internship），不仅能够提供学生宝贵的经验和工作中的沟通技巧，还能提供学生额外的收入以补贴学费。
在加拿大，每年大约有5.5万名学生选择合作课程或带薪实习课程。
以下是整理出来的加拿大各大院校的合作课程与带薪实习课程，以供大家择校时参考。
Acadia UniversityCo-operative Education and InternshipsBiology, Business, Chemistry, Computer Science, English, Environmental Geoscience, Environmental Science, French, Geology, German, History, Mathematics, Music, Nutrition, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology, SpanishUniversity of AlbertaCo-operative EducationAgriculture, Forestry and Home Economics: Agriculture/Food Business Management, Forestry Business ManagementArts: English, PsychologyBusiness: All programsEngineering: Chemical, Chemical/Computer Process Control, Civil, Computer, Computer Software, Electrical, Environmental, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Mining, PetroleumInternshipsAgriculture, Forestry and Home Economics: Agriculture, Agricultural/Food Business Management, Environmental and Conservation Science, Forest Business Management, Forestry, Human Ecology, Nutrition and Food ScienceEducation: Counselling Psychology (Ph.D.)Sciences: All programsAlberta College of Art & DesignNo co-op offerings.Algoma UniversityCo-operative EducationBusiness Administration, Community Economic and Social Development, Computer Science, Fine Arts, ScienceInternshipsCommunity Economic and Social DevelopmentAthabasca UniversityInternships/PracticumsCounselling (graduate), Heritage Resources Management, Nursing (graduate and post-LPN)Bishop’s UniversityCo-operative EducationBusiness Administration, Engineering and Liberal Arts, Imaging and Digital MediaInternshipsArts Administration, Economics, Education, History, Political Studies, PsychologyBrandon UniversityCo-operative EducationBiology, Environmental Science, Geography, GeologyInternshipsArts (International Development), Computer Science, Rural Development The University of British ColumbiaCo-operative EducationArts: African Studies, Anthropology, Archaeology, Art History, Asian Studies, Canadian Studies, Classical Studies, Cognitive Systems, Creative Writing, Drama, Economics, English, Family Studies, Film, First Nations Studies, French, Geography, German, Greek, History, Hispanic Studies, Interdisciplinary Studies, International Relations, Italian, Latin American Studies, Law and Society, Library, Archival and Information Studies, Linguistics, Medieval Studies, Modern European Studies, Music, Near Eastern Studies, Philosophy, Political Science, Psychology, Religion, Russian, Social Work, Sociology, Speech Sciences, Theatre, Visual Arts, Women’s and Gender StudiesCommerce: Accounting, Finance, Management Information Systems, Marketing, Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources, Real Estate, Transportation and LogisticsEngineering: Chemical and Biological, Civil, Computer, Electrical,Environmental, Geological, Integrated, Mechanical, Materials, Mining Forestry: Forest Resource Management, Forest Operations, Forest Sciences, Natural Resources Conservation, Wood Products ProcessingLand and Food Systems: Agroecology, Food and Nutritional Sciences, Food Market Analysis, Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Science, Global Resource Systems, Nutritional SciencesScience: Astronomy, Atmospheric Science, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology, Biophysics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Earth and Ocean Sciences, Engineering Physics, Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Microbiology and Immunology, Pharmacology, Physics, Physiology, Statistics InternshipsAudiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clinical Psychology, Community and Regional Planning, Counselling Psychology, Dentistry, Dietetics, Earth and Ocean Sciences, Education, Entrepreneurship, Finance, General Management, Health Services and Policy Research, Human Kinetics, Information Technology, Journalism, Library and Archival Sciences, Management Information Systems, Marketing, Master of Software Systems, Medicine, Natural Resource Science, Nursing, Organic Agriculture, Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rehabilitation Sciences, School Psychology, Strategic Management, Supply Chain Management, Sustainability, Transportation and LogisticsBrock UniversityCo-operative EducationApplied Linguistics, Drama in Education, Drama in Applied Theatre, Dramatic Literature, Economics (Applied Economic Analysis), Geography, Political Science (Public Administration), PsychologyBusiness: Accounting, Business Administration, Business Economics Science: Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Computing and Business, Computing and Network Communications, Computing and Solid State Device Technology, Earth Science, Environmental Geoscience, Mathematics Integrated with Computers and Applications, Mathematics (Statistics), Neuroscience, Oenology and Viticulture, Physics Graduate: Accountancy, Business Administration, Business Administration-International Student Program, Business Economics, International Accountancy,InternshipsCommunication Disorders Assistants, Computer Science, Computing and Business, Nursing, Recreation and Leisure, Sport ManagementUniversity of CalgaryCo-operative EducationArts: Ancient and Medieval History, Anthropology, Archaeology, Canadian Studies, Classical and Early Christian Studies, Communication and Culture, Communications Studies, Development Studies, Earth Science, East Asian Studies, Economics, English, Film Studies, French, Italian and Spanish, General Humanities, Geography, Germanic, Slavic and East Asian Studies, Greek and Roman Studies, History, History and Philosophy of Science, International Indigenous Studies, International Relations, Latin American Studies, Law and Society, Linguistics, Linguistics and Language, Philosophy, Political Science, Religious and Applied Ethics, Religious Studies, Science, Technology and Society, Sociology, Urban Studies, Women’s Studies Commerce: Accounting, Business Process Management, Energy Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Finance, General Management, Human Resources and Organizational Dynamics, International Business, Management Information Systems, Marketing, Operations Management, Personal Finance Planning, Petroleum Land Management, Risk Management-Insurance and Finance, Risk Management and Insurance, Supply Chain Management, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Tourism Management and MarketingScience: Actuarial Science, Applied Chemistry, EcologyInternshipsEngineering: Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Geomatics, Manufacturing, Mechanical, Oil and Gas, SoftwareScience: Computer ScienceCape Breton UniversityCo-operative EducationBusiness Administration: Hospitality/Tourism Management (degree) Engineering Technology: Electronics and Controls, Environmental Studies, Manufacturing, PetroleumHealth Sciences: Public HealthInternshipsArts, Business Administration, Hospitality/Tourism ManagementCarleton UniversityCo-operative EducationArchitecture, Commerce, Computer Science, Engineering, Industrial Design, Information Technology, Mathematics, Public Affairs and Policy ManagementArts: Anthropology, Cognitive Science, Communication Studies, Economics, French, History, Law, Political Science, SociologyScience: Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biology, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Computational Biochemistry, Computation Biology, Computational Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Neuroscience, Physics InternshipsAfrican Studies, Anthropology, Applied Linguistics and Discourse Studies, Art History, Business, Canadian Studies, Criminology and Criminal Justice, Environmental Studies, European and Russian Studies, Film Studies, Geography, Geomatics, Global Politics, History, Human Rights, Industrial Design, Journalism, Music, Political Science, Psychology, Social Work, Sociology, Women’s and Gender StudiesConcordia UniversityCo-operative EducationAccountancy, Actuarial Mathematics, Actuarial Mathematics/Finance, Art History, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Computational Arts, Computer Science, Design, Economics, Finance, Human Resource Management, Management Information Systems, Marketing, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics, Supply Chain Management, TranslationEngineering: Building, Civil, Computer, Electrical, IndustrialGraduate: Business Administration, Economics, Information Systems Security Engineering, Quality Systems EngineeringInternshipsUndergraduate: Art Education, Athletic Therapy, Child Studies, Clinical Exercise Physiology, Community, Public Affairs and Policy Studies, Computation Arts, Design, Early Childhood and Elementary Education, Film, Geography, History, Human Relations, Intermedia/Cyberarts, Leisure Sciences, Photography, Political Science, Print Media, Teaching E.S.L., Theatre, Theological Studies, Therapeutic Recreation, Translation (French), Urban StudiesGraduate: Administration, Child Study, Communication Studies, Creative Arts Therapies, Educational Technology, Environmental Impact Assessment,Film Studies, Psychology, Public Policy and Public Administration, Studio Arts, Sport AdministrationDalhousie UniversityCo-operative EducationAccounting, Architecture, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biology, Business Management, Chemistry, Commerce, Computer Science, Disability Management, Earth Sciences, Economics, Engineering, Entrepreneurship, Environment, Sustainability & Society, Environmental Design, Environmental Science, Finance, Health Informatics, Informatics, International Business, Management Information Systems, Marine Biology, Marketing Informatics, Marketing Logistics, Marketing Management, Mathematics, Microbiology and Immunology, Physics, Software Systems, Software Engineering, Statistics, Urban and Rural PlanningInternshipsMBA Corporate ResidencyEmily Carr University of Art & DesignCo-operative EducationAnimation, Ceramics, Communication Design, Drawing, Industrial Design, Integrated Media, Mixed Media Sculpture, New Integrated Media, Painting, Photography, Print MediaUniversity of the Fraser ValleyCo-operative EducationArts, Business Administration, Computer Information Systems, General Studies, Library and Information Technology, SciencesUniversity of GuelphCo-operative EducationArts: Economics, Mathematical Economics, PsychologyCommerce: Agricultural Business, Hotel and Food Administration, Management Economics in Industry and Finance, Marketing Management, Public Management, Real Estate and HousingEngineering: Biological, Biomedical, Environmental, Mechanical, Systems and Computing, Water ResourcesScience: Adult Development, Families and Well-Being, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Applied Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biomedical Toxicology, Biophysics, Chemical Physics, Chemistry, Child, Youth andFamily, Computing, Earth and Atmospheric Science, Ecology, Environmental Economics and Policy, Environmental Geography, Environmental Toxicology, Environmetrics and Modeling, Food Science, Microbiology, Nanoscience, Natural Resources Management, PhysicsInternshipsAgricultural Business, Agriculture, Art History, Art History, Applied Human Nutrition, Arts and Science, Business Administration, Child, Youth and Family, Computing and Telecommunications, Early Childhood Studies, Ecology, Environmental Biology, Environmental Science, Equine Management, European Studies, Family and Community Social Services, Food Science, Forest Science, Geography, History, Horticulture Management, Hotel and Food Administration, International Development, Justice Studies, Kinesiology, Landscape Architecture, Marine and Freshwater Biology, Marketing and Consumer Studies, Media Studies, Music, Nutrition, Political Science, Psychology, Real Estate and Housing, Studio Art, Theatre Studies, Veterinary Medicine, Wildlife Biology, ZoologyUniversity of King’s CollegeCo-operative EducationBiochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Earth Sciences, Economics, Environmental Science, Marine Biology, Mathematics, Microbiology and Immunology, Physics, StatisticsInternshipsJournalismBelow is a listing of co-op and internship options for Acadia University through Brock University. For our complete listing, please click here. Kwantlen Polytechnic UniversityCo-operative EducationB.A. Community Criminal Justice, B.A. Criminology, B.B.A. Accounting, B.B.A. Entrepreneurial Leadership, B.B.A. Human Resources Management, B.Tech. Information Technology, Computer Information Systems, Environmental Protection Technology, Marketing ManagementInternshipsAdministrative Studies, Fashion Design and TechnologyLakehead UniversityCo-operative EducationComputer Science, Economics, Engineering, Forestry, Kinesiology,Mathematical Sciences, PhysicsCommerce: Accounting, Business Finance, Human Resources Management/Industrial Relations, Information Systems, Marketing InternshipsComputer ScienceLaurentian UniversityCo-operative EducationCommerce, Computer Science, EngineeringInternshipsCommerce, Sports AdministrationUniversité LavalCo-operative EducationBusiness Administration, Computer Science, Forestry Operations Engineering: Materials and Metallurgy, Mining and Minerals, Software Engineering, Wood ProcessingInternshipsAgronomy, Art History, Biology, Dental Medicine, Education, Forestry and Geomatics, Geography, Law, Medicine, Music, Nursing, Nutrition, Occupational Therapy, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Physiotherapy, Political Science, Public Relations, Science and Engineering, Social Sciences, Theology, TranslationUniversity of LethbridgeCo-operative EducationArts and Sciences: Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Studies, Anthropology, Archaeology and Geography, Art, Biochemistry, Biological Sciences, Canadian Studies, Chemistry, Computer Science, Computer Science and Geographical Information Systems, Dramatic Arts, Economics, English, Environmental Science, Exercise Science, French, French/German, French/Spanish, General Majors, Geography, History, Kinesiology, Mathematics, Music, Native American Studies, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Religious Studies, Remote Sensing, Sociology, Urban and Regional Studies, Women’s Studies Management: Accounting, Computer Science, Economics, Finance, First Nations’ Governance, General Management, Human Resources Management and Labour Relations, Information Systems, International Management, Marketing, Political ScienceAll areas listed under Co-operative Education; New MediaThe University of ManitobaCo-operative EducationBusiness, Computer Science, Ecology, Environmental Science, Microbiology, Public Administration (Graduate Studies) Agricultural and Food Sciences: Agribusiness (Diploma Program), Agriculture, Agroecology, Food Science Engineering: Bio-systems, Civil, Manufacturing, MechanicalInternshipsElectrical and Computer EngineeringMcGill UniversityCo-operative EducationMaterials Engineering, Mining EngineeringInternshipsAgricultural Sciences, Arts, Bioresource Engineering (Non-Thesis M.Sc), Biotechnology, Communication Sciences and Disorders, Computer Science, Dentistry, Education, Educational and Counselling Psychology, Engineering, Environmental Assessment, Health and Social Policy, Law, Management, Manufacturing Management, McGill Institute for Aerospace Engineering, Medicine, Nursing, Nutrition and Dietetics, Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Quebec Studies, Renewable Resources (Non-Thesis M.Sc), Science, Social Work, Urban PlanningMcMaster UniversityCo-operative EducationBiochemistry, Biology, Biology and Pharmacology, Chemistry, Engineering (all disciplines), Mathematics and Statistics, M.B.A., Medical and Health Physics, Molecular Biology and Genetics, PhysicsInternshipsArt History, Child Life, Commerce, Engineering (all disciplines), Science (all disciplines), Social Science (all disciplines)Memorial University of NewfoundlandCo-operative EducationApplied Social Psychology (graduate), Business Administration, Computational Science (graduate), Computer Science, Economics, Engineering, Folklore, Kinesiology, Physical Education, Political Science (graduate), RecreationAll diploma programs in Arts, Biology, Education, Nursing, Pharmacy, Political Science, Social WorkUniversité de MonctonCo-operative EducationAccounting, Biochemistry, Biology, Business Administration (Marketing, Operations Management), Coastal Zone Integrated Management, Computer Science, Forestry, Information Management, Information Technology, International Business, M.B.A., Math, TranslationEngineering: Civil, Electrical, MechanicalInternshipsEducation, Geography, Information-Communication, Medical Laboratory Techniques, Nursing, Nutrition, Physical Education, Radiology, Recreation, Social Work, TranslationUniversité de MontréalCo-operative EducationActuarial Mathematics, Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Commerce and Economic Translation, Computer Science, Criminology, Engineering, Industrial Relations, Physics, Science and Technical Translation, Social Work, StatisticsInternshipsAdvertising, Anthropology, Archivist, Audiology, Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Classical Studies, Communications and Politics, Creative Arts, Criminology (Violence, Victim and Society), Dental Hygiene, Dentistry, Drug Addiction, Education, Educational Psychology, Engineering, Geography, Home Care, Industrial Relations, Journalism, Kinesiology, Mathematics, Medicine, Music, Nursing, Nutrition, Occupational Therapy, Optometry, Pharmacy, Physics, Physiotherapy, Political Science, Public Relations, Social Work, Speech Therapy, Theology, Translation, Veterinary Medicine, Workplace Health and SafetyMount Allison UniversityNo co-op offerings.Mount Royal UniversityCo-operative EducationArts (all majors except Policy Studies), Business Administration (all majors), Computer Information SystemsInternshipsArts (Policy Studies and Criminal Justice), NursingMount Saint Vincent UniversityCo-operative EducationBusiness Administration, Public Relations, Tourism and Hospitality ManagementInternshipsChild and Youth Study, Dietetics, Education, Public Policy Studies, Women’s Studies (Graduate)University of New BrunswickCo-operative EducationBiology, Business/Administration, Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, Engineering, Forestry and Environmental Management, Geology, Hospitality and Tourism, Information Systems, Mathematics and Statistics, Physics InternshipsEducation, Kinesiology, Leadership Studies, Nursing, Recreation and Sports StudiesNipissing UniversityNo co-op offerings.University of Northern British ColumbiaCo-operative EducationArts: Aboriginal Health, Anthropology, Economics, English, Environmental Studies, First Nations Studies, General Arts, Geography, History, International Studies, Nature-based Tourism, Northern Studies, Political Science, Women’s StudiesCommerce: Accounting, Finance, General Business, Human Resources Management, International Business, MarketingScience: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology, Biomedical Studies, Chemistry, Computer Science, Environmental Engineering/Planning/Science, Environmental Health, Forestry, General Science, Geography, Integrated Science, Mathematics, Outdoor Recreation and Conservation, Physics, Psychology, Wildlife and FisheriesInternshipsAnthropology, Biology, Business, Economics, English, EnvironmentalPlanning, Environmental Science, Environmental Studies, First Nations Studies, Forestry, Geography, History, International Studies, Outdoor Recreation and Conservation, Political ScienceNova Scotia Agricultural CollegeCo-operative EducationEnterprise Management Technology, Plant Science Technology, Veterinary TechnologyInternshipsVeterinary TechnologyNSCAD UniversityInternshipsAvailable in all undergraduate programs: B.A., B.Des., B.F.A.Ontario College of Art & DesignNo co-op offerings.University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyCo-operative EducationEngineering: Automotive, Electrical, Manufacturing, Mechanical, Software Science: Biological, Chemistry, Computing, Forensic, Physical, Physics InternshipsCommerce, Criminology and Justice, Education, Information Technology Engineering: Automotive, Electrical, Manufacturing, Mechanical, Software Energy Systems and Nuclear Science: Nuclear Engineering, Radiation Science Health Sciences: Medical Laboratory Science, NursingScience: Biological, Chemistry, Computing, Forensic, Physical, Physics University of OttawaCo-operative EducationArts: Civil Law, Communication, Communication and Lettres Fran?aises, Communication and Political Science, Communication and Sociology, English, Environmental Studies, French, Geography, Geography and Environmental Studies, Geography and Sociology, History (undergrad and graduate), History and Political Science, Lettres Fran?aises, Translation Business: Accounting, Commerce, E-Business, Entrepreneurship, Finance, Human Resource Management, International Management, Management, Management Information Systems, MarketingEngineering: Biomedical Mechanical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Mechanical, SoftwareScience: Biochemistry, Biology, Bio-pharmaceutical Science, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Computer Science (undergrad and graduate), Computer Science and Mathematics, Earth Sciences, Earth Sciences-Physics, Environmental Science, Information Studies (graduate), Mathematics, Mathematics and Economics, Mathematics-Science and Computer Science, Nutrition, Physics, Physics-Mathematics, StatisticsSocial Sciences: Anthropology, Anthropology and Sociology, Conflict Studies and Human Rights, Droit civil et développement international et mondialisation (French only), Economics (undergrad and graduate), Economics and Mathematics, Economics and Political Science, Economics and Public Policy, International Development and Globalization (undergrad and graduate), International Economics and Development, Political Science, Political Science and Communication, Political Science and History, Public Administration, Public Administration and Political Science, Public and International Affairs (graduate), Sociology, Sociology and Communication, Sociology and GeographyInternshipsUndergraduate: Health Sciences, Human Kinetics, Law, Management, NursingGraduate: Educational Counselling, Fine Arts, Human Kinetics, Management, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Psychology, Public Administration, Public and International Affairs, Social WorkUniversity of Prince Edward IslandCo-operative EducationBusiness Administration, Computer Science, PhysicsInternshipsFamily and Nutritional Sciences, Foods and NutritionUniversité du Québec à ChicoutimiCo-operative EducationEngineering: Computer, General, GeologicalInternshipsComputer Management, Computer Programming, Computer Science, Earth Science, Outdoor and Adventure Tourism, Social Sciences, Social Work Education: Arts, English as a Second Language, Physical, Preschool and Primary, Secondary, SpecialEngineering: Computer, General, GeologicalCo-operative EducationComputer and Software Engineering, Micro-electronic Engineering InternshipsAccounting, Actuarial Science, Administration, Animation and Cultural Research, Applied Finance (graduate), Art History, Biochemistry, Biology, MBA in Management Consulting (graduate), Communications (undergraduate and graduate), Computer and Software Engineering, Dance, Drama, Earth Sciences (graduate), Ecology, Economics, Environmental Design, Environmental Science (graduate), Fashion Design and Management, Film Production, Finance, Geography, Graphic Design, History, Human Resources Management, International Relations and Law, International Trade, Journalism, Kinesiology (undergrad and graduate), Law (undergrad and graduate), Linguistics, Management (undergrad and graduate), Marketing, Math (undergrad and graduate), Microelectronic Engineering, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Museum Studies (graduate), Music, New Media, Philosophy, Political Science (undergrad and graduate), Project Management (graduate), Public Policy, Public Relations, Semiology (doctorate), Social Work, Sociology, Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystems (graduate), Television, Tourism and Hotel Management, Tourism Development (graduate), Toxicology and Environmental Health, Urban Studies (undergrad and graduate), Visual Arts and Media Arts (undergrad and graduate)Education: Career Development, Physical Education, Pre-school and Primary, School Adjustment Teaching, Secondary, Teaching English as a Second Language, French as a Second Language, Vocational TrainingUniversité du Québec en OutaouaisCo-operative EducationBusiness Administration, Industrial Relations and Human Resources, Master’s in Project ManagementInternshipsAccounting, Business Administration, Communications, History, Museology and Heritage, Nursing, Political Science, Psychology, Social Work, Sociology, TranslationEducation: Arts, Preschool and Primary School, Secondary School, Psychology in Education, School Adjustment TeachingCo-operative EducationMaster’s in Project ManagementInternshipsAccounting, Administration, Biology, Chemistry, Communications, Computer Science, Engineering, Geography, History, Literary Studies, Nursing, Preschool and Primary School Education, School and Social Adjustment Teaching, Secondary Education, Social Development, Social Work Université du Québec à Trois-RivièresCo-operative EducationAccountancyInternshipsAccountancy, Biochemistry and Bio-technology, Biology and Ecology, Biophysics, Business Administration, Chemistry, Chiropractic, Computer Science, Geography, Kinesiology, Leisure/Culture and Tourism, Mathematics, Medical Biology, Midwifery, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Physics, Podiatry, Psychoeducation, Public Security, Social Communications Education: Health and Physical, Pre-school and Primary, Second Language, Secondary (French, Mathematics, Personal Development, Science and Technology, Social Sciences), Special Education, Visual and Dramatic Arts Engineering: Chemical, Computer, Electrical, Industrial, Mechanical Queen’s UniversityCo-operative EducationBiochemistry, Law and Industrial Relations (Master’s), Law and Public Administration (Master’s)InternshipsMandatory: Applied Science, Art Conservation (Master’s), Psychology (Clinical Doctoral)Optional: Art History, Commerce, Computing Science, Education, Film, , Public Administration, Urban and Regional PlanningThe University of ReginaCo-operative EducationAboriginal, Arts, Biology, Business Administration, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics and Statistics, PhysicsInternshipsActuarial Science, Arts, Education, Engineering, Fine Arts, Human Justice, Indian Communication Arts, Indian Social Work, Indigenous Education, International Studies, Journalism, Kinesiology and Health Studies, Pastoral Studies, Police Studies, Political Science, Social WorkRoyal Military College of CanadaCo-operative EducationAll students are employed during the summer by the Canadian Forces. Royal Roads UniversityInternshipsInternational Hotel ManagementRyerson UniversityCo-operative EducationBiology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Contemporary Science, Information Technology Management, Mathematics and its Applications, Medical Physics, Occupational and Public HealthInternshipsChild and Youth Care, International EconomicsEngineering: Aerospace, Biomedical, Chemical, Civil, Computer, Electrical, Industrial, MechanicalWork Experience Placement/PracticumBusiness Management, Early Childhood Education, Fashion, Geographic Analysis, Graphic Communications Management, Health Information Management, Health Services Management, Hospitality and Tourism Management, Image Arts, Interior Design, Journalism, Midwifery, Nursing, Nutrition and Food, Public Administration and Governance, Radio and Television Arts, Retail Management, Social Work, Theatre, Urban and Regional PlanningUniversité Sainte-AnneCo-operative EducationBusiness AdministrationInternshipsAdministrative Sciences, ContinuingCare Assistant, Government Worker, Pre-veterinary, Special Education: Teacher’s AidSt. Francis Xavier University。
towards a theory of international new ventures
Chair of Private E @Georgia State University and from the Society of International Business M% at . Fellows, based in Atlanta, Gcorgia. Received: June 1992; Revisd. December 1992, April & August 1993; Accepred: August 1993.
*Benjamin M. Oviatt is Assistant Professor of Management at GeorgiaState University. of He receivedhis Ph.D. in strategic management from the University South Carolina. His researchfocusesonstrategicmanagement,organizationalturnaround,and international new ventures. **Patricia Phillips McDougall is Associate Professor of Strategic Management at Georgia Institute of Technology. She received her Ph.D. in strategic management from the University of South Carolina. Her research focuses primarily on new and young firms, with a special emphasis on strategies and internationalization.
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Internationalization and the Small Business
• Two models
– Small business stage model: process of following incremental stages of internationalization – Global start-up: company that begins as a multinational company – i.e. „Born Global‟
Born Globals
• To succeed BGs need:
- MNCs acting as systems integrators – e.g. outsourcing - MNCs distributing BG products/services - Networks - Internet - Clusters Or any combination of the above….
Thought for the day
Small Business Global Start-up
• Key elements favoring global start-ups – international sources of venture capital – the existence of global demand – the lack of a geographically protected market – the necessity of worldwide sales to support the venture – the potential to avoid later resistance to internationalization
Developing a Small-Business Global Culture
• Changing attitudes of key decision makers
– Being close in culture and geography – Overcome scepticism regarding international markets – Positive attitudes more necessary for global start-ups
Born Globals
• international or global approach from birth – or soon afterwards • large proportion of sales from exports
• accelerating internationalization process
Driver of SME internationalisation
• Degree of import competition • Competition from internationalised firms • Customer requirements • Large firm requirements • Alliances, JVs etc…
When should an SME internationalise?
• If the following questions are answered positively, a small business is ready. – Do we have a global product or service? – Do we have the managerial, organizational, and financial resources to internationalize? – Is there willingness to commit resources to face the risks of internationalization? – Is there a country in which the company feels comfortable doing business?
SMEs and International l Business?
• “Small” business – many definitions
– UN: less than 500 employees – the popular press: less than 100 employees – U.S. small business administration has more complex definitions
When should an SME internationalise? (cont.)
– Is there a profitable market for product or service? – Do we have a unique product/service that is not easily copied by multinationals or local entrepreneurs? – Do location advantages exist upstream in the value chain? – Can we afford not to be a multinational?
• International conventions and standards
These determine the salience of the following factors in globalising SMEs
Contributors
• Emergence of open markets
Small Business Advantage
• Speed becomes the small business advantage
– – – – faster innovation can change products and internal operations faster speed can overcome size disadvantages larger firms must often overcome bureaucratic procedures
Born Globals
• managers have strong global mindsets
– have a wider international experience – have a higher risk tolerance • many use networks as a platform for market access • tend to be small, technology companies
Size and Small Business Internationalization
• Size barrier to internationalization – Larger firms have more resources to support international operations • But size is only one issue in the internationalisation decision
Falling Barriers for Small Businesses
• Barriers are becoming easier to overcome
– government support programs for small businesses are increasing – trade agreements are making trade easier – increase in small businesses engaged in international operations also makes it easier
• Eventually, international sales intensity of small firms exceed that of big firms. – International sales intensity: amount of international sales divided by total sales of the company
• definitions vary by industry, sales revenue, and the number of people
Contribution of Small Businesses?
• “Small” businesses
– – – – over 98% of businesses in Europe, N. America, and Japan employ more than 50% of local populations produce nearly 50% of GNP in above create more than 2/3 of new jobs
• Increased globalisation of large firms • Increased resource mobility
• Increase currency movements
• Changing technology
• Increased opportunities to extend value chains across borders
• Traditionally domestic focus – some increasingly international
Patterns
• Most SME employment in service sector, especially retail, etc.