华中农业微生物学第一章英文版
华中农业大学微生物英文版课件9
9.1 Microorganisms in nature ecosystem
1. Microorganisms and microenvironment 2. Terrestrial Environments 3. Freshwater Environments 4. Marine Environments
Metabolically related populations constitute groupings called guilds.
Sets of guilds conducting complementary physiological processes interact to form microbial communities.
9.2 Microbial population interactions
1， neutralism (中性关系 ) 2， commensalism (偏利关系 ) 3， synergism (协同关系 ) 4， mutualism (互惠关系 ) 5， competition (竞争关系 ) 6， antagonism (拮 抗关系 ) 7， parasitism (寄生关系 ) 8， predation (捕食关系 )
Numbers / g
Biomass (g / m3）
Bacteria
108
160
Fungi
105
200
Actinomycetes
105 - 106
160
Algae
104 - 105
32
Protozoa
104
38
Main types of soil microorganisms
Agrobacterium Arthrobacter Caulobacter Clostridium Flavobacterium Mycobacterium Staphylcoccus
最全医学微生物学(全英文)Ch0 Introduction-1
• Industrial Microbiology
Food industry Metallurgy (extract copper from low-grade copper sulfide ores) antibiotics and human proteins
• Agricultural Microbiology
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all in this category
General properties of Microbes: 1. tiny in size (μm or nm) 2. simple in structure 3. fast rate in multiplication 4. active in metabolism 5. easy in variation 6. widely distributed
Chapter 1 Introduction
Microbiology
Microbiology is the biology of microorganisms.
It is a bioscience for the study of the evolution, classification, morphology, physiology, genetics of microbes under certain conditions; The law of their life activities, and their interaction with human being, animals or plants as well as with naturaMicrobes
华中农业大学微生物英文版课件9
Rhizosphere Effect ( R/S ratio )
The rhizosphere is the soil region in close contact with plant roots.
Within the rhizosphere, the plant roots exert a direct influence on the soil bacteria. This influence is known as the rhizosphere effect.
Community 3
Microbial communities then interact with communities of macroorganisms to define the entire ecosystem.
The distribution of microorganisms in nature ecosystem depends on the resources (nutrients) available and on the growth conditions. Temperature, pH, water availability, light, oxygen of a habitat define the niche for each particular microorganism.
9.1.2. Terrestrial Environments
Proportion of different soil microorganisms in soil
Microbial number and biomass in cultivated field soil（15 cm）
Microbes Bacteria Fungi
华中农业大学微生物英文版课件
目录
CONTENTS
• Introduction • Types of Microorganisms • Microbial Metabolism • Microbial Life Processes • Microbial Ecology • Microbial Pathogenesis and Disease
04 Microbial Life Processes
Cell Structure and Function
Cell membrane
Composition, function, and transport processes across the membrane
Cell wall
Structure, function, and role in maintaining cell shape and protecting the cell
Fungi play important roles in composition, nutrient cycling, and symbolic relationships with plants and animals
Some fungi are editable and have culinary uses, while others can cause diseases in plants and animals
Cultivation and Respiration
Microorganisms can be cultured in different environments, such as on solid surfaces or in liquid media The choice of cultivation environment depends on the type of microbiology and the desired outcome of the experience or study
华中农业大学考研《微生物英语》题库
华中农业大学考研《微生物英语》题库关键信息项：1、题库的版权归属2、题库的使用范围和限制3、题库的更新与维护4、保密条款5、违约责任6、争议解决方式11 协议背景本协议旨在规范华中农业大学考研《微生物英语》题库（以下简称“题库”）的使用、管理和相关权益。
111 定义在本协议中，“题库”指为华中农业大学考研《微生物英语》课程所准备的一系列试题及相关学习资料。
12 协议目的本协议的目的是确保题库的合法、合理使用，保护相关权益，促进教学与学习的顺利进行。
21 题库的版权归属题库的版权归华中农业大学所有。
未经授权，任何个人或组织不得对题库进行复制、传播、改编或用于商业目的。
211 版权保护措施使用者应遵守版权法律法规，不得采取任何侵犯版权的行为。
如有发现侵权行为，华中农业大学有权采取法律手段维护自身权益。
31 题库的使用范围和限制311 仅限考研学生使用题库仅供报考华中农业大学相关专业研究生的学生使用，用于备考复习。
312 校内使用原则学生应在学校规定的学习场所内使用题库，不得将其带出校外或用于非考研相关的活动。
313 禁止传播学生不得将题库的内容传播给非考研人员，包括但不限于在互联网上公开分享、借给他人等。
41 题库的更新与维护411 学校责任华中农业大学将定期对题库进行更新和维护，以确保其内容的准确性和时效性。
412 通知义务学校在对题库进行重大更新时，将提前通知使用者，并说明更新的内容和时间。
51 保密条款511 学生保密义务使用者应对题库的内容保密，不得向外界透露题库中的试题及相关信息。
512 保密期限保密义务在考研结束后仍需持续一定期限，具体期限由学校规定。
61 违约责任611 侵权责任若使用者违反本协议的规定，侵犯了题库的版权或违反了保密条款，应承担相应的法律责任，并赔偿学校因此所遭受的损失。
612 违规使用责任对于违规使用题库的学生，学校有权取消其使用资格，并根据情节轻重给予相应的处分。
71 争议解决方式711 协商解决如在本协议的履行过程中发生争议，双方应首先通过友好协商解决。
微生物学周德庆第一章1
❖重要功能：纪录和传递遗传信息
•
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E、硫滴
4、核糖体〔Ribosome〕
〔1〕为多肽和卵白质合成场合， 70颗粒，有50S 和30S 2 个亚单位构成
〔2〕化学成份为卵白质和核酸 〔3〕原核生物中游离于细胞质中
The peptidyl transferase center
Proteins are mostly located on the surface of the ribosome
• Pili(性毛〕 • Fimbria(菌毛〕
〔一〕Cell wall (细胞壁)
• 1、Definition • 2、Function • 3、Chemical composition • 4、Gram stain 〔革兰氏染色〕 • 5、Difference between G+ and G• 6、Principle of Gram stain
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【最新】华中农业大学考研《微生物英语》题库整理
【最新】华中农业大学考研《微生物英语》题库整理Test 1: Development of Microbiology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.The fundamental unit of all living organisms is theMembrane cell nucleus cell wall/doc/c03756477.html,anisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to asfungi eukaryotic prokaryotic nankaryotic3.The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed byPasteur Bacon Winogradsky Woese4.Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi arecomposedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan Chitin phospholipids protein glucosamine5.The first microscopes were developed byEhrlich Metchnikoff Leewenhoek Lister6.Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms.The first report on the production of an antibiotic is credited to:Lister Fleming Ehrlich Koch7The term "antibiotic" meansa substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsa substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8 The first documented use of a vaccine for smallpox was reported by the English physicianLister .Florey Fleming Jenner9 Active immunity can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodiesdevelopment of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigensFlemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own bodydevelopment of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies10The process of nitrification by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts ammonia to nitrate ions nitrate ions to ammoniaN2 to ammonia ammonia to urea11The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to asElectroporation conjugation transformation transduction12The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:RNA DNA protein lipid2 Fill in the Blank/doc/c03756477.html,anisms that contain a true nucleus are called_______2.Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _______3.. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _______and the ______4._______ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called_______.6. ______ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds fromlight.7. ______ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as______.9. ______ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. ______organisms grow under conditions of high salinity11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a.______b.______c.______d.______12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the followingcharacteristic:_______ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _______.14. Viruses consist of ______surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning and observations or experiments toprove or disprove a _____.16. The theory _______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating iscalled:_______ .18. The process of tyndallization uses repeated heating to eliminate or_______microorganisms from solutions.19.An _______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills othermicroorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_______.21. White blood cells that engulf foreign particles are referred to as______.22. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as ______or______.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called ______ that inhibits viralreplication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic topathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ______.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as______.26. ______ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.Test 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of lightwith on object. The ability oflight to pass through an object is referred to as:transported light transmitted light reflected light refracted light2. The resolving power (R) of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula for R is:R = 0.5~. xNA R = 0.5;~/NA R = NA/0.5Jr R = Square root of 0.5)./NA3. The gram stain uses ~ as a mordant to fix the primary stainIodine alcohol acetone safranin4.The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the following organismsStaphylococcus aureus Mycoplasma mycoides Mycobacteria tuberculosis Moraxella osloensis5.Botulism is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of foodcontaining bacterial spores. Which of the following genera are capable of producing spores?Salmonella Listeria Escherichia Clostridia6.Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams to visualize objects?Nomarski TEM PCM Confocal7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat."Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen?Defined enriched selective differential8.Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. Thecorrect procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 256℃ at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in215 m in at 121℃at 1 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic?direct count viable count turbidimetric count absorbance9.Identification of microorganisms can be accomplished by a number of techniques.Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?enzyme linked assay gene probe metabolic fluorescent2 Fill in the Blank1. A media where all the ingredients are known is called a ______media.2.______technique is used to maintain a pure culture and avoid contamination.3.Sterilization instrument that utilizes steam under pressure: _______.4.A______ plate utilizes a loop or needle to distribute and isolate colonies on a cultureplate.5.______ identification utilizes antibodies for naming of bacterial species.6.Bacteria can be preserved for long periods of time by freeze-drying or______.7.The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a ______ to measure theamountof light passing through a solution.8.The viable plate count counts live bacterial colonies in therange or______ to______9. A counting chamber and a microscope are used in the______ count of bacteria.Test3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms1Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes becauseeukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid component of the membrane.Phosphates fatty acids proteins sterols2.The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:bilayer model fluid mosaic model trilayer model permeable model3.The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to aconcentration gradient is referred to asDiffusion osmosis translocation transport4.The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the celland act as a ____ barrier.Semipermanent semitransparent semipermeable semidiffuse5.Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called facilitated diffusion passive diffusion osmosis permeation6.Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemicalalteration?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusionbinding protein transport 7.Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negativebacteria?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport8.Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport9.Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks thiscomponent;penicillin prevents its formationLipopolysaccharide phospholipid peptidoglycan teichoic acid10.Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:Protoplast spheroplast periplast capsule2 Fill in the Blank1.Most cells use energy in the form of______ to run the cell.2.Phospholipids of eubacterial cells are composed of a ______group and a _____on aglycerol backbone.3.Membrane proteins found on the surface are called ______ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy foractive transport in prokaryotes is derived from ______.5.The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall iscalled the _______.6.Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called________.7.Ribosomes are structures composed of _______ and ______.8.The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ________.9.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the ______.10.The process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles such as bacteria or othercells is called ______.Test 4 :Eukaryotes1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic because they obtain nutrition throughphagocytosis endocytosis adsorption photosynthesis2.The separation between filamentous fungal cells are referred to asFill in the Blank1.Unicellular fungi are called ______.2.Filamentous fungi form branching structures called ______3.The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by ______.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of ______.5.The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as _______.6.The growth of fungi can be expressed by _____.7.Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the______ group of fungi.8.Agar is made from this group of algae: ______.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease ______.10. A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes d iarrhea is______.Test5: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:Mass cell size cell number cell length2DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by:cell size cell division cell separation cell initiation3.During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cellnumber?Lag log stationary exponential4.The generation time for bacteria is determined by:measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture was initiated until the beginning of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase to death phase measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5.Most pathogenic bacteria are considered:Psychrophiles mesophiles thermophiles .merophiles6.Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations are referred to as:Autotrophs phototrophs copiotrophs oligotrophs7.In times of nutrient deficiencies, the bacteria Clostridiumproduce____until conditionsare permissive for vegetative growth.Prosthecae spores stalks fruiting bodies8.The temperature of the incubator was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures in theincubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic activityTwo for eight twenty/doc/c03756477.html,anisms that grow at or near their optimal growth temperature are called stenothermal bacteria euthermal bacteriacauldoactive bacteria mesophilic bacteria10.All of the following are toxic oxygen products except:02 OH- H20 H20211. Catalase, which is produced by Staphylococci, catalyzes which of the following reactions?202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NADH202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-12 A saturated solution of NaC1 has a water activity index of:1.0 0.90 0.80 0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index at or below that of NaCI are called Xerotolerant .salt tolerant mesotolerant salotolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw except Lactobacillus Staphylococcus .Saccharomyces SpiriUum15alophiles are classified as organisms that require ____for growth.Sugar salt .water air16.Osmophiles require a ____Aw for growth.Low high17.The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as: osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure barometric pressure surface tension18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. Theorganism will be classified as:Marine barotolerant barophilic normal19.Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing at:Marine low pH neutral pH20.All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by:moving away from the source of lightmoving toward the source of lightincreasing the movement of their flagellacreating gas vesicles to rise to the surface2 Fill in the Blank/doc/c03756477.html,anisms that grow best above 40oC are called______./doc/c03756477.html,anisms that grow best below 20oC are called______./doc/c03756477.html,anisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called ______.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called ______ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5.Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called _______.6.Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called_____.7.Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called ______.8.Caulobacter is an example of a ______ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in geneexpression called______10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of______ mTest 6: Control of Microbial Growth1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:Antiseptics disinfectants antibiotics chemotherapeutic2.The most effective way of sterilizing a solution is by:Incineration pasteurization filtration moist heat3.An autoclave is an apparatus that is used to sterilize various materials. Theappropriate conditions for sterilizing contaminated material is given by which of thefollowing:15 min at 121℃at lpsi5 min at 121℃at 15 psi15 min at 121℃at 15 psi5 min at 131℃at 15 psi4. All of the following are an effect of ionizing radiation except:breaks hydrogen bondsthymine dimer formationgenerates oxygen radicalsring structure destruction5 hyperbaric chamber would be useful for treating infections caused by which of the following genera:Treponema Chlamydia Campylobacter Clostridia6.Agents that are used to inhibit bacterial growth are consideredBacteriocidal bacteriostatic antiseptics disinfectants7.The term used to describe substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibitother microorganisms are calledAntimicrobics antibiotics chemotherapeutic agents antiseptics8.Antibiotics must exhibit which of the following to be effective:narrow spectrum broad spectrum selective toxicitybacteriocidal9.Which of the following tests utilizes an antibiotic impregnated disk to test for theefficacy of the antibiotic?MIC MBC Mueller-Hinton Kirby-Bauer10.The MIC assay can determine if an antibiotic agent is:Bacteriocidal bacteriostatic aandb none of the above11.Penicillins are effective against:cells in log phase cellsin stationary phasecells in eclipse phaseall bacterial cells12.Penicillinases inhibit the activity of penicillins by which of the following mechanisms: break N. acetylglucosamine:N-acetylmuramic acid bondsbreak the peptidiglycan break the beta lactam ring break cycloserine。
华中农业大学08微生物笔记(考研)第一章 微生物的细胞结构
2．革兰氏负反应细菌的细胞壁 G-细菌的细胞壁比 G+菌的壁要复杂得多，结构层次明显，分为内壁层和外壁层两层，其结构
如图所示。 G-细菌细胞壁中的主要成分是脂多糖，
脂多糖由 O 侧链——核心多糖——类脂 A 三部分组成
KDO(2-酮-3-脱氧辛糖酸)
脂多 糖含有三 种特殊的 糖 Hep(L-甘油-D-甘露庚糖)
细菌鞭毛的基粒位于细胞膜上
三、壁膜间隙（Periplasmic space）(也称质周间隙)
细菌细胞中，细胞壁和细胞膜之间有一狭小的间隙，称为壁膜间隙，在壁膜间隙中有一些特殊 的酶。
1.水解酶：催化食物的初步降解 壁膜间隙中的酶主要有三类 2.结合蛋白：启动物质转运过程
3.化学受体：在趋化作用中起作用的蛋白 壁膜间隙中的水解酶列表如下：
菌只有 9 个双糖亚单位，而地衣芽孢杆菌多达 79 个二糖单位。
④不同种类的细菌肽聚糖的含量多少不一，有的多，有的少。G+菌中多，G-菌中少，交链度也 不一样，G+高，G-低。
⑤肽聚糖能被溶菌酶水解，溶菌酶的水解部位在β-1.4 糖苷键。
⑥G+菌对青霉素敏感，这是因为青霉素可阻止肽聚糖亚单位与亚单位之间交联肽链的形成。
原生质球：用青霉素等抗生素或溶菌酶处理 G-细菌而得到的去壁不完全的近球形体。
L 型细菌：某些细菌在特定环境条件下因基因突变而产生的无壁类型。在一定条件下 L 型细菌
能发生回复突变而恢复为有壁的正常细菌。
细胞壁
原生质体 原生质球 L 型细菌
O 不完全
O
在固体培养基上
繁殖 恢复 O O×在再生培养基中可恢复成原来的细菌 ++ + O×在一定条件下发生回复突变恢复到原 来细菌
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of microbiology
Concepts
• Microorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observed in organic and inorganic matter (e.g., fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature.
The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
The first person to observe and describe microorganisms was the amateur microscopist Antony van leeuwenhoek of Delft, Holland.
lens
Object being viewed
adjusting screws
A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.
• Microbiology is a large discipline, which has a great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfare
1.1 What is a microbe?
The word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that can not be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.
Microbial world
Organisms
(living)
Infectious agents (non-living)
Prokaryotes (unicellular)
eukaryotes
viruses
viroids
prions
Eubacteria
Archaea
Algae (unicellular or multicellular)
Microbes have been used as model organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetical processes. Millions of copies of the same single cell can be produced very quickly and give plenty of homogeneous experimental material. Most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.
Microbial genetics
Microbial physiology Microbial Morphology
Virology Mycology
Branches of Microbiology
Parasitology Protozoology
Bacteriology
Microbial ecology
The environment Biotechnology
Medicine Research
Food
• The environment • Medicine • Food • Biotechnology • Research
Press here to continue
Microbes are responsible for the geochemical cycles. They are found in association with plants in symbiotic relationships. Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens, but others may act as biological control agents against diseases.
Leeuwenhock made his simple, single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 – 300 times. Between 1673-1723, he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed from the samples of rainwater, and humam mouth.
1.3 Microbes in our lives
• Microorganisms as Disease Agents
• Microorganisms and Agriculture • Microorganisms and the Food Industry • Microorganisms, Energy, and the Environment • Microorganisms and the Future
Chapter 1
Microorganisms and Microbiology
Chapter outline
1.1 What is a microbe? 1.2 The importance of Microbiology 1.3 Microbes in our lives 1.4 The history of microbiology 1.5 Important events in the development
Traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize important chemicals. The advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the cloning of polypeptides into microbes.
1.4 The history of microbiology
In the field of observation, chance favors only prepared minds.
------ Louis Pasteur
Hale Waihona Puke The discovery of microorganisms The spontaneous generation conflict The recognition of microbial role in disease
The discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matter The development of microbiology in this century
The discovery of microorganisms
Antony van Leeuwenhock (1632-1723)
The size and cell type of microbes
Microbe Approximate range of sizes
Cell type
Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Algae
0.01-0.25µm 0.1-10µm 2µm->1m 2-1000µm
Our world is populated by invisible creatures too small to be seen with the unaided eye. These life forms, the microbes or microorganisms, may be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope.
Microbes have been used to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and bread making, to the manufacture of soy sauce. But microbes are also responsible for food spoilage.
1µm-several meters
Acellular Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
1.2 The importance of microbiology
Microbes impinge on all aspects of life, just a few of these are listed below:
The disease-causing ability of some microbes is well known. However, microorganisms have also provided us with the means of their control in the form of antibiotics and other medically important drugs.