考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2012年阅读Text 2(上)
2012年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版
2012年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。
(10 points）Read the following text. Choose the best word(s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。
（10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently。
The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia，for example, appeared at political events。
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the cour t’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code。
2012-2013考研英语(一、二)选项必考高频词串讲
2012-2013年选项必考词串讲—背诵版1.ease：v. 缓解n. 容易；舒适[考频：11]◆动词ease competition 缓和竞争（2013年英语一）ease the competition of man vs. machine（2014英语二）ease conflicts between races and classes 缓解种族和阶级冲突（2012英语二）◆名词pass the exam with ease轻松地通过考试2. seek v. 寻找；寻求[考频：32]真题：◆seek a job 找工作◆seek to do sth. 设法；试图◆seek sth from sb 向人请求，寻求①seek subsidies from the government 向政府寻求补助金（2012英语二）②seek permission from……向……寻求许可（2012英语一）③seek help from… 向……寻求帮助（2005）④seek favor from… 向……寻求支持（2012英语一）3. favor n. 支持；帮助[考频：25]◆in favor of 支持•people in favor of the trend of democracy 支持民主倾向的人（1998）•stand in favor of…（2013英语一）◆favor v. 较喜欢；偏袒4. fail v. 失败[考频：57]◆fail to do sth. 未做成某事In the author’s view, …fails to_______. （2012英语一）fail to get state subsidies （2011英语二）◆派生词：failure to do sth.its failure to realize its real problem (2001)5. influence n. & v. 影响[考频：66]◆have an important influence on…对……有重要影响= exert (a /an ) great / profound / enormous influence on…exert enormous influence on our behavior （2012英语一）◆resist the influence 抵制影响（2013英语一）◆reverse the negative influences 扭转负面影响（2013英语二）6. control n. & v. 控制[考频：63]搭配：常+over，of构成短语◆loosen control over immigrants 放松对移民的控制（2013英语二）◆lose control of… 失去对……的控制（2017英语一）◆take control of… 控制；掌管（2012英语一）◆under control = within one’s control 在控制下（2005等）7. pressure n. 压力；压迫[考频：42]原形：press v. 压真题：◆job pressure 工作压力（2013英语二）◆peer pressure 来自同辈的压力（2012英语一）the pressure from our peers◆under pressure — handle the pressure8. evade vt. 逃避；避免[考频：4]◆词缀记忆：e- 出◆真题：①evade the flaws of…避免缺点（2012英语一）②evade the pressure from their peers 逃避来自同龄人的压力（2010）9. alleviate vt. 减轻，缓和[考频：2]词缀记忆：evi=light 联想记忆：evade 逃避alleviate the pressure 缓解压力派生词：alleviation n. 缓解the alleviation of job pressure工作压力的缓解（2013英语二） 同义替换：relieve，ease10. burden n. 压力；负担[考频：6]同义高频词：pressure“带来负担”搭配：impose, place①place extra burdens on..（2012英语二）②impose a heavier burden on…（2012英语二）“缓解负担”搭配：ease（2017），relieve，alleviate“除去重担”搭配：remove（2018）11. strengthen vt. 加强；巩固[考频：12]记忆：strong—strength真题①strengthen coordination 加强协作（2013英语一）②strengthen the link 加强联系（2018英语二）③strengthen international ties 加强国际关系（1998）④strengthened community ties 加强社区联系（2017英语二）同义高频词：enhance，promote，reinforce12. undermine v. 削弱；损害[考频：4]◆词缀记忆：undermine = under下面+mine挖矿= 削弱、损害根基◆同义词：weaken / damage◆真题：①undermine the interests 损害利益（2013英语一）②undermine the authority 削弱权威（2012英语二）13. authority n. 权威；权力；当局[考频：19]◆介词搭配：[+ over]have the authority over…有权管理……（2012英语一）◆动词搭配：①defy the authority 藐视权威（2012英语一）②overstep the authority 逾越权威；越权（2013英语一）◆高频派生词：authoritative adj. 有权威的14. advance n. 发展；前进v. 促进；发展[考频：34]名词①technological advances 技术进步（2013英语二）②advances in technology （2013英语一）③promote the advance of… 推动……进步（2012英语二）动词advance economic globalization 促进经济全球化（2012英语二） 形容词advanced adj. 先进的；高级的15. emerge vi. 出现；暴露[考频：16]◆词缀记忆：e出＋merge合并◆真题：1.…emerge2.emerge as…兴起；开始成为（2012英语一）the United States emerged as an international power美国开始成为一个世界力量。
2012年英语阅读理解text2单词小红书
2012年英语阅读理解text2单词小红书Title: The Little Red Book of 2012 English Reading Comprehension Text 2IntroductionIn the year 2012, English reading comprehension was a crucial skill for students around the world. One of the resources that proved to be extremely helpful was the Little Red Book of English Reading Comprehension Text 2. This book was specifically designed to help students improve their reading skills and comprehension abilities in English.Overview of the BookThe Little Red Book of English Reading Comprehension Text 2 is a comprehensive guide that includes a variety of reading passages, questions, and exercises. These materials are designed to challenge students and help them enhance their understanding of the English language. The book covers a wide range of topics, including science, history, literature, and more, making it a valuable resource for students of all interests.Key FeaturesOne of the key features of the Little Red Book of English Reading Comprehension Text 2 is the variety of reading passages it includes. These passages are carefully selected to provide students with a diverse range of topics to read about, ensuring that they are exposed to different types of writing styles and vocabulary.In addition to the reading passages, the book also includes a series of questions and exercises that test students' understanding of the material. These questions are designed to challenge students and encourage them to think critically about what they have read. By completing these exercises, students can improve their reading comprehension skills and gain confidence in their ability to understand and analyze English texts.Another important feature of the book is the answer key that is provided at the end of each section. This allows students to check their answers and see where they may have made mistakes. By reviewing the answer key, students can learn from their errors and improve their understanding of the material.Benefits of Using the BookThere are several benefits to using the Little Red Book of English Reading Comprehension Text 2. One of the main advantages is that it helps students improve their readingcomprehension skills in English. By working through the reading passages and completing the exercises, students can strengthen their ability to understand written English and extract important information from texts.Additionally, the book can help students expand their vocabulary and improve their overall language skills. The variety of topics covered in the book exposes students to new words and concepts, helping them build their vocabulary and become more proficient English speakers.Furthermore, the book can also help students develop critical thinking skills. The questions and exercises included in the book require students to analyze and evaluate the information they have read, encouraging them to think critically and draw conclusions based on evidence from the text.Overall, the Little Red Book of English Reading Comprehension Text 2 is a valuable resource for students looking to enhance their reading comprehension skills in English. By working through the reading passages, completing the exercises, and reviewing the answer key, students can improve their understanding of the English language and become more confident readers.ConclusionIn conclusion, the Little Red Book of English Reading Comprehension Text 2 is an essential resource for students seeking to improve their reading comprehension skills in English. With its diverse range of reading passages, challenging questions, and comprehensive answer key, the book provides students with the tools they need to succeed in their English studies. By using this book, students can enhance their vocabulary, develop critical thinking skills, and become more proficient readers in the English language.。
2012年考研英语(一)试题及答案 (完整版)
2012英语考研试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet， in several instances， justices acted in ways that _3_ the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia， for example， appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least， the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions， the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and，_20_， convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybody's doing it. That whispered message， half invitation and half forcing，is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking， drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club， Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure， in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg， the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize， offers a host of example of the social cure in action： In South Carolina， a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa， an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on： they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits，and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“ Dare to be different， please don't smoke！” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers， who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers， so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure， Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure： we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain， however， is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside： in the real world， as in school， we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph， peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers' experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author's view， Rosenberg's book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except， apparently ，when Entergy is involved. The company， a major energy supplier in New England， provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regu lations.Instead， the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court， as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002， when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant， an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale， the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006， the state went a step further， requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then， too， the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments， or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents， including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage， raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior， the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation， and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure： whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power， legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly， there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word， that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States， including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely， the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application， it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement， Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4， Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author's view， the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done， facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science， discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective， but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience， what we think our experiences mean， and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation，error， and self-deception abound.Consequently， discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims， they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process， through which the individual researcher's me， here， now becomes the community's anyone， anywhere，anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal， not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public， the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But，unlike with mining claims， the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community， researchers make discoveries； editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process； other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes； and finally， the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community， the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First， scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search， not re-search. Not surprisingly， newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second， novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end，credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together，challenge， revise， and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions o f reason.”31. According to the first paragraph， the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy？rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test？[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today， he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960， only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union； now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain， more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First， they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second， they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third，they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party， as its name implies， has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader，Ed Miliband， owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools， the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals， keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed， perhaps most egregiously in education， where charter schools， academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable， teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer， politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker， the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system， too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250，000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted m uch criticism，but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2？[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people's political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections：In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying， higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop， thinner than a brown-paper envelope，or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses， warriors， entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press， studio and theatre， paintbrush and gallery， piano and radio， the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device， the first media machine that serves as the mode of production， means of distribution， site of reception， and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer， we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First， most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second， the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download， but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part， the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings， sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music，literature， religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines， most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media， a pyramid of production remains， with a small number of people uploading material， a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content， and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading？ My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course， it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills，but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like ， which allow users to combine pictures， words and other media in creative ways and then share them， have the potential to add stickiness by amusing，entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century， much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow， to encourage thoughtful downloading and， even more importantly， meaningful uploading.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle， a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways， this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics， one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme， and seeksa theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear，however， that such a theory would be a simplification， given the dimensions and universes that it might entail， nonetheless， unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here， Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection， perhaps the world's languages， music， social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That， at least， is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleaguesconsider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky， who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language，which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second， by Joshua Greenberg， takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2，000 languages.(50)Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types ofword-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis， suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions：Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions： write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning， and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）【 - 考研试题】Section I：Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II：Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.GPart C2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》，题目是Universal truths。
2012年考研英语(一)真题及答案详解
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making them selves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify[D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened[C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised[C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound[D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune[D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads[D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity[D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided[D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset[D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate[D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied[D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions[D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes[D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked[D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address[D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable[C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn fro m advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy areworth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test*A+ Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.*B+ the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .*D+ the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that*A+ Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.*D+ Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout thiscredibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public secto r passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarterof America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Ke nnedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.*B+can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy.(43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millenniumthey had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put themto the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals[NxtPage]Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the lett er. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D21.D 22.D 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2012年考研英语阅读热点词汇汇总
2012年考研英语阅读热点词汇汇总教育词汇education学历educational background教育程度educational history学历curriculum课程major主修minor副修educational highlights课程重点部分curriculum included课程包括specialized courses专门课程courses taken所学课程courses completed所学课程special training特别训练social practice社会实践part-time jobs业余工作summer jobs暑期工作vacation jobs假期工作refresher course进修课程extracurricular activities课外活动physical activities体育活动recreational activities娱乐活动academic activities学术活动social activities社会活动rewards奖励scholarship奖学金"Three Goods" student三好学生excellent League member优秀团员excellent leader优秀干部student council学生会off-job training脱产培训in-job training在职培训educational system学制academic year学年semester学期〔美〕term学期〔英〕president校长vice-president副校长dean院长assistant dean副院长academic dean教务长department chairman系主任professor 教授associate professor副教授guest professor客座教授lecturer 讲师teaching assistant助教research fellow研究员research assistant助理研究员supervisor 论文导师principal中学校长〔美〕headmaster中学校长〔英〕master小学校长〔美〕dean of studies教务长dean of students教导主任probation teacher代课教师tutor家庭教师governess女家庭教师intelligence quotient(IQ) 智商pass及格fail不及格marks分数grades分数scores分数examination考试grade年级class班级monitor班长vice-monitor副班长commissary in charge of studies学习委员commissary in charge of entertainment文娱委员commissary in charge of sports体育委员commissary in charge of physical labor劳动委员Party branch secretary党支部书记League branch secretary团支部书记Commissary in charge of organization组织委员Commissary in charge of publicity宣传委员degree学位post doctorate博士后doctor(Ph.D)博士master硕士bachelor学士student学生graduate student研究生abroad student留学生returned student回国留学生foreign student外国学生undergraduate大学肄业生senior大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生Junior 大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生Sophomore 大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生Freshman 大学一年级学生Guest student旁听生〔英〕Auditor 旁听生〔美〕government-supported student公费生commoner自费生extern走读生day-student走读生intern实习生prize fellow奖学金生boarder寄宿生classmate同班同学schoolmate同校同学graduate毕业生scholar 学者Internet词汇internet, internet work, interconnection network 互联网, 又名互连网。
2012年考研英语一真题与答案解析
2012年考研英语（一）真题与答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social_15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and,_20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to nogood-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn fro m advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.Th e conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review s the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through whichthe individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright andwell-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prison s and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Ke nnedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the pre sident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printingpress, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then suffi cient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so qui ckly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals[NxtPage]Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)参考答案与解析：1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D21.D 22.D 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是―_ _法官表现得像政治家‖的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain―维持，保持‖，其他显然语义不通。
2012考研英语高频词汇 整理可打印
频率在 100 次以上的词汇part n.部分；角色；作用；零件v.使分开，分离，分别pass v.经过，走过；传递；通过（考试等）n.通行证，护照；关口ring n.戒指；铃声，按铃；圆圈，环；（打）电话v.按（铃）；敲（钟）；（up）打电话tie n.领带，领结；联系，关系；约束，束缚v.系，栓，捆passage n.通过；通路；段，节even ad.甚至，即使a.平坦的；偶数的；均匀的cause n.原因；事业奋斗目标v.引起，使产生sing v.唱，演唱；鸡叫long a./ad.长的，长远的，长期的vi.（for）渴望频率为 51—99 次的词汇count vt.数，计数，看作，认为n.计数，计算，总数arch n.拱门，拱形结构v.拱起，（使）变成拱形hang vt. 悬，挂，垂吊；吊死ratio n.比,比率great a.伟大的；重大的；美妙的sentence n.句子；判决，宣判v.判决，宣判inform vt.通知，向…报告；告密direct a./ad.径直的，直接的vt.指导rent n.租金vi.出租,租赁tend v.趋向,往往是;照料,看护dust n.灰尘，灰烬being n.存在；生物；生命formation n.形成；构成mate n.伙伴，同事；配偶·2· .stand vi.站，站立；坐落，位于，经受，忍受；坚持，维持原状n.台，座high a./ad.高高的(地)，高尚的（地）care n.关怀，操心；小心，谨慎v.关心；介意；计较ease n.安逸，舒适，休闲；容易v.减轻；使舒适，使安心sheet n.被单；（一）张，（一）片，薄片；大片sign n.标记，符号，招牌；征兆，迹象 v.签名（于），署名（于）state n.州，国家，政府；状态，情况v.陈述，说明unit n.单位；单元；部件，元件；机组，装置import v./n.输入，进口ample a.充裕的；宽敞的earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得ought v. aux早应该，本应，本当section n.章节，部分；地区，部门，科；截面，剖面bit n.一点，一些，一片tell v.（from）辨别,区别;告诉,讲述;吩咐,命令;泄露,吐露direction n.方向，方位；指导effect n.结果；影响；效果society n.社会；团体，协会，社；社交界，上流社会rough a.粗糙的；粗略的，大致的；粗野的，粗暴的number vt.共计，达…之数；编码，加号码 n.数字，号码seem vi.好像，似乎stem n.词干；茎，干频率为 31—50 次的词汇mad a.发疯的；疯狂的rim n.（圆物的）边，边缘；边界certain a.确实的，肯定的；某一，某些考研英语词汇、词频统计·3·process n.过程，进程；制作法；工序；工艺 v.加工，处理hard a.困难的；硬的；冷酷无情的；烈性的ad.努力地；猛烈地；困难地aid n.帮助，救护；助手，辅助物 v.援助，救援，帮助elect vt.选举，推选；选择lack n./v.缺乏，没有rope n.绳子，索sin n.罪，罪孽vi.犯罪employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于graph n.(曲线)图，图表idea n.主意，念头，思想trial n.考验，试验；审讯without prep.无，没有vice n.罪恶；恶习；缺点a.副的complete a.完全的，彻底的general a.总的；一般的n.将军growth n.增长；增长量；生长rage n.愤怒behavior n. 行为,举止grow vi.生长；变得；增长increase n./v.增加logic n.逻辑，推理；逻辑学oil n.油；石油vt.上油，涂油，给…加润滑油system n.系统，体系；制度，体制economic a.经济上的；经济学的hold vt.抓住；保有，拥有；托住，支持；容纳；举行；有效，适用；持续dam n.水坝，水堤found vt.创立，创办；建立means n.方法，手段，工具tag n.货签；标签base n.基础；底部；基地，根据地 v.把…基于；以……为根据地paragraph n.(文章的)段，节；小新闻，短评profession n.职业，自由职业·4· .require vt.需要；（of）要求，命令shed n.棚；小屋v.流出；发散，散发，脱落，脱去pond n.池塘; 鱼塘appear vi.出现；问世；仿佛evolution n.发展；演变，演化lion n.狮子；勇猛的人manage vt.设法；对付patient a.能忍耐的，有耐心的n.病人，患者patent a.专利的，特许的n.专利，专利品，专利权mind v.介意，注意,当心n.头脑，精神；理智；想法，意见，心情，记忆organ n.器官；机构；风琴Owl n.猫头鹰sly a.狡猾的；偷偷摸摸的tow v./n.拖引，牵引individual a.个人的，单独的；独特的n.个人，个体letter n.信；证书；字母limit n.限制；限度，局限；范围v.限制，限定ski n.滑橇vi.滑雪account n.帐目；叙述，说明vt.说明，解释below Prep./ad.在……下面；向下star n.星，恒星；明星，名角频率为 21—30 次的词汇heal vt.治愈；使和解medical a.医学的；医疗的；内科的service n.服务，帮助；公共设施，公用事业；维护保养；行政部门，服务机构v.维修，保养technology n.工艺学，工艺，技术case n.情况；事实；病例；案件；容器（箱子，盒子等）pain n.疼；疼痛，劳苦，努力reign v.（over）统治；支配；盛行，占优势n.统治，统治时期，支配；朝代考研英语词汇、词频统计·5·rest n.休息，睡眠，停止，静；剩余部分，其余；（the）其余的人（或物）v.休息；睡，放，靠，(使)搁在rob v.（of）抢劫，盗取；非法剥夺force vt.强迫，迫使pace n.(一)步(距离)；步速v.踱步alter vt.改变，变更event n.事件，大事；事变natural a.自然的rally n.集会;公路汽车赛v.集合,团结;恢复(健康等),重新振作sting v/n.刺，刺痛，剧痛；叮structure n.结构，构造；建筑物v.建造，构造theory n.理论,原理;学说,见解,看法concern n.关心，挂念；vt.涉及，关系到edge n.边缘；边flat a.平的，扁平的；平淡的，乏味的n.一套房子，平坦的部分govern vt.统治，治理；支配mental a.精神的；脑力的usual a.通常的，平常的adapt v.适应，适合；改编，改写fund n.资金；基金；存款lend vt.把...借给，贷款subject n.题目，主题；科目，学科；主语 v.（to）使遭到，使服从a.（to）易遭…的，受…支配的substance n.物质；实质；大意；财产，财物thus ad.如此，这样；因而，从而vision n.视觉，视力；眼力，想象力abandon vt.放弃，抛弃correspond vi.通信；符合，相当energy n.活力；精力；能，能量opera n.歌剧oral a.口头的；口的·6· .rug n.小地毯；围毯sour a.酸的；发酸的；酸痛的；脾气坏的；刻薄的wide a.宽阔的；广泛的ad.完全地，充分地amount n.数量，总额v.合计，总共达paper vt.用纸包装(或覆盖)n.纸；报纸；试卷；文章，论文raw a.未煮过的,生的;未加过工的，未经训练的sense n.感官，官能；感觉；判断力；见识；意义，意思special a.特别的；特殊的top n.顶部,上边,上面,首位,最高位a.最高的v.高过,超过,到达……顶部affect vt.影响；感动benefit n.利益；好处；恩惠v.有益于，受益character n.性格，特性；角色claim n.权利；断言；主张；索赔v.要求；索赔；声称；主张corresponding a.相应的；符合的create vt.创造；引起，产生customer n.顾客，主顾essential a.必要的，必不可少的，本质的panel n.面，板；控制板，仪器盘；专门小组proper a.合乎体统的；适合的，恰当的；正当的；固有的，特有的有礼貌的，正派的；本身（的）rust n. 铁锈v.（使）生锈，氧化shift vt.替换，转移；移动n.转换，转变；（变）班，（换）班spot n.污点，斑点；地点，场所v.认出，认清，发现；玷污，弄脏；用点作记号therefore ad.因此,所以conj.因此travel n.旅行v.旅行，行进，传播verse n.诗，韵文；诗行考研英语词汇、词频统计·7·consume vt.消耗，消费，耗尽critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人；评论家demand v./n.要求；需要express vt.表示n.快车，快递a.特快的，快速的firm n.商行，商号，公司a.坚固的，坚决的，稳固的improve v.使…更好,改善intelligence n.智力；理解力；情报，消息least a.最少的ad.最少legal a.法律的；合法的machine n.机器；机械racket n.球拍reed n.芦苇，苇丛;芦笛,牧笛select v.选择，挑选a.精选的，选择的频率为 16—20 次的词汇attitude n.态度，看法；姿势broad a.宽的，广阔的；豁达的carbon n.碳decline vt.下倾；偏斜；衰退；谢绝hole n.洞；孔眼，裂开处infer vt.推论，推断involve vt.使卷入；牵涉；包含，涉及matter n.事情；物质，物体；毛病，麻烦moral a.道德的；合乎道德的offer vt.提供；提出n.提供picture n.图画，照片；美景；影片v.画，描述，想象space n.间隔，距离；空地，余地；空间，太空v.留间隔，隔开vest n.汗衫；背心；内衣available a.可利用的；可得到的；可以见到的；随时可来的competition n.竞争，比赛continue vt.继续，连续；延伸cure vt.医治；消除n.治愈·8·.drug n.药，药物，药材employment n.工作，职业；雇用；使用forget vt.忘记，遗忘function n.功能；职务；函数issue n.问题，争论，争端；发行，发行物 vt.发行，发表，颁布；流出，放出nut n.坚果，干果；螺母relation n.关系，联系；家属，亲戚situation n.位置，场所；处境，局面，处境，形势；职务，职位television n.电视title n.书名, 标题；头衔 ,称号attention n.注意，留心；立正journal n.日报，杂志；日志nature n.大自然，自然界particular a.特殊的；特定的，个别的rot v.(使)腐烂，(使)腐败，腐朽trust v.信任，依赖；盼望，希望；委托 n.信任，依赖；委托，信托advocate n.提倡者，鼓吹者vt.提倡，鼓吹assist vt.援助，帮助comb n.梳子competitive a.竞争的，比赛的goods n.商品；货物ground n.地；场地；根据harm n.伤害，损害vt.损害identify vt.认出，识别，鉴定；把…看作international a.国际的，世界(性)的line v.沿...排列，排队n.线；路线，航线；排；界线neat a.整洁的；整齐的order n.定货，定货单；命令；次序，循序；秩序，治安，正常状态，整齐；等级v.制，定制，订购purpose n.目的；意图；效果，用途roll vi.滚动，转动；使摇摆，（使）摇晃；辗，轧；绕，卷；（up）卷起，卷拢n.（一）卷，卷形物，面包卷；名单，名册考研英语词汇、词频统计·9·sell v.卖，出售sequence n.连续，数列；次序，先后together ad. 共同,一起,合起来,聚拢地central a.中心的，中央的，中枢的；主要的concept n.概念，观念，思想court n.法院，法庭；庭院；宫廷，朝廷；球场creation n. 创造,创作物,发明cut vt.切；割；砍；删减dependent a.依靠的，依赖的；随..而定的detail n.细节；枝节；零件v.详述dig vt.掘，挖；采掘election n.选举，选择权；当选extend vt.延长；扩大；致full a.满，完全的，充分的ad.完全，充分invention n.发明，创造lane n.(乡间)小路；跑道；行车道lay vt.放，搁；下(蛋)learning n.学习；学问，知识measure vt.量，测量n.尺寸，大小；措施，办法private a.私人的；私下的，个人的，秘密的skill n.技能，技巧，手艺；熟练speaker n.扬声器，说话人，演讲人spend v.花费；消耗，用尽；度过，消磨teach v.教,教授,教训treat vt.治疗；论述，探讨；款待，请客；对待；处理n.款待，请客visit n.访问，参观，作客v.访问，参观，视察，巡视，常去warm a.暧和的，温暖的，热心的，热情的 v.（使）变暖频率为 11—15 次的词汇acquire vt.取得；获得；学到·10· .appropriate a.恰如其分的，适当的brain n.大脑；脑力，智能capital a.首位的，最重要的，基本的n.资本，资金；首都communication n. 传达，通讯；通讯系统；交通（工具）community n.社区；共同体courage n.勇气，胆量，胆识effective a.有效的；有影响的goal n.球门；得分；目的intend vt.想要，打算；意指label n.标签；标记，符号land n.陆地,土地；田地，国土，国家v.（使）登陆，（使）着陆major a.较大的n.专业，专业学生，少校v.主修，专攻obtain vt.获得，得到，obvious a.明显的，显而易见的operation n.运算；运转，开动，操作；手术plane n.平面，水平面；飞机remark v.（on）评论，谈论；注意到，察觉 n.（about，on）评语，议论，意见sound a.健康的，完好的；正当的，有根据的；彻底的，充分的v.发声，响；听起来n.声音，声响specially ad.专门地，特别地；附加的，额外的stab v./n.刺，戳tempt v.,引诱,吸引,使感兴趣tradition n.传统，惯例trend vi.伸向；倾向n.倾向，趋势trouble n.烦恼，麻烦，动乱，纠纷，疾病，故障；辛苦，费心v.（使）烦恼，麻烦type n.型，类型，铅字v.打字combine vt.结合，联合compare vt.比较，相比，对比；比作composition n.作品，作文，乐曲；写作，作曲；组成，构成，结构consequence n.结果，后果考研英语词汇、词频统计·11·convention n.大会，会议；惯例，公约，(换俘等)协定creative a.创造性的，创作的describe vt.形容；描写，描绘effort n.努力；努力的成果；艰难地尝试especial a. 特别的,特殊的especially ad.特别，尤其，格外establish vt.建立，设立；确立；安置grant n.授予物，拨款；同意，给予happen vi.(偶然)发生interpret vt.解释，说明；口译memory n.记忆；回忆；存储occur vi.发生；出现；被想到，被想起pattern n.型，式样，模，模型，图样v.仿制，模仿potential a.潜在的，可能的；势的，位的n.潜力，能力project n.方案，工程，计划vi.投射，放映；（使）凸出，（使）伸出；设计规划serious a.严肃的；主要的；重的，危急的；认真的specific a.明确的；具体的；特定的，特有的sphere n.球，圆体；范围，领域status n.地位，身份；情形，状况translate v.翻译void a.空的，空虚的；没有的，缺乏的；无效的wave n.波，波浪；（挥手）示意，致意；飘扬，起伏v. （挥手）示意，致意；波动，飘动wise a.有智慧，聪明的attack vt.进攻，着手，开始n.（病情）发作; 进攻，着手，开始attend v.出席，参加；照顾，护理auto n.汽车blank a.空白的，失色的n.空白，表格chairman n.主席；议长，会长，董事长climate n.气候，风气，社会风潮·12· .commit vt.犯(错误)，干(坏事)；把…委托给，托付给drop vt.使落下；降低evidence n.根据；证据；形迹，迹象hit vt.打；击中；撞；到达，完成n.一击，击中；轰动一时地人或事物interact vi.相互作用learned a.有学问的；学术上的maintain vt.维持；赡养；维修；坚持，主张manner n.方式；态度；礼貌meeting n.聚集，集会，会见mess n.混乱，混杂，肮脏necessary a.必需的，必要的；必然的organization n.组织体制；团体，机构physical a.物理的，自然科的有形的，物质的；肉体的，身体的；poet n.诗人principle n.原则，原理；主义，信念selection n.选择，挑选；选集，精选物similar a.相似的，类似的tire v.（使）疲劳；使厌倦n.轮胎，车胎trait n.特征，特点，特性vocabulary n.词汇表，词汇汇编wood n.木头，木材；[pl.]小森林，树林worth n.价值a.值…的,价值…的值得…的amateur a.业余的n.业余爱好者approach vt.向…靠近n.方法，途径，探讨assure vt.使确信；保证attach vt.缚，系；使隶属，使依附commercial a.商业的，商务的，贸易的corporation n.公司，企业；社团credit n.信用贷款；信用；名誉，名望；光荣，功劳；学分deliver vt.投递，送交；发表discipline n.纪律；训练；学科vt.训练distinct a.独特的，截然不同的；清楚的，明显的enterprise n.艰巨的事业，企业；事业心考研英语词汇、词频统计·13·exhibit vt.显示；陈列，展览expression n.词句；表达；表情；式，符号extreme n.极端，最大的程度，极度a.末端的，尽头的；极度的，极端的financial a.财政的，金融的further vt.增进，促进ad.更远，更往前a.更进一步的generation n.一代，一代人；产生highway n.公路；大路influence n.势力，权势；影响，感化v.影响，感化judge n.法官,审判员；裁判员，评判员；鉴定人v.审判，判决；评定，裁判；断定，判断later ad.后来；过一会儿layer n.层，层次；铺设者leader n.领袖；领导人local a.地方的；局部的loss n.遗失；损失；失败；亏损mechanic n.技工，机修工mend vt.改正，修正；改进origin n.起源，由来；出身，来历physician n.医生，内科医生provided conj.假如，只要，倘若relate vt.叙述，讲述；使互相关联relevant a.有关的，相应的，适当的，中肯的；实质性的，有重大意义的remain vi.剩下，余留；留待，尚须；仍然是，依旧是risk n.风险，危险，冒险v.冒…的危险rude a.无礼的，粗鲁的；猛烈的，残暴的；粗糙的，粗陋的settle v.安定，安顿；停息；安居；解决，调停site n.地点，位置；场所stake n.桩，标桩；赌注，利害关系suffer v.受痛苦，患病；受损失；遭受；忍受，忍耐threat n.威胁，恐吓，凶兆universe n.宇宙，世界advertise vi.做广告·14· .argue vi.争论，辩论，主张，说服audience n.听众，观众，读者；遏见beyond prep.在…的那边，远于，迟于，超出bid v.祝愿；命令；报价cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸n.演员表comment n./v.注释，评论，意见complex a.复杂的，合成的，综合的connect vt.连接，连结；联系continent n.大陆；洲couple n.一对；夫妇；力偶，电偶desire vt.欲望；要求n.愿望，欲望，要求emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工fundamental a.基础的，基本的historic a.有历史意义的，历史地holder n.持有/所有人,支持物hut n.小屋；棚屋；茅屋immediate a.立即的；直接的imply vt.暗示，意指independent a.独立的；自主的inner a.内部的；内心的listener n.听者，听众之一liver n.肝；肝脏medicine n.医学；内科学；内服药mission n.使命，任务；使团，代表团notice vt.注意n.通知；注意Outline n.轮廓；略图；大纲，梗概v.概述，略述perform vt.履行;表演，行动；表演；演出pick n.镐，鹤嘴锄v.拾，采，摘；挑选，选择porter n.搬运工人；门房prediction n.预言，预告；预报press n.报刊，出版社，通讯社；压榨机；压，按，v.压，按；压榨，压迫；紧迫，催促，逼迫prevent vt.预防，防止；阻止push v.推，逼迫，催逼n.推，推力；促进，推进radical a.基本的,重要的;激进的,极端的;根本的responsible a.（for，to）应负责的，有责任的；可靠的，可信赖的；责任重大的，重要的考研英语词汇、词频统计·15·scar n.伤疤，伤痕；创伤seek v.（after，for）寻找，探索；试图，企图simply ad.简单地；仅仅，只不过；朴素地；完全，简直speech n.言语，语言；演说，讲话stock n.备料，库存，现货；股票，v.储存stress n.压力，应力；重音v.着重，强调trade vi.经商，交易n.贸易，商业；职业，行业tribute n.贡品；颂词，称赞，（表示敬意的）礼物urge v.催促，力劝；强烈希望；鼓励，促进n.强烈欲望，迫切要求valid a.有效的；合理的，有根据的verbal a.用言辞的，用文字的；口头的；动词的wind n.风；气息，呼吸v.绕，缠；上发条within prep.在…里面，在…以内ad.在内频率为 10 次的词汇access n.接近；通道，入口;接近(或进入)的方法announce vt.宣布，发表；报告…的来到cash n.现金，现款conclusion n.结束，终结；结论，推论consist vi.由…组成；在于，存在于consumption n.消费(量)，消耗contract n.契约，合同；婚约core n.果实的心，核心critical a.决定性的；批评的；临界的defend vt.保卫，防守；辩护，答辩encourage vt.鼓励，支持，怂恿excess n.超越；过量；过度exhibition n.展览focus vi.聚焦，注视n.焦点·16· .former a.在前的pro n.前者fuel n.燃料vt.给…加燃料intention n.意图，意向，目的nearly ad.几乎，差不多official a.官方的，正式的n.官员opinion n.意见，看法，主张Ounce n. 盎司，英两Owner n.物主，所有人personality n.人格，个性；人物progress n.进展；进步v. 前进，进展；进步reject v.拒绝，抵制，驳回；丢弃；排斥，退掉relative a.有关系的，相关的；相对的，比较的resident a.居住的n.居民，常住者scatter v.散开，驱散；散步，散播sigh n叹息声，叹息v.叹息，叹气spit v.吐痰，吐唾沫n.唾液spite n.恶意，怨恨stage n.舞台，戏剧；阶段，时期strange a.陌生的，生疏的；奇异的，奇怪的；外地的，异乡的survive v.幸免于，幸存；比…长命tale n.传说；故事traffic n.交通，交通量university n.大学频率为 9 次的词汇argument n.争论，争辩，论据，论点attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性，品质，特征blame vt.责备，把…归咎于n.责任，过错，责备bound a.理应，必定，准备到…去v./n.跳越challenge n.挑战，艰巨任务；难题channel n.海峡；信道；路线，途径constitute v.构成，组成；考研英语词汇、词频统计·17·contain vt.包含，容纳；等于deep a.深的，深刻的，深切的ad.深，迟definite a.明确的；肯定的，限定的definition n.定义，释义；定界demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露directly ad.直接地；立即disease n.疾病drama n.一出戏剧，剧本；戏剧性的场面due a.预期的；应给的，应支付的；应有的engine n.发动机，引擎；机车fell vt.砍倒(树等)；砍伐figure n.数字；外形；人物v.算出，估计，推测frequent a.时常发生的；经常的fuse n.保险丝，导火线v.熔化，熔合gain v./n.获得，利益，增加gum n.口香糖；树胶intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的justify vt.证明…是正当的lame a.跛的，瘸的；有缺陷的largely ad.主要的，基本上的；大量地leisure n.空闲时间；悠闲lest conj.惟恐，以免lock n.锁vt.锁上，锁住mass n.(聚成一体的)团，块mere a.仅仅的；纯粹的mist n.薄雾motor n.发动机；机动车organize vt.组织，编组partly ad.部分地，不完全地popular a.大众的；流行的，通俗的；广受欢迎的，有名的privilege n.特权，优惠，特许v.给予优惠，给予特权prolong vt.延长，拉长，拖延prospect n.展望；前景，前途；景色revolution n.革命；旋转，转数rival n.竞争者，对手a.竞争的v.竞争，对抗sad a.悲哀的，忧愁的saw n.锯子，锯床v.锯，锯开·18· .score n.二十；(比赛)得分，得数sight n.视力；视觉；望见；视域；眼界；情景，奇观significant n.有意义的；重要的，重大的simple a.单纯的，直率的；迟钝的，头脑简单的；简单的；朴素的solar a.太阳的，日光的sort n.种类；类别v.整理，分类species n.种类；(生物分类)种spy n.间谍，特务vt.当间谍，刺探；察觉，发现station v.驻扎；安置n.车站；所，站，局；身份，地位statistics n.统计stay vi.停留，暂住；保持下去，能继续；停止，站住n.逗留，停留sufficient a.足够的，充分的suggest v.建议，提出；使想起，暗示suit n.一套(衣服)；诉讼v.合适，适合；相配，适应super a.极好的，超级的talent n.天才；才能，天资training n.训练，培养transfer v.转移，调动；转车，转业，转学；转让，过户wonder n.惊奇，惊异；奇迹，奇事v.诧异，奇怪；纳闷，想知道难怪，怪不得频率为 8 次的词汇academic a.学院的；学术的admit v.承认；接纳apparent a.显而易见的，明显的；表面的，貌似的appeal v./n.呼吁要求；申述，上诉；对…有吸引力assess vt.估价，评价assume vt.假定；采取；呈现atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛；大气压考研英语词汇、词频统计·19·attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图，努力aware a.知道的，意识到的beneath prep./ad.在…下方，向下board n.木板；全体委员；船舷v.上船，登机，上车compete vi.比赛，竞争cope vi.对付，应付damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害deed n.行为；事迹depress vt.使沮丧，压抑；降低educate vt.教育；培养；训练efficient a.效率高的；有能力的emotion n.感情；情绪；激动fashion n.样子，方式；风尚giant n.巨人；巨物hind a.后面的，后部的honor vt.给...以荣誉，尊敬n.尊敬，敬意；光荣icy a.冰冷的；冷冰冰的implication n.含义，暗示，暗指incident n.小事件；插曲；事变increasingly ad.日益，越来越多地innovation n.创新，改革，新设施liability n.责任；倾向；债务liable a.易于…的；可能的link vt.连接n.环，环节oar n.桨；划手vi.划(行)pie n.(西点)馅饼piece n.(文艺作品的)篇，首；碎片，断片v.拼合，拼凑policy n.政策，方针portion n.一部分；一分poverty n.贫穷，贫困preside vi.主持profit n.益处；利润，收益vi.（by，from）得利，获益；利用；有利于ray n.光线,射线recommend v.推荐，介绍;劝告,建议reflect v.反映，表现；反省，细想；考虑replace vt.把…放回；取代，替换；归还·20· .responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责，任务satellite n.卫星，人造卫星security n.安全，安全感shock n.冲击，震动；电击，触电；震惊；休克v.（使）震动，（使）震惊；（使）休克statement n.陈述，声明store v. 贮备，贮藏n.商店，店铺；贮藏，贮备品survival n.幸存(者)，残存物；生存，幸存tax v.对…征税，使负重担n.税（款），负担team vi.协同工作n.小队，小组temper n.脾气,情绪;韧度,回火度threaten v.威胁，恐吓；有…危险，快要来临tight ad.紧紧地a.紧的；紧身的，装紧的；密封的，不透…的typical a.典型的，有代表性的vitamin n.维生素，维他命warn vt.警告，告诫witness n.证据，证明；目击者，证人v.目击，目睹；作证频率为7次的词汇abuse vt./ n.滥用；虐待；谩骂adopt vt.收养；采用；通过aggressive a.侵略的，好斗的；有进取心的；敢作敢为的artificial a.人工的；人为的，造作的assert vt.断言，宣称assumption n. 假设，承担bear n.熊v.忍受；负担；结果实，生子女bright a.明亮的；聪明的；聪明的chief n.首领，领袖a.主要的，首要的circumstance n.情况，形势，环境；经济情形，境况conduct n.举止，行为，品行v.引导，带领；处理，管理；指挥考研英语词汇、词频统计·21·Confidence n.信任，信心；私房话；秘密，机密confront vt.面临，遭遇，面对consistent a.前后一致的，连贯的constant a.经常的，不断的；永恒的，坚定的，忠实的construct vt.建造，建设，构筑contest vt.竞争，竞赛，比赛counter n.柜台，计数器criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯a.犯罪的，刑事的crude a.生的，未熟的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的，粗野的current a. 当前的；通用的n.电流，水流；潮流，趋势desirable a.值得期望的；称心如意的despite prep.不管，不顾digital a.数字的，计数的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的；模糊的distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinction n.差别，不同，区分diver vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲dome n.圆屋顶，拱顶dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的；剧烈的dying a.垂死的；临终的emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出entitle vt.把…称作，给以权利（或资格），给…题名eventually ad.终于；最后expand vt.扩大；使膨胀fault n.缺点；过失；故障flow vi.流，流动intelligent a.聪明的；理智的interior n.内部a.内部的introduce vt.提出(议案等)；介绍；引进；采用item n.条，条款；项目leading a.指导的；最主要的literature n.文学；文献，文学作品loud a.响亮的，大声的；吵闹的magazine n.杂志，期刊male a.男的，雄的n.男子manifest vt.表明，显示a.明白的·22· .mention v./n.提到，说起note n.钞票，纸币；笔记；暗语；注释；便条occasion n.场合，时刻；时机odd a.奇数的；单只的；奇怪的；临时的，不固定的；带零头的party n.聚会，政党，党派；一方，当事人phrase n.短语；习惯用语，词语positive a.正的；阳性的；十足的，完全的；积极的，肯定的；确实的，明确的precise a.精确的，准确的pride n.骄傲；自满；自豪，自尊心，傲慢；引以自豪的东西v.使自豪，使自夸rare a.稀有的,珍奇的;稀薄的，难得的，稀疏的regulation n.规章，规则；调节，校准；调整remove vt.移动，搬开；脱掉，运走；去掉，排除resolve vt.决心，决定；（使）分解，溶解；议决，决议n.解决，解答；决心；决议reward n.（for）报酬，赏金，奖赏v.（for）酬劳，奖赏；酬谢，报答，奖酬row n.(一)排，(一)行；吵嚷,口角v.划（船）等，荡桨satisfaction n.满意，满足；乐事，愉快scale n.刻度，标度；天平，磅秤，秤；比例尺；规模；音阶；鱼鳞single a.单一的，单个的；独身的未婚的；单人的span n.跨距；一段时间spirit n.精神；气概，志气；[pl.]情绪，心情；[pl.]酒精，烈酒spread v.伸开，伸展；传播，散布n.伸开，伸展；传播，散布stern n.船尾，舟尾a.严厉的，苛刻的；坚决的，坚定的storage n.贮藏量，保管；库房succeed v.成功；继承，接替考研英语词汇、词频统计·23·telephone n.电话,电话机v.打电话trip v.失足，绊倒n.旅行，远足turn v.转动，旋转，翻（转），（使）变化，变成n.旋转；变向；转弯，旋转；轮流universal ad.普遍的，全体的，通用的；宇宙的，世界的vast a.巨大的；大量的；巨额的warning n.警告，频率为 6 次的词汇absorb vt.吸收；使专心accomplish vt.完成admire vt.钦佩；赞美afford vt.买的起，担负得起…；供给appreciate vt.感激；正确评价，欣赏arise vi.出现，发生；（from）由…引起（产生）assemble vt.集合，召集；装配associate vi.使联系，使联合；交往n.伙伴，同事，同行background n.背景，后景，经历blind a.瞎的，盲目的n.百叶窗；窗帘；遮帘v.使失明，蒙蔽boom n./v. 迅速发展，兴旺，发出隆隆声camp n.野营，营地，兵营，帐篷v.设营，宿营candidate n.候选人，候补者，报名者casual a.偶然的；临时的，非正式的cement n.水泥，胶泥，胶接剂v.粘结，粘紧certainly ad.一定，必定；当然，行characterize vt.表示...的特征committee n.委员会；全体委员commodity n.商品，物品comparative a.比较的，相当的comparison n.比较，对照；比喻，比拟concentration n.集中；专心；浓缩conform v.遵守，依照，符合consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴，照顾；需要考虑的事，理由·24· .convenient a.便利的；方便的conversation n.会谈，谈话crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪define vt.给…下定义；限定degree n.程度；度；学位；等级delay vt.推迟；耽搁；延误dependence n. 依赖,依存；信赖derive v.取得，引申出;起源description n.描写，形容；种类desert vt.遗弃；擅离(职守)n.沙漠，不毛之地deserve vt.应受，值得device n.器械，装置，设备；设计，方法distance n.距离；远处efficiency n.效率；功效，效能emotional a.感情的，情绪的employer n.雇佣者，雇主entertain vt.使欢乐；招待estimate vt.估计，评价n.估计，评估exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出excessive a.过多的，极度的，过分的exclusive a.专有的，独占的；排外的explosion n.爆炸，爆发，extent n.广度；范围；程度flash vi.(火焰等)一闪,闪亮，闪现n.闪光forward ad.向前，前进gift n.礼物，赠品；天赋grand a.庄严的；伟大的；盛大的guarantee n./v.保证；担保happiness n.幸福，幸运；快乐hemisphere n.半球hence ad.因此，所以；今后host n.主人；东道主；一大群，许多；主持人ignore vt.不顾，不理，忽视impact n.影响，作用；冲击v.冲击，装紧impose vi.征税；把…强加给impress vt.印;留下极深的印象indeed ad.的确；真正地initial a.最初，开始insurance n.保险；保险费，保险业introduction n.介绍；引进；引言lag vi.走得慢，落后 n.落后lawyer n.律师考研英语词汇、词频统计·25·lecture n./vi.演讲，讲课lung n.肺脏，肺mankind n.人类master n.主人；能手；硕士v.精通，掌握native a.本国的，本土的necessity n.必要性；必然性；必需品net vt.用网捕；用网覆盖a.净的，纯净的noise n.喧闹声；响声；噪声notion n.概念，意念；看法，观念offend v.冒犯，犯过错oppose vt.反对；反抗optimistic a.乐观的；乐观主义的orient n.东方；亚洲，远东v.定…的_______方位partial a.部分的；不公平的；偏袒的persuade vt.劝说；说服；相信philosopher n.哲学家，哲人pine n.松树，松木plus prep.加 a.正的，加的n.加号，正号port n.港，港口possess vt.占用，拥有(财产)property n.财产；资产，所有物；性质，特性proportion n.比例；部分，份儿；均衡，相称psychological a.心理的，心理学的rational a.理性的,合理的regular a.有规则的，有规律的；整齐的，匀称的，正规的，正式的remarkable a.值得注意的；显著的，异常的，非凡的represent vt.描绘；代表；象征，代理；阐明，说明resign v.辞去，辞职retire vi.退休，引退；退却，撤退；就寝reveal vt.展现，显示；揭示，揭露，告诉，泄露sand n.沙；[pl.]沙滩，沙地scope n.（活动）范围；余地，机会screen n.屏风，屏幕；帘v.掩蔽，包庇；筛选secure a.（from，against）安全的，可靠的，放心的v.得到，获得；防护，保卫·26· .sensitive a.（to）敏感的，易受伤害的；灵敏的severe a.严格的，严厉的；剧烈的，严重的，严峻的，艰难的significance n.意义，含义；重要性，重大smooth a.光滑的，平滑的；平稳的；平静的；顺利的；流畅的；柔和的solid a.固体的；实心的；结实的，稳固的，可靠的n.固体solution n.解决方法，解答；溶解，溶液strain n.过多的疲劳，紧张；张力，应变v.扭伤，拉伤；拉紧，扯紧；紧张，尽力sudden a.突然的，意外的sympathy n.同情；同感；慰问，同情心systematic a.系统的，有组织的task n.任务，工作，作业tile n.瓦片，瓷砖；贴砖tour n./vi.旅行，游历transaction n.处理，办理；交易，事务；。
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考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2012年阅读Text 2（上）
本文选自《波士顿环球报》(The Boston Globe)，原文标题为Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises,这是一篇关于核电站守信的文章，文章虽然较难，但是后面的题目设置比较简单，可以在原文中找到答案，但前提是读懂其中的核心关键词。
接下来就让我们一起来学习本篇中的重点词汇。
1. 3 outrage ['aʊtreɪdʒ]
n. 1. 义愤，愤慨 2. 暴行vt. 激起…的义愤，激怒
【词根记忆】：out (外面，超出) +rage (生气，愤怒)→特别生气,出离愤怒→义愤，愤慨→对什么事情特别生气→暴行，骇人听闻的事件
【真题例句】：The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. 该公司是新英格兰地区的一家主要能源供应商。
它上星期在佛蒙特州激起了愤怒，而且这种愤怒合乎情理。
(2012年阅读Text 2)
2. 2 abide [ə'baɪd]
v. (by) 1. 遵守2. 坚持 3. 忍受
【词根记忆】：a(强调)+bide(咬)→咬牙坚持，咬牙忍受，遵守也是一种坚持→坚持，忍受，遵守
【真题例句】：It was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. 它将违背“遵守严格的核安全条例”这一长期许诺。
(2012年阅读Text2)
3. 7 permission[pə'mɪʃən]
n.允许,许可
【词根记忆】：permit的名词形式
【真题例句】：As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. 作为政府允许买卖的条件，公司同意2012年以后的运营许可证须向州立监管机构申请。
(2012年阅读Text 2)
4. 17 extension [ɪk'stenʃn]
n. 1. 伸出，伸展，扩大 2. 延长部分，扩大部分，扩建部分3. 电话分机，分机号码【词根记忆】：extend的名词形式
【真题例句】：In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. 在2006年，政府做出更进一步要求：该核电厂的任何延期申请都需该州立法机构的批准。
(2012年阅读Text 2)
5. 3 subject ['sʌbdʒekt]
n.1.主题2.学科3.(试验等的)对象4.主语
a.(to)1.受…支配的，取决于…的2.易遭…的vt.(to) 1.使服从2.使遭受
【词根记忆】：sub(在…下面)+ject(扔)→扔下去→服从的，受…支配
【真题例句】：In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 另外，一个公司使用的评
估血缘关系的计算机程序可能申报了专利，因此就无法对它们进行同行评审或外界评估。
(2009年阅读Text 2)
6. 5 foresee [fɔ：'si：]
vt.预见，预知
【词根记忆】：fore(前)+see (看)→预见
【真题例句】：Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. 或者是Entergy从未想过要遵守那些约定，或者是它没有预料到接下来所发生的事情。
(2014年阅读Text4)
7. 2 precedent ['presɪd(ə)nt]
n.1.先例，范例，判例2.惯例
【词根记忆】：pre(前) + ced (走) +ent (名词后缀) →走在前面的事情→先例，范例【真题例句】：Legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.法学者认为佛蒙特州一案将为“州政府的权力究竟有多大”提供一个先例。
(2012年阅读Text2)
8. 10 application [,æplɪ'keɪʃn]
n. 1. 申请，申请表，申请书2. 应用
【词根记忆】：applic(应用)+ation(名词后缀)→1. 申请，应用
【短语搭配】：application for 申请
【真题例句】：But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth. 但是，当核监管委员会(NRC)审核该公司的申请时，它应谨记它所应允的Entergy公司是否值得。
(2012年阅读Text2)
背景知识补充：安特吉公司(NYSE:ETR)是一家电力控股公司，也是美国最大的核电公司之一，它为阿肯色州、路易斯安那、密西西比和德克萨斯州的250万用户供电，同时还为路易斯安那州的24万用户供应天然气。
9.2 reactor [rɪ'æktə(r)]
n. 起反应的人;反应装置; 核反应堆
【词根记忆】：re(back)+act(做，起作用)+or(表示人或物的名词后缀)→施加作用力之后对作用力进行回应的人或物→起反应的人; 反应装置
【真题例句】：The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. 当2002年时，公司在弗农买下佛蒙特州仅有的核电厂，一个日渐老化的反应堆，这场争议便已浮出水面。
(2012年阅读Text2)
10. 3 enrage [ɪn'reɪdʒ]
v. 激怒; 使愤怒
【词根记忆】：en (使动前缀) + rage(愤怒)→使愤怒;激怒
【真题例句】：Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. 由于Entergy的激怒，去年，佛蒙特州参议院以26:4否决了它的延期申请。
(2012年阅读Text2)
凯程教育：
凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李
外，最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。