人教版英语八年级上英语动词的时态复习总结及答案解析百度文库
人教版八年级英语上册知识点总结

人教版八年级英语上册知识点总结一、基本语法1.时态:英语时态分为以下几种:现在时、过去时、将来时。
每种时态又分为简单时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态等。
例如:–现在时:简单现在时: 主语 + 动词原形;进行现在时:主语 + be(am/is/are) + v-ing;完成现在时:主语 + have / has + 过去分词;完成进行现在时:主语 + have / has + been + v-ing。
–过去时:简单过去时:主语 + 动词过去式;进行过去时:主语 + was / were + v-ing;完成过去时:主语 + had + 过去分词;完成进行过去时:主语 + had + been + v-ing。
–将来时:简单将来时:主语 + will / shall + 动词原形;进行将来时:主语 + will / shall + be + v-ing;完成将来时:主语 + will / shall + have + 过去分词;完成进行将来时:主语 + will / shall + have + been + v-ing。
2.倒装句:倒装是指把谓语动词放在主语前面形成的一种语法现象。
如:Only in this way can we solve the problem. (只有这样才能解决问题。
) 倒装句句型格式为:_____+主语(名词或代词)+_____。
在不同的情况下需要用到不同的“辅助动词/助动词”来进行倒装。
3.被动语态:被动语态就是在句子中表达动作的承受者(即主语)的语态。
结构为:被(或受)动责任的动词(to be) + 过去分词。
如:The book was written by him.(这本书是由他写的。
)4.虚拟语气:虚拟语气是指在表示假设,愿望,建议等语气时所使用的一种语态形式。
其结构为:主语+should/could/might/would+(have)+动词原形。
如: If I were you, I would buy this dress(如果我是你,我会买这件衣服。
(英语)初中英语动词的时态专项训练及答案及解析

(英语)初中英语动词的时态专项训练及答案及解析一、初中英语动词的时态1.---Have you ever been to Harbin?---Yes. I ________ there when I was twelve for the Ice and Snow Festival.A.have goon B.have been C.went D.had been【答案】C【解析】【详解】句意:——你曾经去过哈尔滨吗?——是的,当我十二岁的时候去了冰雪节。
这里是when 引导的时间状语从句,主语用一般过去时态,这里用go的过去式went。
根据题意,故选C。
2.The life we were used to _______ greatly since 1992.A.change B.have changed C.changing D.has changed【答案】D【解析】试题分析:句意:我们过去的生活自从1992年后有了巨大的变化。
本题需要断句正确,we were used to作句子主语的定语,句子缺少谓语动词,根据时间状语since 1992,可知句子的谓语用现在完成时态,主语是the life 用第三人称has changed,故选D。
考点:考查完成时态的用法。
3.—Could you tell me what he said just now?—Sorry, I ___ about what I would do tomorrow.A.will think B.was thinking C.thought D.think【答案】B【解析】【详解】句意:你能告诉我他刚才说什么吗?对不起,我正考虑明天我要做什么。
考查时态。
A. will think(一般将来时);B. was thinking(过去进行时);C. thought (一般过去式);D. think(一般现在时);根据句意,“考虑”这个动作发生刚才在他讲话的时候,在过去某个时间点发生的动作用过去进行时,故选B。
人教版英语英语动词的时态用法总结及解析

人教版英语英语动词的时态用法总结及解析一、初中英语动词的时态1.---Did you watch the program The Voice last night?---I wanted to, but my mother __________her favorite TV play.A.watches B.watched C.was watching D.is watching【答案】C【解析】句意:昨晚你看《The Voice》了吗?——我想看,但是我妈妈在看她最喜欢的电视剧。
下句是解释了当时为何没有观看《The Voice》的原因,是由于当时妈妈在看她最喜欢的电视剧。
在过去的某一时刻发生的动作用过去进行时态来表达,故答案为C。
2.-Has your cousin arrived in Beijing yet?--Yes. She Beijing since yesterday morning.A.arrived in B.has arrived in C.has been in D.has been to【答案】C【解析】句意:你表弟到北京了吗?-是的。
她从昨天起就在北京了。
since yesterday morning自昨天早晨以来,表示的是截止到目前为止的时间段,用于现在完成时态,排除A;arrived为短暂性动词,不能与表示一段的时间状语连用;have been to表示某人去过某地,也不能与表示一段的时间状语连用,故答案为C。
点睛:have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”,常与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:since, for, how long 等。
例如:Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。
have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”,现在已经不在那里了。
可与just, ever, never等连用,例如: I have just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。
(英语)初中英语动词的时态专题训练答案及解析

(英语)初中英语动词的时态专题训练答案及解析一、初中英语动词的时态1.Jack ______ a shower when his mother rang him up.A.takesB.has takenC.is takingD.was taking【答案】D【解析】句意:当他妈妈给他打电话的时候杰克正在洗澡。
本句考查过去进行时态。
“他妈妈打电话”是过去的时间,在过去某个时间正在进行的动作,使用过去进行时,故选D。
2.—My grandma looking at that photo on the wall.—I can understand. It helps her remember her childhood.A.enjoys B.enjoyedC.was enjoying D.will enjoy【答案】A【解析】句意:——我奶奶喜欢看墙上的那个照片。
——我能理解,它能帮她想起她的童年。
A. enjoys喜欢,用于一般现在时态,主语单三时; B. enjoyed 喜欢,用于一般过去时态;C. was enjoying 喜欢,用于过去进行时态,主语单三时;D. will enjoy喜欢,用于一般将来时态;根据It helps her remember her childhood.可知用一般现在时态;故选A3.-Has your cousin arrived in Beijing yet?--Yes. She Beijing since yesterday morning.A.arrived in B.has arrived in C.has been in D.has been to【答案】C【解析】句意:你表弟到北京了吗?-是的。
她从昨天起就在北京了。
since yesterday morning自昨天早晨以来,表示的是截止到目前为止的时间段,用于现在完成时态,排除A;arrived为短暂性动词,不能与表示一段的时间状语连用;have been to表示某人去过某地,也不能与表示一段的时间状语连用,故答案为C。
人教版八年级英语动词时态专项练习(含答案和解析)

一、选择题1.—Jimmy lost his key yesterday.—________? It’s his third time in just one month.A.Did he B.Was he C.Has he D.Does he2.--- David, ________. You fall asleep in class again!--- I’m sorry. I promise that I ________.A.wakes up; will B.wake up; will C.waking up; won’t D.wake up; won’t 3.Paul could be a very attractive boy but he ______ to his behaviour.A.paid no attention B.were paying no attentionC.pays no attention D.had paid no attention4.An increased concentration of carbon dioxide and certai n other gases in the Earth’s atmosphere ______ global warming.A.contributing to B.contribute toC.contributes to D.to contribute to5.My parents in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. A.live B.livedC.were living D.will live6.“81192”, the number of Wang Wei’s plane, ________ up on many Chinese media outlets to remind us of our hero on April 1 every year.A.showed B.showing C.to show D.shows7.- Work hard, Tom. And if you , you’ll succeed. - OK. I will.A.are B.do C.have D.will8.Not only my classmates but also our English teacher Chinese poems, so we often share their favourite ones.A.like B.liked C.likes D.liking9.—I’d like to borrow a book. Its name is “Travel around the world”.—Let me check on the computer first. Oh, it _____________ that Kate has got it.A.says B.is said C.has said D.was said10.--- Do you like the new pen?--- Yes, it _______ very well.A.is written B.writes C.is writing D.has written11.- Honey, this is a present for your birthday.- Ah! A pair of shoes, well-known-brand – Nike. I think it _______ comfortable:A.is worn B.wears C.is wearing D.has worn12.Our class _______ forty-five students, in other words, forty-five students ______ our class. A.consists of, are made up of.B.is consisted of, make up.C.consists of, make up.D.is consisted of, are made up of.13.—Madam, look at the sign. You are not allowed to sit in this game area for kids.—Sorry, I ________ it. I will go somewhere else.A.don’t notice B.didn’t notice C.haven’t noticed D.wasn’t noticed 14.—When are you leaving?—My plane _________ at six.A.took off B.is about to take offC.takes off D.will take off15.We’ll never forget the village in which there ________ a small hill and a beautiful l ake. A.used to be B.used to have C.was used to be D.was used to having 16.I________in London for over ten years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.A.was living B.would live C.lived D.have lived 17.— Why didn't you answer my call?— sorry. I _______ an old friend and we _______all the time.A.have met; are talking B.met; talked C.met; are talkingD.met; were talking18.—Have you ever visited Russia, Wilson?一Yes, I have. I _____ there last summer for two weeks.A.went B.was going C.have gone D.goes19.What a surprise to see you here! When ________ you ________ back here?A.do; get B.have; got C.did; get D.will; get 20.— Honey, what TV program are you watching?—I’m watching a documentary. It began at 6:00 p.m. and ________ on for one more hour. A.has been B.has lasted C.was D.will be 21.—What a pity! It's raining. Do we have to cancel the family trip?—No. As soon as the rain stops, we ___________out to have fun.A.go B.will go C.went D.have gone 22.—When ________ you ________ reading the book Little Women?—It's hard to say. I'm busy these days and have no time to continue reading.A.did; finish B.have; finished C.will; finish D.do; finish 23.—Excuse me, could you please tell me the way to Wanda Plaza?—Walk straight on, and you _____ it on your left.A.see B.saw C.will see D.have seen 24.—Jenny, you look busy recently.—I’m practising running these days. I the Nanjing Marathon this autumn.A.was taking part in B.has taken part inC.took part in D.will take part in25.—Have you ever been to Shanghai?—Of course. Actually, I ________ there for six years but now I live in Zhenjiang.A.worked B.was working C.would work D.have worked 26.This pen ______ so smoothly. I bought two packets for my son and his cousin.A.was written B.has been written C.is writing D.writes27.-Hi, Lucy! What's the schedule for tomorrow?-Let me check.You an appointment with Thomas at three o'clock.A.were having B.haveC.had D.have had28.Playing a role in the hit show “Daddy, Where Are We Going?”, Kimi, together with the other four kids, _______ popular with many teenagers now.A.is B.are C.was D.were29.The drama, “The Empress of China" that was pulled off the air for technical reasons now back on TV.A.is B.are C.has D.have 30.Typically, with high-status and well-paid jobs ________ far more pressure than assumed. A.are coming B.is coming C.come D.comes31.—I ________ so busily recently that I ________ no time to help you with your maths.—That’s OK. I can manage it by m yself.A.have been working; have B.have worked; hadC.am working; will have D.had been working; had had32.I table tennis so well; however, even so I lost the match with Ma Long yesterday. A.play B.have played C.played D.would play 33.Rent usually ________ up in the summer, when college graduates are moving out of their dormitories and seeking for new places to move in.A.will go B.goesC.has gone D.went34.—Why are you so upset?—I had my computer repaired yesterday, but it ________ work again.A.d oesn’t B.didn’tC.won’t D.wouldn’t35.Do you know what time _________?A.the train leave B.does the train leaveC.will the train leave D.the train leaves36.I like this silk dress and it ______ so soft and comfortable.A.is feeling B.feelsC.has felt D.is felt37.The Dragon Boat Festival ________ the beginning of the hottest season of the year.A.is marking B.marks C.will mark D.marked38.A new function of China’s official train ticket booking website ______to boost buyers’chances of obtaining a ticket during the upcoming Spring Festival travel rush.A.will be expected B.expects C.has been expected D.is expected 39.Theoretically, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it rarely___________, usually because it is used at one time or another as ___________ some other tool.A.should, a favor for B.should, a lack ofC.does, a way of D.does, a substitute for40.The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building________ now.A.is remained B.is remainingC.remains D.has been remained41.Due to the country’s growing rate of urbanization, China’s migrant population _______ to be over 200 million by 2020.A.predicts B.is predicted C.will have been predicted D.will be predicted42.The Spring Festival is the time of year that _____ the largest annual mass migration on the planet when one sixth of the world’s population _____ home.A.will see; travels B.saw; was travellingC.will be seeing; will be travelling D.sees; travel43.Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ___ to the well-educated. A.belongs B.is belongedC.is belonging D.will be belonged44.Experience is a hard teacher because she ________ the test first, the lesson afterwards. A.gives B.has given C.was giving D.would give45.In our hometown, about 1,500 meters east of my house,_______ an old temple_______ back to the 17th century.A.stands; dating B.is standing; datedC.standing; dated D.stand; dating46.Many gases in the atmosphere actually heat energy that escapes from the Earth’s surface back to the earth.A.finding; reflecting B.found; reflectedC.found; to reflect D.found; reflect47.I would be happier if you did more studying while you are free, but you ___________. A.don’t B.did n’t C.wouldn’t D.weren’t 48.Honesty ___________ an important role in a child’s ability to succeed in school and later life. A.played B.playsC.had played D.has played49.A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long-term task ________ a man’s heart. A.proves B.will prove C.is proving D.has proved 50.The classroom ________ by students every day.A.cleans B.cleanedC.is cleaned D.is cleaning【参考答案】***试卷处理标记,请不要删除一、选择题1.A【详解】句意:——Jimmy昨天丢了钥匙。
人教版八年级英语上册时态知识总结及练习

人教版八年级英语上册时态知识总结一般现在时一.动词变化:一般现在时主要用动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s,另外be和have有特殊的人称形式。
在加词尾-s时要注意:情况加法例词一般情况加-s reads, writes, says以ch, sh, s, x, 或o收尾的词加-es teaches, washes, guesses,fixes, goes以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词变y为i再加-es try-triescarry-carries二.一般现在时表示:(1)表示现在的状态, 例如:He’s twelve.(2)表示经常性的或习惯性的动作, 常与often, usually, sometimes, always, every day等表示经常性的或习惯性的时间状语连用.例如:I go to school every day. (3)表示主语具备的性格和能力, 例如:She likes apple.(4)表示客观、普遍的真理。
Two and four makes six.三句型1. 肯定句结构: 主语+be动词/行为动词+宾语/表语(1) 行为动词:a. 主语为第一、二人称、复数人称时(I, you, we, they, the boys),主语+动词原形+宾语。
They go to school every day.b.主语为第三人称单数时(it, he,she, Lily),主语+动词s/es+宾语。
Lily often likes singing.(2)系动词(be): 主语+系动词+表语。
I am... They/We/You are… He/She/It is…2.否定句结构: 主语+be动词/行为动词+宾语/表语(1) 行为动词:a. 主语为第一、二人称,复数人称时,主语+don’t+动词原形。
They don’t go to school every day.b.主语为第三人称单数时,主语+doesn’t +动词原形。
人教版八年级上英语时态总结

人教版八年级上英语时态总结Introduction本文档总结了人教版八年级上册英语的时态使用规则和注意事项。
一般现在时 (Simple Present)1. 表示经常性或惯性的动作、事实、真理等。
- 构成:主语 + 动词原形 (+ 其他)- 例句:She often plays basketball with her friends.2. 表示当前的状况或状态。
- 构成:主语 + be(am/is/are) + 形容词/名词/介词短语等- 例句:I am a student.一般过去时 (Simple Past)1. 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
- 构成:主语 + 动词过去式 (+ 其他)- 例句:He studied English last night.一般将来时 (Simple Future)1. 表示将来某个时间或将来经常性发生的动作。
- 构成:主语 + will + 动词原形 (+ 其他)- 例句:They will visit their grandparents next week. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)1. 表示当前正在进行的动作。
- 构成:主语 + be(am/is/are) + 现在分词(+ 其他) - 例句:She is watching TV right now.过去进行时 (Past Continuous)1. 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
- 构成:主语 + was/were + 现在分词(+ 其他)- 例句:They were playing soccer at that time.高级时态1. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)- 表示过去的某个时间到现在的动作或状态。
- 构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词(+ 其他)- 例句:I have finished my homework.2. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)- 表示过去的某个时间之前的动作或状态。
人教版八年级英语上册常用的时态复习(35张)

• The train leaves at 17:40.
会议在七点钟开始。
火车17:40离开。
人教版八年级英语上册常用的时态复习(35张)
一般现在时态的几点注意:
• 3)书报的标题、小说、戏剧、图片等情节介绍常用 一般现在时。例如:
• China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful.
弗朗西斯穿过去,把球传给姚明,姚明跳起来,接住球投进篮里。
人教版八年级英语上册常用的时态复习(35张)
一般现在时态的几点注意:
• 4) 在由if, unless, even if ,so long as , as long as 等引导的 条件状语从句和在由when, before, after, until, till, as soon as, by the time, each time, the moment, immediately等引导的时间状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示 将来时间。例如:
• Please let me know immediately you get the results. 你一得到 结果,就请马上告诉我。
人教版八年级英语上册常用的时态复习(35张)
一般现在时态的几点注意:
• 5),还要注意其动词形式的变化。该时态主要由动词 原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s或 -es,be 和have有特殊的变化形式, be (am, is , are) have( has ) 。例表如下:
人教版八年级英语上册常用的时态复习(35张)
一般现在时的几种主要用法
• 1)一般现在时表示客观事实、客观存在的普遍真理、 用于一般现在时的时间状语常见的有:often, usually,always,sometimes, seldom,ever, never,every day(week,month,year), once a year,now and them,from time to time。例如:
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人教版英语八年级上英语动词的时态复习总结及答案解析百度文库一、初中英语动词的时态1.—Hi ,Lily! I called you at eight last night, but nobody picked up the phone.— Oh, I ____________ a shower.A.took B.am taking C.was taking D.take【答案】C【解析】句意:-嗨,Lily,我昨晚八点给你打电话了,但是没人接电话。
-哦,我当时在洗澡。
具体到了过去某个时间段,描述过去那段时间里进行的动作用过去进行时,结构是was/were doing,这里表示的是“我当时正在洗澡”,故选C。
2.—My grandma looking at that photo on the wall.—I can understand. It helps her remember her childhood.A.enjoys B.enjoyedC.was enjoying D.will enjoy【答案】A【解析】句意:——我奶奶喜欢看墙上的那个照片。
——我能理解,它能帮她想起她的童年。
A. enjoys喜欢,用于一般现在时态,主语单三时; B. enjoyed 喜欢,用于一般过去时态;C. was enjoying 喜欢,用于过去进行时态,主语单三时;D. will enjoy喜欢,用于一般将来时态;根据It helps her remember her childhood.可知用一般现在时态;故选A3.More than one boy _________ to play badminton with girls in our class.A.choose B.is choosing C.are choosing D.chooses【答案】D【解析】句意:不止一个男孩选择和我们班的女生打羽毛球。
choose动词,选择;is choosing正选择;are choosing正选择;chooses动词三单,选择。
根据语义可知,本句使用一般现在时态。
more than one 表示“不止一个”,后接单数名词,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用三单形式。
故选:D。
点睛:注意“主谓一致性”原则,判断主语的单复数含义,牢记“more than one+名词单数”“one of +名词复数”等类似短语的单数含义。
4.—Have you ever been to Singapore, Ann?—Yes. I _________ there for a week with my parents last year.A.have gone B.have been C.went D.was【答案】D【解析】句意:——你去过新加坡吗,安?——去过,去年我和父母在那里呆了一个星期。
have/has gone to表示某人去了某地,现在还没有回来;have/has been to表示某人去了某地,现在已经回来了;但在肯定句中,它们都不能与表示一段的时间状语连用,went 是go的过去式,为短暂性动词,在肯定句中也不能用一段时间状语连用,was there表示状态,可以与一段时间状语连用,答案为D。
5.—Do you mind beside you, sir?— . I alone to enjoy the music.A.my sitting; Better not; used to sitB.my to sit; Of course not; am used to sittingC.me sitting; I’m sorry but I do; have been used to sittingD.me to sit; Never mind; was used to sitting【答案】C【解析】句意:你介意我坐在你旁边吗,先生?——对不起,我确实介意,我习惯了独自坐着欣赏音乐。
mind doing sth.介意做某事,doing前面可以用形容词性物主代词或代词的宾格,首先排除B,D;used to do过去常常做某事,be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事,根据后面的句子判断,对于坐在身边表示介意,故答案为C。
6.―Eric, can you bring me the scissors? ―Just a moment. I the paper-cutting with it. A.make B.madeC.am making D.has made【答案】C【解析】句意:——Eric,你能给我带来剪刀吗?——等一会儿。
我正在用它做剪纸。
根据Justa moment可知此处表示让对方等一会儿,应是正在使用这个剪刀,故用现在进行时be doing,故选C。
7.Peter and Linda Beijing for Shanghai yesterday afternoon.A.leave B.left C.are leaving D.will leave【答案】B【解析】【详解】句意:昨天下午Peter和 Linda离开北京去上海了。
短语leave +某地+for+某地“离开某地去某地”根据yesterday afternoon可知,句子应该用一般过去时,故选B。
8.Mary is a kind girl. She often _______ her classmates with their homework.A.help B.helpsC.is helping D.helped【答案】B【解析】句意:玛丽是一个善良的女孩,她经常帮助她的同学做作业。
根据often判断,经常性的动作用一般现在时,主语she是第三人称单数,因此动词要用三单形式,故答案为B。
9.— What are you doing now, Kate?— I an email to my friend.A.write B.am writing C.wrote D.have written【答案】B【解析】句意:——凯特你在做什么?——我正在给我的朋友写电子邮件。
考查现在进行时。
根据What are you doing now, Kate?可知是问正在做什么,现在进行时态,所以回答也应用现在进行时,其构成为be+动词现在分词;主语是I,所以系动词be用am,write的现在分词是writing,故答案选B。
10.Your paper must _______ as soon as the bell _______.A.hand in; rings B.hand in; will ringC.be handed in; rings D.be handed in; will ring【答案】C【解析】【详解】句意“铃声一响,你必须上交你的试卷”。
第一空处,主语为your paper和谓语hand in之间为被动关系,排除A和B。
as soon as引导的从句用一般现在时,主句用一般将来时,即“主将从现”原则,故选C。
11.— Do you know _____ a wonderful match and two basketball matches on July 15 th ?— Yeah . I am going to watch them on that day.A.there will be B.there is going to have C.there are going to be D.is there going to be【答案】A【解析】【详解】句意:——你知道7月15日会有一场精彩的比赛和两场篮球赛吗?——是的。
那天我要去看它们。
考查there be结构。
宾语从句需用陈述句语序,D是疑问句语序,可排除。
根据句意语境,本句用一般将来时。
there be 结构的一般将来时用there will be 和there is going to be,表示最近要做的事,可排除B。
根据就近原则,a wonderful match一场精彩的比赛,需用there is going to be,可排除C项。
综合以上,可知选A。
12.—I know you ______ to China many years ago. And how long have you ______ in China ?—I don’t remember it exactly.A.come; live B.came; comeC.come; come D.came; lived【答案】D【解析】句意:-我知道你多年前就来中国了。
你在中国住了多久了?-我记不太清了。
根据过去时间短语many years ago可知,谓语动词使用过去式came。
how long与持续性动词连用,live 是持续性动词,come暂时性动词。
根据语境可知,本句为现在完成时态,所以动词使用过去分词lived。
故选D。
13.--Today’s young people can’t live without smart phones.--Their eyes are glued to the screen wherever they go, even while they_____ meals.A.have B.are having C.were having D.will have【答案】B【解析】【详解】句意:——今天的年轻人离不开智能手机。
——无论走到哪里,他们的眼睛都盯着屏幕,即使是在吃饭的时候。
考查现在进行时。
while引导时间状语从句时,强调主句和从句的动作同时发生,从句中常用进行时态;根据Their eyes are glued to the screen wherever they go, even while可知从句强调的动作是现在进行时态,即“他们在吃饭的时候,同时也在玩手机”;现在进行时的构成为:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+动词现在分词;本句主语是they,所以be动词用are,have meals吃饭,have的现在分词是having;故答案选B。
14.---Lily, why are you still here? School is over for half an hour.---Because I ____________ my task yet. I still need one more hour.A.won’t finish B.didn’t finishC.haven’t finished D.hadn’t finished【答案】C【解析】试题分析:句意:-莉莉,你为什么还在这儿?放学有半个多小时了。