1+Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lowerlevel of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________. 26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological psychologicalB. psychological sociologicalC. applied pragmaticD.semantic linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?。
考研 1 introduction_of_Linguistics
Arbitrariness ---任意性，最先由
Saussure提出，语言学之父。 Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.
Duality（二重性） 语言是层级性的，主要是由
syllables morphemes word phrase sentence discourse这么个系统组成的。 (浙大）问答题：Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of human lg.
讲义一 Introduction to Linguistics
Grace Tan
T/F
1.The relation between form and meaning in human
language is natural. 2.When lg is used to get information from others , it serves an informative function. 3.The reason for French to use Cheval and English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable. 4.Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation. 5.Halliday′s linguistic potential is similar to the notions of parole and performance. 6.Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how lgs work, not with how they can be improved.
[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction
![[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c54459bff7ec4afe05a1df71.png)
展。
• a Panorama of Publishing 出版业概况 • book industry 图书出版业 • book community 书业团体
Questions on part 1
• 1 [+ obj] : to prepare and produce (a book, magazine, etc.) for sale ▪ It's a small company that only publishes about four books a year. ▪ The university press publishes academic titles. ▪ The newspaper is published daily. 2 : to have something you wrote included in a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. [no obj] ▪ There is a lot of pressure for professors to publish regularly. [+ obj] ▪ He has not published anything for a long time. 3 [+ obj] : to include (an article, letter, photograph, etc.) in a magazine or newspaper ▪ The magazine published two of my stories.
3. intriguing
1-introduction (s)(1-简介)
Marketing is so much more than that!（营销远 不止这些）
Packaging（包装） Strategy（策略） Competitive Strategies（竞 Sales, Sales-force 争优势） （销售，销售队伍） Market Penetration（市场 Brand Management 渗透） （品牌管理） Quality（质量）
Meaning:
Creating customer value and satisfaction are at the heart of modern marketing thinking A very simple definition of marketing is the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit. Goals of marketing are to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction. Marketing is much more than selling and advertising. It is about understanding and satisfying customer needs.
Logistics（物流） Location（定位） Distribution Channels（分销渠道） Pricing Considerations（价格策略）
Globalization（全球化）
New Product Develop（新产品开发） Service Delivery（服务交付）
1Introduction
主要内容 (Outline)• 绪论小规模集成电路三（SSI）• 逻辑函数基础 门电路个• 组合逻辑电路模 块中规模集成电路 （MSI）• 集成触发器 • 时序逻辑电路大规模集成电路 • 半导体存储器（LSI）• 数模、模数转换电路绪论 (Introduction)一、数字(digital)信号和模拟(analog)信号 数字量和模拟量 数字电路和模拟电路二、数字信号相关概念 二进制数 Binary Digits 数字信号的逻辑电平 Logic Levels 数字信号波形 Digital Waveforms一、Digital Signal and Analog Signal Digital and Analog Quantities电子 电路 中的 信号模拟信号: 连续analogue signal value数字信号: 离散digital signal valuetime time模拟信号T( C) 30采样信号T( C)sampled3025离散化 2520202 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.数字化－表示 为由0、1组成 的二进制码Analog Electronic SystemDigital and Analog Electronic System★ 工作在模拟信号下的电子电路是模拟电路。
研究模拟电路时，注重电路输入、输出信号 间的大小、相位关系。
包括交直流放大器、 滤波器、信号发生器等。
★ 模拟电路中，晶体管一般工作在放大状态。
★ 工作在数字信号下的电子电路是数字电路。
研究数字电路时，注重电路输出、输入间的逻 辑关系。
主要的分析工具是逻辑代数，电路的 功能用真值表、逻辑表达式或波形图表示。
★ 在数字电路中，三极管工作在开关状态， 即工作在饱和状态或截止状态。
Lecture 1 Introduction
LOGO
（4）Expressiveness
It is the East, and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon… (Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) 那就是东方, 朱丽叶就是太阳! 起来吧,美丽的太阳! 赶走那妒忌的月亮……(朱生豪译)
这是莎士比亚名剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 中罗密欧的一段台词.正是通过这种直接 的抒情, 表现了罗密欧炽热而真挚的情 怀,以及他对朱丽叶的仰慕之情.这是一 种直抒胸臆的表达方法.
LOGO
Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer‟s lease hath all too short a date 我可能把你和夏天相比拟？ 你比夏天更可爱更温和： 狂风会把五月的花苞吹落地 夏天也嫌太短促，匆匆而过。(梁实秋译)
LOGO
The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth) 儿童是成人之父 童年的经历可决定成年后的性格. Then her soul sat on her lips，and language flowed， from what source I cannot tell．(Jane Eye，Chapter 8) 译文一：于是她能把思想表达出来，话流露出来了， 从什么地方来的我却不知道。(李霁野，1990：84) 译文二：接着，她的心灵就像坐在她的嘴唇上似的， 话语滔滔不绝地流出来；我也说不出它是从哪个源头流 出来的。(祝庆英，1980：90)
Topic 1 Introduction
Trygve Haavelmo (Norway)
1980 Nobel Laureates in Economics
Lawrence R. Klein (University of Pennsylvania), “For the creation of econometric models and their application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies”
Topic 1: Introduction to Econometrics
What is econometrics? Why study econometrics? Types of econometrics Nobel Prize and Econometrics Methodology of econometrics
2. Specification of the Mathematical Model 1) Specification of variables e.g. consumption (income) inflation (money supply of the previous period, GDP growth rate) income (qualification, IQ, EQ, gender, etc.) weight (height, gender, race, age, etc.) * It should be based on economic theory and analysis of economic phenomena * Data availability * The relationship among variables: independence
unit1_introduction
The aim/ purpose of this report is to… This present report sets out to… My purpose in writing/ My purpose of writing this report is to… In writing this report, I aim to… It has been found out that… The findings show that… I found out that…
an insurance policy covering loss of movable property (e.g. jewelry) regardless of its location
Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an oversea importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad. 统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中 的一种便利的办法， 特别适用于分不同的时间出口的 一批类似的货物，如， 被保险方根据独家代理协议书 向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表设立 分支机构时使用。
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
Under the request that the strength, rigidity, stability are satisfied, offer the necessary theoretical foundation and calculation method for determining reasonable shapes and dimensions, choosing proper materials for the components at the most economic price.
Foreign teacher lesson 15%, Final Exam 65%,
Tutor Details
Lecturer : Dr. Zongjian-Yao（姚宗健） Email: 39189611@ Tel: 13256769973
Mechanics of Materials
刚度 : 杆件在外载作用下，抵抗弹性变形的能力。
稳定性 : 杆件在压力外载作用下，保持其原有平衡状态的能力。
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
Problems about the strength, rigidity and stability of engineering structures
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
Problems about the strength, rigidity and stability in large bridges.
Mechanics of Materials 材料力学
Course Details
Activity: 80classes, 72Lectures and 8 Laboratory Sessions Assessment: Attendance 10%, Assignments 5%, Experiment 5%,
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(a)
(b)
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
Strength :
Capacity to resist failure of a component or an element.
Rigidity : Capacity to resist deformations of a component or an element.
strength
Problems about
rigidity
stability
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
工程结构的强度、 刚度和稳定问题 强 稳刚 度 定度 问 题
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
Stability : Capacity to remain the original state in equilibrium of a component or an element
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
强度 : 杆件在外载作用下，抵抗断裂或过量塑性变形的能力。
Strength of Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies
Physics and Theoretical Mechanics: The general rule of movement（Particle、Rigid Body）
Particle:mass Rigid Body: mass and volume Deformable Body: mass, volume and deformation
Particle —— Rigid Body —— Deformable Body The result of the development of mechanics
Mechanics of Materials
Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
§1 The objective of mechThe objective of mechanics of materials
Strength(强度): Capacity to resist failure of a component or an element.
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
Determine the stresses, strains and displacements in structural members due to the loads acting on them Make sure the member or the structure is stable Strength、 Rigidity、 Stability
There are problems about the strength, rigidity and stability in a bicycle structure too
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
自行车结构也有强度、 刚度和稳定问题
Rigidity(刚度): Capacity to resist deformations of a component or an element.
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§1 The objective of mechanics of materials
Stability(稳定性): Capacity to remain the original state in equilibrium of a component or an element