高级英语-In Search Our Mothers' Gardens
2021年《高级英语》课文逐句翻译(8)
2021年《高级英语》课文逐句翻译（8）lesson8-10 人生的一课快一年了，大部分时间我都泡在家里、店铺、学校和教堂里，就像一块旧饼干，又脏又难以下咽。
For nearly a year，I sopped around the house，the Store，the school and the church，like an old biscuit，dirty and inedible.这时我遇到或者说认识了抛给我第一根救生索的那位夫人。
Then I met，or rather got to know，the lady who threw me first lifeline.波萨？弗劳尔斯夫人是斯坦普司黑人区中的出类拔萃的人物。
Mrs. Bertha Flowers was the aristocrat of Black Stamps.她动作优雅，即使在最冷的天气里也不缩手缩脚，而在阿肯色州的夏日里，她似乎又有属于本身的微风环绕在她的身旁，给她带来凉爽。
She had the grace of control to appear warm in the coldest weather，and one the Arkansas summer days it seemed she had a private breeze which swirled around，cooling her.她的皮肤深黑迷人，如果被挂住就会像李子皮一样剥落，但没有人敢离她近点，碰皱她的衣服，更不要说挂住她的皮肤了。
Her skin was a rich black that would have peeled like a plum if snagged，but then no one would have thought of getting close enough to Mrs. Flowers to ruffle her dress，let alone snag her skin.她不太喜欢亲近，别的她还带着手套。
高级英语答案（全）
⾼级英语答案（全）⾼级英语答案UNIT 1Part 1 Text-processingTeacher-aided WorkLead-inListen to the recorder and take notes. Then fill in each gap in the following passage with ONE word according to what you have heard. Finish your work within 10 minutes.Tape script:E. B. White was born in 1899 in Mount Vernon, New York. He served in the army before going to Cornell University. There he wrote for the college newspaper, the Cornell Daily Sun. After he graduated, he worked as a reporter for the Seattle Times in 1922 and 1923. As he put it, he found that he was ill-suited for daily journalism, and his city editor had already reached the same conclusion, so they came to an amicable parting of the ways.In 1927 he became a writer for The New Yorker magazine, where he became well k nown. He wrote columns for Harper’s magazine from 1938 to 1943, which resulted in an anthology entitled One Man’s Meat and published in 1942.White’s career had already brought him much fame, but he was about totry something new. His nieces and nephews always asked him to tell them stories, so he began writing his own tales to read to them. In 1945 he started publishing these stories as books. All three, Stuart Little (1945), Charlotte’s Web (1952) and The Trumpet of the Swan (1970), are now considered cla ssics of children’s literature.His best essays appear in three collections: One Man’s Meat (1944), The Second Tree from the Corner (1954) and The Points of My Compass (1962).In 1959, White edited and updated The Elements of Style. This handbook of gramm atical and stylistic dos and don’ts for writers of American English had been written and published in 1918 by William Strunk Jr., one of White’s professors at Cornell. White’s rework of the book was extremely well received. The volume is a standard tool for students and writers, and remains required reading in many composition classes.In 1977 he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his lifetime’s work.White died on October 1, 1985 at his farm home in North Brooklin, Maine, after a long fight with Alzheimer's Disease. He was cremated, and his ashes were buried beside his wife at the Brooklin Cemetery.A leading essayist and literary stylist of his time, White is known for his crisp, graceful, relaxed style. To him, “style not only reveals the man, it reveals hi s identity, as surely as would his fingerprints.” (The Elements of Style) The subtlety, the sentiment, the facility and sensitivity withwords—all mark him out from his fellow essayists.“Once More to the Lake”, selected from E. B. White’s One Man’s Meat, is the story of a man returning to his younger days by revisiting a lake from his childhood. Throughout the trip he hovered between being an older man and a younger boy and felt that “the years were a mirage and there had been no years.” But throughout the story, there are small hints that are just enough not to let him fall completely into his dream and to remind him that man is mortal after all.Passage for gap-filling:E. B. White, an American writer, was born in 1899. After his graduation from Cornell University in 1822, he reported for a newspaper. In 1927 he became a writer for The New Yorker magazine. He wrote 1) columns for Harper’s magazine from 1938 to 1943. In 1945 he started publishing 2) tales he had written for his nieces and nephews in book form. White wrote a large number of 3) essays, and the best of them were published in three collections. In 1959, he edited and updated The Elements of Style, a handbook by one of his professors at Cornell. In 1977 he was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his lif etime’s work, and he died in 1985.“Once More to the Lake”, selected from his One Man’s Meat, is the story of a man returning to his younger days by coming back to a lake he had visited when a boy. Throughout the trip he felt that he had a 4) double identi ty and that “there had beenno years.” But throughout the story,there are just enough hints to remind him that time passes and man must 5) die after all.In-depth Comprehension1. Questions1) Para 1: What happened to the author’s father when he was in a canoe? Was it good or bad? How do you know?His father’s canoe overturned and he fell into the lake with all his clothes on. That was something bad, for it is mentioned together with another bad thing—getting ringworm, and is excluded from what made the visit a success.2) Para 1: What does “a saltwater man” mean? Since when has the author become a saltwater man? Give your reasons.“Saltwater” here refers to seawater, which is salty. “A saltwater man” doesn’t mean a man who drinks saltwater, but one who bathes in the sea, because the intention in going to the seaside was to vacation there. (Attention: One should be careful about the actual relation between a noun as modifier and the noun modified) Most probably, the author has gone to the seaside for vacation instead of the lake in Maine since he got married and had a family of his own.3) Para 2: What does the author mean by saying his son “had never had any freshwater up his nose” and “had seen lily pads only from trainwindows?”He means that the boy had always gone with him to the seaside for his holidays and never bathed in a freshwater lake where you often find lily pads, that is, water lily with its large, floating leaves. He had only seen them from train windows. The author here states the result (freshwater up his nose) rather than the cause (swimming in freshwater), which is a case of metonymy.4) Para 2: How could the tarred road, which had no life, have “found out” the lake? What is the author’s real meaning? Was it good or bad in the author’s o pinion? What is your reason for this conclusion?The lifeless tarred road is here personified (compared to a human being) by the use of the verb “found out”. The author’s real meaning is that the tarred road must have extended to the lake. He views it as a bad thing, because he mentions it together with “other ways it (the lake) would be desolated.”5) Para 2: How can a person’s mind move in grooves, which are physical? How would the author have said it in plain words?A groove is a long narrow hollow path or track in a surface, esp. to guide the movement of something. Here a person’s mind is compared to something that moves in grooves. In plain words, the author would have said “Once you recall the past.”6) Para 2: What does “clear” in “extend clear to” me an? How would theauthor have probably described the partitions if he had used an affirmative sentence? What is the author’s intention in describing the partitions?Here “clear” means “all the way”. Using an affirmative sentence, the author would probably have said “The partitions in the camp were thin and there were blanks between their tops and the top of the rooms.” He describes the partitions to imply that they were not soundproof and that that was the reason for his soft actions.7) Para 2: Is it possible that there is a cathedral on the shores of the lake? If not, what does “cathedral” really refer to? And why does the author call it a cathedral?A cathedral is a big church that serves as the official seat of a bishop, which is usually located in a fairly large town or city. So it is impossible that there is a real cathedral by the lake. The author here is comparing the lake, which is holy to him, to a cathedral.8) Para 3: What is the author’s intention in saying “you would live at the shore and eat yo ur meals at the farmhouse?”He says this to imply that the farmhouses were very near to the shore of the lake, which in turn supports the idea that the lake had never been what you would call a wild lake.9) Para 5: What is a mirage? What does the author m ean by “the years were a mirage and there had been no years?”A mirage is an optical effect sometimes seen at sea or in a desert caused by bending or reflection of light by a layer of heated air (海市蜃楼). Here it refers to something unreal, illusory. The author means that the years that had passed appeared to be unreal because nothing of consequence had really changed.10) Para 5: Does a rowboat really have a chin? What does “chucking the rowboat under the chin” mean?Both the rowboat and the lake are personified by the use of the words “chuck” and “chin”. “Chuck”, here meaning “stroke gently with the hand”, refers actually to “beat very lightly”, and “chin” here refers to that part of the bow (the front part) which protrudes over the water.11) Para 5: Which does “catch” in “the dried blood from yesterday’s catch” refer to, an action or things? What is your reason?“Catch” here does not mean the action of catching, but what is caught, referring specifically to fish that had been caught, because “yesterday’s catch” could shed blood.12) Para 5: Was it really the author’s hands that held his son’s rod, his eyes that were watching? If not, what does he mean?“It was my hands that held his rod, my eyes watching” simply repeats what is meant by “I began to sustain the illusion that he was I” in Paragraph 4.13) Para 6: Which is usually bigger and stronger, a bass or a mackerel?Give your reasons.A bass is usually bigger and stronger than a mackerel, because the angler usually has to use a landing net when pulling in a bass, while he does not have to do so when landing a mackerel.14) Para 6: Can a lake move to another place? If not, why does the author say “the lake was exactly where we had left it?”Here “the lake” refers to the level of the body of water. If the level rises, it will cover a wider area, and will seem to have moved.15) Para 6: What does “attendance” mean? How is the attendance doubled?“Attendance” usually means the number of people present on a particular occasion, but here refers to the number of minnows swimming in the water. The attendance was doubled by their shadows.16) Para 6: What does “cultist” mean? Whom does “this cultist” refer to in this context?“Cultist” means “a follower of a particular custom”, here referring to the person always washing himself with a cake of soap.2. Multiple-choice Questions1) The author would like it better _______A________.A. if the lake were completely wildB. if there were more farmhouses near the lakeC. if the lake were more easily accessible by carD. if they could eat right in their campExplanation:The phrase “wish for the placidity of a lake in the woods” and the sentence “I was sure the tarred road would have found it out and I wondered in what other ways it would be desolated” show that the author likes a wild lake which is not spoilt by human activity.2) The arrival of the author and his family at the lake is described in Paragraph _______C_______.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5Explanation:Paragraph 4 begins with “I was right about the tar: it led to within half a mile of the shore” and that indicates that the a uthor is beginning to describe what he actually saw of the lake area on this trip, while the previous paragraphs only tell about hisrecollections and guesses.3) What is common to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 6 is _______D_______.A. that they are about the same lengthB. that they are of the same degree of difficultyC. that they tell about the experiences of the same peopleD. that they describe the illusion of the exact repetition of the same scenesExplanation:“It was going to be pretty much the same as it had been before” in Para4, “everything was as it always had been” in Para 5, “there had been no years” in Para 6 and the frequent repetitions of the word “same” in these paragraphs show that the answer is D.4) Which of the following is false? _______A_______A. Paragraph 3 describes the lake as the author sees it when he visits it this time.B. Paragraph 4 tells about the resemblance of the father and son of the present to those of the past.C. Paragraph 5 focuses on the sameness of the scenes of fishing at different times.D. Paragraph 6 emphasizes the unchangeableness of the lake.Explanation:“That’s what our family did” and “there were places in it which, to a child at least, seemed infinitely remote and primeval” hint that the author is describing his impressions of the lake when he came as a child with his father, not as a father on this trip.5) From this excerpt we can see that the author ________B________.A. is a conservativeB. is a nostalgic nature-loverC. is a muddle-headed person who cannot tell the present from the past.D. lives a double life.Explanation:The author loves the wild lake, and hates it’s being spoilt by human activity. He indulges in recollections of the past and often feels as if there had been no years. So we say that he is a nostalgic nature-lover.Extension from the Text1. SpeakingBased on clues in the text alone, say something about the author (his nationality, the approximate date of his birth, his age when he wrote this essay, his family, etc.) and give reasons for what you say.The author was American because when he was still a boy his family often visited a lake in Maine, which is a state of the US. In the year 1904, he was still a teenager, so he was probably born around 1890. When he wrote this essay he had a son about the same age as he had been when he went with his father to the lake, so he was now about forty. Most probably, he had a family of three, because he had only one son and must have hada wife though he never mentions her.2. ClozeUp to the farmhouse to dinner through the teeming, dusty field, the road under our sneakers was only a two-track road. The middle track was missing, the 1) one with the marks of the hooves and the splotches of dried, flaky manure. There had always been 2) three tracks to choose from in choosing which track to walk in; now the 3) choice was narroweddown to two. For a moment I 4) missed terribly the middle alternative. But the way led past the tennis 5) court, and something about the way it lay there in the sun reassured me; the tape had loosened along the backline, the alleys were green with plantains and other 6) weeds, and the net (installed in June and removed in September) sagged in the dry noon, and the whole place steamed with midday 7) heat and hunger and emptiness. There was a choice of pie for dessert, and one was blueberry and one was apple, and the 8) waitresses were the same country girls, there having been no 9) passage of time, only the illusion of it as in a dropped curtain—the waitresses were still fifteen; their hair had been washed, that was the only 10) difference—they had been to the movies and seen the pretty girls with the clean hair.Explanations:1) “The . . .” is in apposition to “the middle track” and refers to it. “One” is used to avoid the repetition of “track”.2) “A two-track road” and “the middle track was missing” tell us that there had been three tracks before.3) “Three tracks to choose from” and “. . . was narrowed down to two” show that the blank must refer to “the number of things to choose from”, which is the meaning of “choice”.4) As the middle track was missing, the relation between the author and the track can only be mental, and the word “terribly”shows that it isemotional—regretting the absence of something one loved. So “missed” is the right word.5) “The way led past . . .” and “it lay there” indicate that “the tennis . . .” refers to a location related to the game of tennis, so it must be the tennis “court”. This is further proved by the description of the “tape”, “alleys” and “net”.6) “Plantain” is a weed, “other . . .” must be “other weeds”.7) “June”, “September”, “noon”, “steamed” and “midday” all connote high temperature. In “steamed with . . . “, the blank states the reason for “steaming”, which can only be “heat”.8) The subject of “. . . were the same country girls” must refer to females. These females must be related to the supply of such foods as blueberry pie and apple pie. So they were either cooks or waitresses. But “the whole place” was not the author’s home,so the females were not cooks, but waitresses, who are further described later in the passage.9) In “no . . . of time”, the blank must refer to a phenomenon with “time”, which is either “passage” (a noun derived from the verb “pass”) or “stopping”, or “waste” or “saving”. “No passage of time” is reasonable because “the waitresses were the same country girls.”10) The waitresses were the same as those of the past in age—still fifteen. But they had washed their hair because they had been to the movies and seen the pretty girls with the clean hair, whereas the waitresses of the pasthad had no chance of seeing movies, which did not appear until 1911. So the clean hair was a “difference.”3. TranslatingTranslate the underlined part of the following passage into Chinese. Summertime, oh summertime, pattern of life indelible, the fade-proof lake, the woods unshatterable, the pasture with the sweet fern and the juniper forever and ever, summer without end; this was the background, and the life along the shore was the design, the cottagers with their innocent and tranquil design, their tiny docks with the flagpole and the American flag floating against the white clouds in the blue sky, the little paths over the roots of the trees leading from camp to camp and the paths leading back to the outhouses and the can of lime for sprinkling, and at the souvenir counters at the store the miniature birch-bark canoes and the post cards that showed things looking a little better than they looked. This was the American family at play, escaping the city heat, wondering whether the newcomers in the camp at the head of the cove were “common” or “nice,” wondering whether it was true that the people who drove up for Sunday dinner at the farmhouse were turned away because there wasn’t enough chicken.……这⼀切是底⾊，湖四周的⽣活是这底⾊上的图案。
《高级英语》Units 1-7课后习题答案
Unit 1Paraphrase1.Our house is 23 feet above sea level.2.The house was built in1915, and since then no hurricane has done any damage to it.3.We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4.Water got into the generator, it stopped working. As a result all lights were put out.5.Everyone go out through the back door and get into the cars!6.The electrical systems in the cars had been destroyed/ruined by water.7.As john watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the family by making the wrong decision not to flee inland.8.Oh, God, please help us to get through this dangerous situation.9.She sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10.Janis didn't show any fear on the spot during the storm, but she revealed her feelings caused by the storm a few nights after the hurricane by getting up in the middle of the night and crying softly. Practice with words and expressionsA1.main:a principal pipe, conduit, or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2.Sit out: to stay until the end3.Report:a loud, resounding noise, especially one made by an explosion4.Douse:to put out (a light,fire,generator,etc) quickly by pouring water over it5.Kill: to destroy, to end6.Litter:the young borne at one time by a dog, cat, or other animals which normally bear several young at a delivery7.Swath:a broad strip, originally the space or width covered with one cut of a scythe or other mowing device8.Bar:a measure in music; the notes between two vertical lines on a music sheet9.Lean-to:a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof, the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building10.Break up:to disperse;be brought to an end11.Pitch in:to join and help with an activity12.The blues:sad and depressed feelingsB1.pummel:f. to bear or hit with repeated blows, especially with thefist2.Scud:h. to run or move swiftly3.Roar:a. a loud deep cry4.Scramble:i. to climb, crawl or clamber hurriedly5.Swipe:j. a hard, sweeping blow6.Skim:l. to throw in a gliding path7.Perish:m. to die, especially die a violent or untimely death8.Beach:k. to ground (a boat ) on the beach9.Slash:d. to cut or wound with a sweeping stroke as with a knife10.Sprawl:b. to spread the limbs in a relaxed ,awkward or unnatural position11.Vanish:g. to go or pass suddenly from sight12.Thrust:c. to push with sudden force13.Wrath:e. intense angerTranslationA.1.Each and every plane must be checked out thoroughly before taking off.2.The residents were firmly opposed to the construction of a waste incineration plant in their neighborhood because they were deeply concerned about the plant's emissions polluting the air.3.Investment in ecological projects in this area mounted up to billions of yuan.4.The dry riverbed was strewn with rocks of all sizes.5.Although war caused great losses to this country, its cultural traditions did not perish.6.To make space for modern high rises, many ancient buildings with ethnic cultural features had to be demolished.7. In the earthquake the main structures of most of the poor-quality houses disintegrated.8.His wonderful dream vanished into the air despite his hard efforts to achieve his goals.B.1.但是，和住在沿岸的其他成千上万的居民一样，约翰不愿舍弃家园，除非他的家人——妻子珍妮斯和他们的七个孩子，大的11岁，小的才3岁——明显处于危险之中。
(完整版)高级英语第二册LESSON1课后答案
Pub Talk and the King's English 课后练习题I. Write short notes on: Carlyle, and Lamb.Suggested Reference Books[SRB]1. The Oxford Companion to English Literature2. Any standard book on the history of English literature3. Encyclopaedia BritannicaIII. Questions on appreciation:1. In what way is “pub talk” connected with “the King’s English”? Is the title of the piece well-chosen?2. Point out the literary and historical allusions used in this piece and comment on their use.3. What is the function of para 5? Is the change from "pub talk" to "the King's English" too abrupt?4. Do the simple idiomatic expressions like "to be on the rocks, out of bed on the wrong side, etc., " go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer uses? Give your reasons.5. Does the writer reveal his political inclination in this piece of writing? How?IV. Paraphrase:1. And it is an activity only of humans. (para 1)2. Conversation is not for making a point. (para 2)3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. (para 2)4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. (para 3)5. it could still go ignorantly on (para 6)6. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). (para 9)7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. (para11)8. English had come royally into its own. (para 13)9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. (para 15)10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there. (para 15)11. There is always a great danger that "words will harden into things for us. " (para 16)12. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation. (para 18)V. Translate paras 9--11 into Chinese.VI. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized idiomatic phrases:1. their marriage may be on the rocks (para 3)2. they got out of bed on the wrong side (para 3)3. the conversation was on wings (para 8)4. the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it (para 10)5. we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant (para 11)6. English had come royally into its own. (para 13)7. we sit up at the vividness of the phrase (para 18)VII. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:1. ignorant, illiterate, uneducated, unlearned2. jeer, scoff, sneer, gibe, floutVIII. Give ten synonymous and/or related words of the word conversation (meaning 'communication'). Give words of the same part of speech.[SRB]1. Roget ' s International Thesaurus2. Webster's Collegiate ThesaurusIX. Give ten antonymous and/or contrasted words of the word intricate. Give words of the same part of speech.[SRB]1. Roget's International Thesaurus2. Webster's Collegiate ThesaurusX. Look up the dictionary, find out from what languages the following words are borrowed, and then put them into Chinese:1. buffet 8. soireé 15. attaehé2. cuisine 9. cloisonné 16. liaison3. lemonade 10. omelette 17. déjàvu4. liqueur 11. restaurateur 18. encore5. déjeuner 12. repertoire 19. discothèque6. menu 13. coup d'état 20. chandelier7. salon 14. corps de balletXI. The following sentences all contain metaphors or similes. Explain their meaning in plain, non-figurative language:1.no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.2.they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.3.They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.4.suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place5.The glow of the conversation burst into flames.6.we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.7.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.8.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries9. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there.10. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest. XII. Study the model given below. Then read the next two paragraphs and show how coherence and unity is improved by the use, of transitional devices.Model: But this is only one aspect of the problem. Another, no less essential, is the wider gap between generations since the rate of social development has speeded up. The tastes and habits of young people today differ markedly from those of the young people of the thirties, let alone of the twenties. Still influenced by the tastes and habits of their own youth, the "fathers" are inclined to think these habits and tastes are absolutes and to deny their children the right to independent creativity which they demanded from their own parents. Hence the artificial conflicts, in which a dance or the width of trousers is elevated to the dignity of crucial issues. The writer uses the following transitional devices:1) Transitional words and expressionsbut another still hence2) Pronoun referencethose their these they3) Repetition of important wordstastes and habits young people1. And since we (teenagers) are so new, many people have some very wrong ideas about us. For instance, the newspapers are always carrying advice-columns telling our mothers how to handle us, their "bewildered maladjusted offspring, " and the movies portray us as half-witted bops (hoodlums-ed. ); and in the current best sellers, authors recall their own confused, unhappy youth. On the other hand, speakers tell us that these teen-years are the happiest and freest of our lives, or hand us the "leaders of tomorrow, forge on the future" line. The general opinion is that teen-agers are either car-stealing, dope-taking delinquents, or immature, weepy adolescents with nothing on our minds but boys (or girls as the case may be ). Most adults have one or two attitudes toward the handling of teens--some say that only a sound beating will keep us in line; others treat us as mentally unbalanced creatures on the brink of insanity, who must be pampered and shielded at any cost.2. As of today, I am fed up with the food served in the campus dining hall. My disenchantment started in September---the day I bit into a hamburger to find myself staring at a long strand of grey hair that trailed out of the meat, through the mayonnaise, and over the edge of the bun. After that, I was not much surprised by the little things I came across in October and November: bugs in the salad and bobby pin in the meatloaf, for example. Then in December the food was worse--and a little dirtier. For Christmas dinner, for in- stance, the cook gave me a thin slice of rolled turkey, straight out of the can, and dished up a cock-roach in my pudding. Even that was excusable (nobody is perfect), but what happened today is not" I had already eaten most of my clam chowder before I found it, at the bottom of the bowl, nestled among the diced potatoes and the chopped onions: one band-aid, slightly used.XIII. Topics for oral work:1. In your opinion, what makes or spoils a good conversation?2. Is spoken English different from written English? In what ways are they different?XIV. Write a short composition describing some of the peculiarities of spoken EnglishPub Talk and the King's English 课后练习题答案Ⅰ .1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan,a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career. They moved to Jane' s farm at Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6 years (1828-1834 ). During this time he produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in which he first developed his char- acteristic style and thought. This book is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed. In 1837 he published The French Revolution, a poetic rendering and not a factual account of the great event in history. Besides these two masterpieces, he wrote Chartism (1840), On Heroes, hero Worship, and the Heroic in History (I841), Past and Present (1843) and others. "Carlylese", a peculiar style of his own, was a compound of biblical phrases, col loquialisms, Teutonic twists, and his own coinings, arranged in unexpected sequences. One of the most important social critics of his day, Carlyle influenced many men of the younger generation, among them were Mathew Arnold and Ruskin.2. Lamb : Charles Lamb (1775-1834), English essayist, was born in London and brought up within the precincts of the ancient law courts, his father being a servant to an advocate of the inner Temple. He went to school at Christ's Hospital, where he had for a classmate Coleridge, his life-long friend. At seventeen, he became a clerk in the India House and here he worked for 33 years until he was re-tired on a pension. His devotion to his sister Mary, upon whom rested an hereditary taint of insanity, has done al-most as much as the sweetness and gentle humor of his writings to endear his name. They collaborated on several books for children, publishing in 1867 their famous Tales from Shakespeare. His dramatic essays, Specimens of English Dramatic Poets (1808), established his reputation as a critic and did much in reviving the popularity of Eliza-be then drama. The Essays of Ella, published at intervals in London Magazine, were gathered together and republished in two series, the first in 1823, the second ten years later. They established Lamb in the title which he still holds, that of the most delightful of English essayists.Ⅱ.1.A good conversation does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. A good conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. When people become serious and talk as if they have something very important to say, when they argue to convince or to win their point, the conversation is spoilt.2. The writer likes bar conversation very much because he has spent a lot of time in pubs and is used to this kind of conversation. Bar friends are companions, not intimates. They are friends but not intimate enough to be curious about each other's private life and thoughts.3. No. Conversation does not need a focus. But when a focal subject appears in the natural flow of conversation, the conversation becomes vivid, lively and more interesting.4. The people talked about Australia because the speaker who introduced the subject mentioned incidentally that it was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English. " When the people talked about the resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken", the conversation moved to Norman England because at that time a language barrier existed between the Saxon peasants and the Norman conquerors.5. The Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors used different words for the same thing. For examples see paragraph 9.6. The writer seems to be in favor of bilingual education. He is against any form of cultural barrier or the cultural humiliation of any section or group of people.7. The term "the Queen's English" was used in 1953 by Nash because at that time the reigning monarch was a queen, Elizabeth I. The term "the King's English" is the more common form because the ruling monarch is generally a king. Those who are not very particular may use the term "the King's English", even when the ruling monarch is a queen. In 1602, Dekker used the term "the King's English", although the reigning monarch was still Queen Elizabeth.8．“The King’s English” was regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during the Norman rule in England about 1154—1399．9．The writer thinks “the King’s English” is a class representation of reality．1t is worth trying to speak “the King’s English”，but it should not be 1aid down as an edict，and made immune to change from below．The King’s English is a model a rich and instructive one- but it ought not to be an ultimatum．10．During the Norman period，the ruling class spoke Anglo— French while the peasants spoke their native Saxon language．Language bears the stamp of the class that uses it．The King’s English today refers to the language used by the upper，educated class in England．Ⅲ．1．The title of this piece is not well chosen．It misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or linguistic relationship between pub talk and the King’s English．Whereas the writer．in reality，is just discoursing on what makes good conversation．The King’s English is connected with “pub talk” when the writer describes the charming conversation he had with some people one evening in a pub on the topic “the King’s English” to illustrate his point that bar conversation in a pub has a charm of its own．2．1n this essay the writer alluded to many historical and literary event such as the Norman conquest，the saloons of 18th century Paris，and the words of many a man of letters．For a short expository essay like this，the allusions used are more than expected and desirable．3．Paragraph 5 is a transition paragraph by means of which the writer passes from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instance of it．But one feels the change from “pub talk” to “the King's English” a bit too abrupt．4．The simple idiomatic expressions like "to be on the rocks，out of bed on the wrong side，etc．”may be said to go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer used for an informal conversational style to Suit the theme of this essay in which the writer tries to defend informal uses of language．5．The writer’s attitude towards “the King’s English” shows that he is a defender of democracy．Ⅳ．1．And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)2．Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．3．In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view．4．People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives．5．The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．6．These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we call their meat beef．7．The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8．The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9．The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10．There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11．There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. For example, the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.12．Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.V．See the translation of the text．Ⅵ·1. on the rocks：metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks2．get out of bed on the wrong side: be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”. It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed.) 3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring．It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting．4．turn up one’s nose at：scorn；show scorn for5．into the shoes：metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)，think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon peasant，i．e．as if one were a Saxon peasant6 come into one’s own：receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition657．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice ofⅦ．1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏；uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。
高级英语第一册(修订本)第12课Lesson12-The-Loons原文和翻译
The LoonsMargarel Laurence1、Just below Manawaka, where the Wachakwa River ran brown and noisy over the pebbles , the scrub oak and grey-green willow and chokecherry bushes grew in a dense thicket . In a clearing at the centre of the thicket stood the Tonnerre family's shack. The basis at this dwelling was a small square cabin made of poplar poles and chinked with mud, which had been built by Jules Tonnerre some fifty years before, when he came back from Batoche with a bullet in his thigh, the year that Riel was hung and the voices of the Metis entered their long silence. Jules had only intended to stay the winter in the Wachakwa Valley, but the family was still there in the thirties, when I was a child. As the Tonnerres had increased, their settlement had been added to, until the clearing at the foot of the town hill was a chaos of lean-tos, wooden packing cases, warped lumber, discarded car types, ramshackle chicken coops , tangled strands of barbed wire and rusty tin cans.2、The Tonnerres were French half breeds, and among themselves they spoke a patois that was neither Cree nor French. Their English was broken and full of obscenities. They did not belong among the Cree of the Galloping Mountain reservation, further north, and they did not belong among the Scots-Irish and Ukrainians of Manawaka, either. They were, as my Grandmother MacLeod would have put it, neither flesh, fowl, nor good salt herring . When their men were not working at odd jobs or as section hands on the C.P. R. they lived on relief. In the summers, one of the Tonnerre youngsters, with a face that seemed totally unfamiliar with laughter, would knock at the doors of the town's brick houses and offer for sale a lard -pail fullof bruised wild strawberries, and if he got as much as a quarter he would grab the coin and run before the customer had time to change her mind. Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get mixed up in a Saturday-night brawl , and would hit out at whoever was nearest or howl drunkenly among the offended shoppers on Main Street, and then the Mountie would put them for the night in the barred cell underneath the Court House, and the next morning they would be quiet again.3、Piquette Tonnerre, the daughter of Lazarus, was in my class at school. She was older than I, but she had failed several grades, perhaps because her attendance had always been sporadic and her interest in schoolwork negligible . Part of the reason she had missed a lot of school was that she had had tuberculosis of the bone, and had once spent many months in hospital. I knew this because my father was the doctor who had looked after her. Her sickness was almost the only thing I knew about her, however. Otherwise, she existed for me only as a vaguely embarrassing presence, with her hoarse voice and her clumsy limping walk and her grimy cotton dresses that were always miles too long. I was neither friendly nor unfriendly towards her. She dwelt and moved somewhere within my scope of vision, but I did not actually notice her very much until that peculiar summer when I was eleven.4、"I don't know what to do about that kid." my father said at dinner one evening. "Piquette Tonnerre, I mean. The damn bone's flared up again. I've had her in hospital for quite a while now, and it's under control all right, but I hate like the dickens to send her home again."5、"Couldn't you explain to her mother that she has to rest a lot?" my mother said.6、"The mother's not there" my father replied. "She took off a few years back. Can't say I blame her. Piquette cooks for them, and she says Lazarus would never do anything for himself as long as she's there. Anyway, I don't think she'd take much care of herself, once she got back. She's only thirteen, after all. Beth, I was thinking—What about taking her up to Diamond Lake with us this summer? A couple of months rest would give that bone a much better chance."7、My mother looked stunned.8、"But Ewen -- what about Roddie and Vanessa?"9、"She's not contagious ," my father said. "And it would be company for Vanessa."10、"Oh dear," my mother said in distress, "I'll bet anything she has nits in her hair."11、"For Pete's sake," my father said crossly, "do you think Matron would let her stay in the hospital for all this time like that? Don't be silly, Beth. "12、Grandmother MacLeod, her delicately featured face as rigid as a cameo , now brought her mauve -veined hands together as though she were about to begin prayer.13、"Ewen, if that half breed youngster comes along to Diamond Lake, I'm not going," she announced. "I'll go to Morag's for the summer."14、I had trouble in stifling my urge to laugh, for my mother brightened visibly and quickly tried to hide it. If it came to a choice between Grandmother MacLeod and Piquette, Piquette would win hands down, nits or not.15、"It might be quite nice for you, at that," she mused. "You haven't seen Morag for over a year, and you might enjoy being in the city for a while. Well, Ewen dear, you do what you think best. If you think it would do Piquette some good, then we' II be glad to have her, as long as she behaves herself."16、So it happened that several weeks later, when we all piled into my father's old Nash, surrounded by suitcases and boxes of provisions and toys for myten-month-old brother, Piquette was with us and Grandmother MacLeod, miraculously, was not. My father would only be staying at the cottage for a couple of weeks, for he had to get back to his practice, but the rest of us would stay at Diamond Lake until the end of August.17、Our cottage was not named, as many were, "Dew Drop Inn" or "Bide-a-Wee," or "Bonnie Doon”. The sign on the roadway bore in auster e letters only our name, MacLeod. It was not a large cottage, but it was on the lakefront. You could look out the windows and see, through the filigree of the spruce trees, the water glistening greenly as the sun caught it. All around the cottage were ferns, and sharp-branched raspberrybushes, and moss that had grown over fallen tree trunks, If you looked carefully among the weeds and grass, you could find wild strawberry plants which were in white flower now and in another month would bear fruit, the fragrant globes hanging like miniaturescarlet lanterns on the thin hairy stems. The two grey squirrelswere still there, gossiping at us from the tall spruce beside the cottage, and by the end of the summer they would again be tame enough to take pieces of crust from my hands. The broad mooseantlers that hung above the back door were a little more bleached and fissured after the winter, but otherwise everything was the same. I raced joyfully around my kingdom, greeting all the places I had not seen for a year. My brother, Roderick, who had not been born when we were here last summer, sat on the car rug in the sunshine and examined a brown spruce cone, meticulously turning it round and round in his small and curious hands. My mother and father toted the luggage from car to cottage, exclaiming over how well the place had wintered, no broken windows, thank goodness, no apparent damage from storm felled branches or snow.18、Only after I had finished looking around did I notice Piquette. She was sitting on the swing her lame leg held stiffly out, and her other foot scuffing the ground as she swung slowly back and forth. Her long hair hung black and straight around her shoulders, and her broad coarse-featured face bore no expression -- it was blank, as though she no longer dwelt within her own skull, as though she had gone elsewhere.I approached her very hesitantly.19、"Want to come and play?"20、Piquette looked at me with a sudden flash of scorn.21、"I ain't a kid," she said.22、Wounded, I stamped angrily away, swearing I would not speak to her for the rest of the summer. In the days that followed, however, Piquette began to interest me, and l began to want to interest her. My reasons did not appear bizarre to me. Unlikely as it may seem, I had only just realised that the Tonnerre family, whom I had always heard Called half breeds, were actually Indians, or as near as made no difference. My acquaintance with Indians was not expensive. I did not remember ever having seen a real Indian, and my new awareness that Piquette sprang from the people of Big Bear and Poundmaker, of Tecumseh, of the Iroquois who had eaten Father Brébeuf's heart--all this gave her an instant attraction in my eyes. I was devoted reader of Pauline Johnson at this age, and sometimes would orate aloud and in an exalted voice, West Wind, blow from your prairie nest, Blow from the mountains, blow from the west--and so on. It seemed to me that Piquette must be in some way a daughter of the forest, a kind of junior prophetess of the wilds, who might impart to me, if I took the right approach, some of the secrets which she undoubtedly knew --where the whippoorwill made her nest, how the coyote reared her young, or whatever it was that it said in Hiawatha.23、I set about gaining Piquette's trust. She was not allowed to go swimming, with her bad leg, but I managed to lure her down to the beach-- or rather, she came because there was nothing else to do. The water was always icy, for the lake was fed by springs, but I swam like a dog, thrashing my arms and legs around at such speed and with such an output of energy that I never grew cold. Finally, when I had enough, I came out and sat beside Piquette on the sand. When she saw me approaching, herhands squashed flat the sand castle she had been building, and she looked at me sullenly, without speaking.24、"Do you like this place?" I asked, after a while, intending to lead on from there into the question of forest lore .25、Piquette shrugged. "It's okay. Good as anywhere."26、"I love it, "1 said. "We come here every summer."27、"So what?" Her voice was distant, and I glanced at her uncertainly, wondering what I could have said wrong.28、"Do you want to come for a walk?" I asked her. "We wouldn't need to go far. If you walk just around the point there, you come to a bay where great big reeds grow in the water, and all kinds of fish hang around there. Want to? Come on."29、She shook her head.30、"Your dad said I ain't supposed to do no more walking than I got to." I tried another line.31、"I bet you know a lot about the woods and all that, eh?" I began respectfully.32、Piquette looked at me from her large dark unsmiling eyes.33、"I don't know what in hell you're talkin' about," she replied. "You nuts or somethin'? If you mean where my old man, and me, and all them live, you better shut up, by Jesus, you hear?"34、I was startled and my feelings were hurt, but I had a kind of dogged perseverance. I ignored her rebuff.35、"You know something, Piquette? There's loons here, on this lake. You can see their nests just up the shore there, behind those logs. At night, you can hear them even from the cottage, but it's better to listen from the beach. My dad says we should listen and try to remember how they sound, because in a few years when more cottages are built at Diamond Lake and more people come in, the loons will go away."36、Piquette was picking up stones and snail shells and then dropping them again.37、"Who gives a good goddamn?" she said.38、It became increasingly obvious that, as an Indian, Piquette was a dead loss. That evening I went out by myself, scrambling through the bushes that overhung the steep path, my feet slipping on the fallen spruce needles that covered the ground. When I reached the shore, I walked along the firm damp sand to the small pier that my father had built, and sat down there. I heard someone else crashing through the undergrowth and the bracken, and for a moment I thought Piquette had changed her mind, but it turned out to be my father. He sat beside me on the pier and we waited, without speaking.38、At night the lake was like black glass with a streak of amber which was the path of the moon. All around, the spruce trees grew tall and close-set, branches blackly sharp against the sky, which was lightened by a cold flickering of stars. Thenthe loons began their calling. They rose like phantom birds from the nests on the shore, and flew out onto the dark still surface of the water.40、No one can ever describe that ululating sound, the crying of the loons, and no one who has heard it can ever forget it. Plaintive , and yet with a quality of chilling mockery , those voices belonged to a world separated by aeon from our neat world of summer cottages and the lighted lamps of home.41、"They must have sounded just like that," my father remarked, "before any person ever set foot here." Then he laughed. "You could say the same, of course, about sparrows or chipmunk, but somehow it only strikes you that way with the loons."42、"I know," I said.43、Neither of us suspected that this would be the last time we would ever sit here together on the shore, listening. We stayed for perhaps half an hour, and then we went back to the cottage. My mother was reading beside the fireplace. Piquette was looking at the burning birch log, and not doing anything.44、"You should have come along," I said, although in fact I was glad she had not.45、"Not me", Piquette said. "You wouldn’ catch me walkin' way down there jus' for a bunch of squawkin' birds."46、Piquette and I remained ill at ease with one another. felt I had somehow failed my father, but I did not know what was the matter, nor why she Would not or couldnot respond when I suggested exploring the woods or Playing house. I thought it was probably her slow and difficult walking that held her back. She stayed most of the time in the cottage with my mother, helping her with the dishes or with Roddie, but hardly ever talking. Then the Duncans arrived at their cottage, and I spent my days with Mavis, who was my best friend. I could not reach Piquette at all, and I soon lost interest in trying. But all that summer she remained as both a reproach and a mystery to me.47、That winter my father died of pneumonia, after less than a week's illness. For some time I saw nothing around me, being completely immersed in my own pain and my mother's. When I looked outward once more, I scarcely noticed that Piquette Tonnerre was no longer at school. I do not remember seeing her at all until four years later, one Saturday night when Mavis and I were having Cokes in the Regal Café. The jukebox was booming like tuneful thunder, and beside it, leaning lightly on its chrome and its rainbow glass, was a girl.48、Piquette must have been seventeen then, although she looked about twenty.I stared at her, astounded that anyone could have changed so much. Her face, so stolidand expressionless before, was animated now with a gaiety that was almost violent. She laughed and talked very loudly with the boys around her. Her lipstick was bright carmine, and her hair was cut Short and frizzily permed . She had not been pretty as a child, and she was not pretty now, for her features were still heavy and blunt. But her dark and slightly slanted eyes were beautiful, and her skin-tight skirt and orange sweater displayed to enviable advantage a soft and slender body.49、She saw me, and walked over. She teetered a little, but it was not due to her once-tubercular leg, for her limp was almost gone.50、"Hi, Vanessa," Her voice still had the same hoarseness . "Long time no see, eh?"51、"Hi," I said "Where've you been keeping yourself, Piquette?"52、"Oh, I been around," she said. "I been away almost two years now. Been all over the place--Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon. Jesus, what I could tell you! I come back this summer, but I ain't stayin'. You kids go in to the dance?"53、"No," I said abruptly, for this was a sore point with me. I was fifteen, and thought I was old enough to go to the Saturday-night dances at the Flamingo. My mother, however, thought otherwise.54、"Y'oughta come," Piquette said. "I never miss one. It's just about the on'y thing in this jerkwater55、town that's any fun. Boy, you couldn' catch me stayin' here. I don' give a shit about this place. It stinks."56、She sat down beside me, and I caught the harsh over-sweetness of her perfume.57、"Listen, you wanna know something, Vanessa?" she confided , her voice only slightly blurred. "Your dad was the only person in Manawaka that ever done anything good to me."58、I nodded speechlessly. I was certain she was speaking the truth. I knew a little more than I had that summer at Diamond Lake, but I could not reach her now any more than I had then, I was ashamed, ashamed of my own timidity, the frightened tendency to look the other way. Yet I felt no real warmth towards her-- I only felt that I ought to, because of that distant summer and because my father had hoped she would be company for me, or perhaps that I would be for her, but it had not happened that way. At this moment, meeting her again, I had to admit that she repelled and embarrassed me, and I could not help despising the self-pity in her voice. I wished she would go away. I did not want to see her did not know what to say to her. It seemed that we had nothing to say to one another.59、"I'll tell you something else," Piquette went on. "All the old bitches an' biddies in this town will sure be surprised. I'm gettin' married this fall -- my boy friend, he's an English fella, works in the stockyards in the city there, a very tall guy, got blond wavy hair. Gee, is he ever handsome. Got this real Hiroshima name. Alvin Gerald Cummings--some handle, eh? They call him Al."60、For the merest instant, then I saw her. I really did see her, for the first and only time in all the years we had both lived in the same town. Her defiant face, momentarily, became unguarded and unmasked, and in her eyes there was a terrifying hope.61、"Gee, Piquette --" I burst out awkwardly, "that's swell. That's really wonderful. Congratulations—good luck--I hope you'll be happy--"62、As l mouthed the conventional phrases, I could only guess how great her need must have been, that she had been forced to seek the very things she so bitterly rejected.63、When I was eighteen, I left Manawaka and went away to college. At the end of my first year, I came back home for the summer. I spent the first few days in talking non-stop with my mother, as we exchanged all the news that somehow had not found its way into letters-- what had happened in my life and what had happened here in Manawaka while I was away. My mother searched her memory for events that concerned people I knew.64、"Did I ever write you about Piquette Tonnerre, Vanessa?" she asked one morning.65、"No, I don't think so," I replied. "Last I heard of her, she was going to marry some guy in the city. Is she still there?"66、My mother looked Hiroshima , and it was a moment before she spoke, as though she did not know how to express what she had to tell and wished she did not need to try.67、"She's dead," she said at last. Then, as I stared at her, "Oh, Vanessa, when it happened, I couldn't help thinking of her as she was that summer--so sullen and gauche and badly dressed. I couldn't help wondering if we could have done something more at that time--but what could we do? She used to be around in the cottage therewith me all day, and honestly it was all I could do to get a word out of her. She didn't even talk to your father very much, although I think she liked him in her way."68、"What happened?" I asked.69、"Either her husband left her, or she left him," my mother said. "I don't know which. Anyway, she came back here with two youngsters, both only babies--they must have been born very close together. She kept house, I guess, for Lazarus and her brothers, down in the valley there, in the old Tonnerre place. I used to see her on the street sometimes, but she never spoke to me. She'd put on an awful lot of weight, and she looked a mess, to tell you the truth, a real slattern , dressed any old how. She was up in court a couple of times--drunk and disorderly, of course. One Saturday night last winter, during the coldest weather, Piquette was alone in the shack with the children. The Tonnerres made home brew all the time, so I've heard, and Lazarus said later she'd been drinking most of the day when he and the boys went out that evening. They had an old woodstove there--you know the kind, with exposed pipes. The shack caught fire. Piquette didn't get out, and neither did the children."70、I did not say anything. As so often with Piquette, there did not seem to be anything to say. There was a kind of silence around the image in my mind of the fire and the snow, and I wished I could put from my memory the look that I had seen once in Piquette's eyes.71、I went up to Diamond Lake for a few days that summer, with Mavis and her family. The MacLeod cottage had been sold after my father's death, and I did not evengo to look at it, not wanting to witness my long-ago kingdom possessed now by strangers. But one evening I went clown to the shore by myself.72、The small pier which my father had built was gone, and in its place there wasa large and solid pier built by the government, for Galloping Mountain was now a national park, and Diamond Lake had been re-named Lake Wapakata, for it was felt that an Indian name would have a greater appeal to tourists. The one store had become several dozen, and the settlement had all the attributes of a flourishing resort--hotels, a dance-hall, cafes with neon signs, the penetrating odoursof potato chips and hot dogs.73、I sat on the government pier and looked out across the water. At night the lake at least was the same as it had always been, darkly shining and bearing within its black glass the streak of amber that was the path of the moon. There was no wind that evening, and everything was quiet all around me. It seemed too quiet, and then I realized that the loons were no longer here. I listened for some time, to make sure, but never once did I hear that long-drawn call, half mocking and half plaintive, spearing through the stillness across the lake.74、I did not know what had happened to the birds. Perhaps they had gone away to some far place of belonging. Perhaps they had been unable to find such a place, and had simply died out, having ceased to care any longer whether they lived or not.75、I remembered how Piquette had scorned to come along, when my father andI sat there and listened to the lake birds. It seemed to me now that in someunconscious and totally unrecognized way, Piquette might have been the only one, after all, who had heard the crying of the loons.第十二课潜水鸟玛格丽特劳伦斯马纳瓦卡山下有一条小河，叫瓦恰科瓦河，浑浊的河水沿着布满鹅卵石的河床哗哗地流淌着，河边谷地上长着多数的矮橡树、灰绿色柳树和野樱桃树，形成一片茂密的丛林。
高级英语第一册_Unit_4_Everyday_Use_for_Your_Grandmama
Unit 4 Everyday Use for your grandmamaAlice Walker 1.) About the authorAlice Walker (1944- ), poet, novelist and essayist, was born into a poor rural family in Eatonton, Georgia. Her parents made a living by growing cotton. When she went to Sarah Lawren ce College in the early 60’s, the civil rights movement was in full swing. She was actively involved in the movement and upon graduation worked in Mississippi, center of the civil rights activities. After experiencing the political movement and as a case worker for the New York City welfare department, she became a teacher of creative writing and black literature, lecturing at Jackson State College, Tougaloo College, Wellesley, Yale and University of California at Berkeley. Her writing career began with the publication of a volume of poetry in 1968, which was followed by a number of novels, short stories, critical essays and more poetry. Now she is regarded as one of the most prominent writers in American literature and a most forceful representative of wome n’s literature and black literature.Her works include The Thrid Life Grange Copeland (1970), Meridian (1976), a volume of poetry Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973), a collection of short stories In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973) and a recent novel The Temple of My Familiar (1989). Her most significant novel is The Purple, published in 1982, which won all the three major book awards in America –the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award. The novel was an instant bestseller and made into an equally successful movie in 1985, directed by Spielberg and starring Whoopi Goldberg.Alice Walker is at her best when portraying people living in the rural areas where the writer was born and grew up. As a black writer, Walker is particularly interested in examining the relationships among the blacks themselves.2.) “Everyday Use”(1973) is included in the Norton Anthology of Short Fiction, 2nd Edition, 1981. “Everyday Use”, one of the best-written short stories by Alice Walker, describes three women. The mother is a working woman without much education, but not without intelligence or perception. The two daughters form a sharp contrast in every conceivable way: appearance, character, personal experiences, etc. The story reaches its climax at the moment when Dee, the elder daughter, wants the old quilts only to e refused flatly by the mother, who intends to give them to Maggie, the younger one. The old quilts, made from pieces of clothes worn by grand and great grand parents and stitched by Grandma’s hand, are clearly a symbol of the cultural heritage of the black people. Their different feelings about the quilts reveal their different attitudes towards their heritage as blacks.The theme:The main theme in the story concerns the character’s connections to their ancestral roots.Dee Johnson believes that she is affirming her African heritage by changing her name, her mannerisms,and her appearance, even though her family has lived in the U.S. for several generations.The historical present:描述历史事件的现在时，使事件更生动、更真实The historcal present(some times dramatic present) refers to the employment of the present tense when narrating past events. It is used in fiction, for “hot news” (as in headlines), and in everyday conversation, it is partical any common with “verbs of communication” such as tell,write,etc.I will wait for her in the yard that Maggie and I made so clean and wavy yesterday afternoon. A yard like this is more comfortable than most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room. When the hard clay is swept clean as a floor and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves, anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never come inside the house. 我就在这院子里等候她的到来。
高级英语教学——王立礼
《高级英语》的教学目的与特点 《高级英语》的课堂教学 突出人文精神与思辨能力培养
总目的是提高阅读原文的理解能力。具体目标为： 扩大词汇 增加对语言现象及写作风格的敏感性 扩大知识面、扩大视野，挖掘课文人文精神的深刻内涵 在细读和分析性阅读的基础上加强思关注当今世界重要话题，挖掘课文的人文 精神的深刻内涵 培养学生独立自主学习，在细读和分析性 阅读的基础上提高思辨能力
Read, Think, and Comment：
第三版为培养思辨能力专门设计的新环节 特点： 1. 表面上语言简单，少有生词或难句，但却有深 刻的思想内涵 2. 旨在通过阅读、思考和评论这三个连续的步骤， 提高学生阅读理解和思辨的能力
Background information：
背景难点，如人物、地点、历史事件、文化典故等 帮助学生更好地理解课文，扫除理解障碍 Notes： 1. 背景信息应与主题密切关联，切勿转移或分散学 生阅读的注意力 2. 勿另立新题，加重学习负担
例：Book1第4课 “The Trial That Rocked the World” 课文中很多细节、对话和幽默点，如果对事件发 生的背景不了解，将很难理解。因此，介绍历史 背景十分重要，包括美国20世纪20年代的特点， revival of fundamentalism，审判涉及的主要历史 人物，美国的法律程序等等。
The End
Thank You！
@北外王立礼
根据课文，教师可以提很多发人深省的问题，如：
Why does Haji Ali (the village head) explain the meaning of three cups of tea to the author? Does drinking three cups of tea have a symbolic meaning? If so, what is it? Why does Haji Ali say, “We have lived and survived here for a long time?”
高级英语(4.2.2)--AliceWalker
Alice WalkerAlice Walker is an African American novelist, short-story writer, poet, essayist, and activist. Her most famous novel,The Color Purple, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award in1983. Walker's creative vision is rooted in the economic hardship,racial terror,and folk wisdom of African American life and culture,particularly in the rural South.Her writing explores multidimensional kinships among women and embraces the redemptive power of social and political revolution.Walker began publishing her fiction and poetry during the latter years of the Black Arts movement in the 1960s. Her work, along with that of such writers as Toni Morrison and Gloria Naylor, however, is commonly associated with the post-1970s surge in African American women's literature.Early Life and EducationMalsenior Walker was born in Eatonton on February 9, 1944, the eighth and youngest child of Minnie Tallulah Grant and Willie Lee Walker, who were sharecroppers. The precocious spirit that distinguished Walker's personality during her early years vanished at the age of eight, when her brother scarred and blinded her right eye with a BB gun in a game of cowboys and Indians.Teased by her classmates and misunderstood by her family, Walker became a shy, reclusive youth. Much of her embarrassment dwindled after a doctor removed the scar tissue six years later. Although Walker eventually became high school prom queen and class valedictorian, she continued to feel like an outsider, nurturing a passion for reading and writing poetry in solitude.In 1961 Walker left Eatonton for Spelman College, a prominent school for black women in Atlanta, on a state scholarship. During the two years she attended Spelman she became active in the civil rights movement. After transferring to Sarah Lawrence College in New York, Walker continued her studies as well as her involvement in civil rights. In 1962 she was invited to the home of Martin Luther King Jr. in recognition of her attendance at the Youth World Peace Festival in Finland. Walker also registered black voters in Liberty County, Georgia, and later worked for the New York City Department of Welfare.Two years after receiving her B.A. degree from Sarah Lawrence in 1965, Walker married Melvyn Rosenman Leventhal, a white civil rights attorney. They lived in Jackson, Mississippi, where Walker worked as the black history consultant for a Head Start program. She also served as the writer-in-residence for Jackson State College (later Jackson State University) and Tougaloo College. She completed her first novel,The Third Life of Grange Copeland, in 1969, the same year that her daughter, Rebecca Grant, was born. When her marriage to Leventhal ended in 1977, Walker moved to northern California, where she lives and writes today.Walker has taught African American women's studies to college students at Wellesley, the University of Massachusetts at Boston, Yale, Brandeis, and the University of California at Berkeley. She supports antinuclear and environmental causes, and her protests against the oppressive rituals of female circumcision in Africa and the Middle East make her a vocal advocate for international women's rights. Walker has served as a contributing editor of Ms. magazine, and she is a cofounder of Wild Tree Press. Walker's appreciation for her matrilineal literary history is evidenced by the numerous reviews and articles she has published to acquaint new generations of readers with writers like Zora Neale Hurston. The anthology she edited, I Love Myself When I Am Laughing... and Then Again When I Am Looking Mean and Impressive: A Zora Neale Hurston Reader(1979), was particularly instrumental in bringing Hurston's work back into print. In addition to her deep admiration for Hurston, Walker's literary influences include Harlem Renaissance writer Jean Toomer,black Chicago poet Gwendolyn Brooks, South African novelist Bessie Head, and white Georgia writer Flannery O'Connor.PoetryThe poems in Walker's first volume, Once (1968), are based on her experiences during the civil rights movement and her travels to Africa. Influenced by Japanese haiku and the philosophy of author Albert Camus, Once also contains meditations on love and suicide. Indeed, after Walker visited Africa during the summer of 1964, she had struggled with an unwanted pregnancy upon her return to college. She speaks openly in her writing about the mental and physical anguish she experienced before deciding to have an abortion. The poems in Once grew not only from the sorrowful period in which Walker contemplated death but also from her triumphant decision to reclaim her life.Revolutionary PetuniasMany of the narrative poems of her second volume,Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973), revisit her southern past, while other verses challenge superficial political militancy. The collection won the Lillian Smith Book Award (named for Georgia writer Lillian Smith and administered by the Southern Regional Council) in 1973. Good Night, Willie Lee, I'll See You in the Morning (1979) contains tributes to black political leaders and creative writers. In addition to a fourth volume of poetry, Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful(1984), Walker has compiled her previously published verses in the collection Her Blue Body Everything We Know:Earthling Poems 1965-1990 Complete(1991). In a review of Absolute Trust in the Goodness of the Earth:New Poems(2003),Publishers Weekly highlighted the volume's spiritual and ecological topics and added that Walker"explor[es]and prais[es] friendship, romantic love, home cooking, the peace movement, ancestors, ethnic diversity,and particularly admirable strong women,among them the primatologist Jane Goodall."Walker's most recent volume of poems,A Poem Traveled Down My Arm, was published in 2005.Short Fiction and EssaysOne of Walker's earliest stories, "To Hell with Dying," captured the attention of poet Langston Hughes, who included it in his 1967 anthology, The Best Short Stories by Negro Writers. In the tale, which is based on actual events, the joy and laughter of children rescue an old guitar player named Mr. Sweet from the brink of death year after year. The narrator—a girl at the start of the story—returns home as a young woman to "revive" Mr. Sweet, but with no success. After his death she inherits the bluesman's guitar and his enduring legacy of love."To Hell with Dying" was reprinted in Walker's first collection of short fiction,In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women (1973). The thirteen stories in this volume feature black women struggling to transcend society's narrow definitions of their intelligence and virtue. Her second collection, You Can't Keep a Good Woman Down: Stories (1982), continues her vivid portrayal of women's experiences by emphasizing such sensitive issues as rape and abortion. In 2000 Walker published a third collection of stories,The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart. She has also written four children's books, including an illustrated version of To Hell with Dying(1988) and Finding the Green Stone (1991).Walker has published several volumes of essays and autobiographical reflections. In the1983collection In Search of Our Mothers'Gardens:Womanist Prose,she introduced readers to a new ideological approach to feminist thought.Her term womanist characterizes black feminists who cherish women's creativity, emotional flexibility, and strength.Womanism is further used to suggest new ways of reading silence and subjugation in narratives of male domination. The collection won the Lillian Smith Book Award in 1984. Other essay collections include The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult (1996), which features Walker's account of her struggle with Lyme disease during the filming of The Color Purple, and Sent by Earth: A Message from the Grandmother Spirit: After the Attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon (2002).NovelsLike her short stories, Walker's six novels place more emphasis on the inner workings of African American life than on the relationships between blacks and whites. Her first book,The Third Life of Grange Copeland(1970),details the sorrow and redemption of a rural black family trapped in a multigenerational cycle of violence and economic dependency. Walker also fictionalizes a young civil rights activist's coming-of-age in the novel Meridian (1976).The Color Purple (1982) has generated the most public attention as a book and as a major motion picture, directed by Steven Spielberg in 1985. Narrated through thevoice of Celie, The Color Purple is an epistolary novel—a work structured through a series of letters. Celie writes about the misery of childhood incest, physical abuse, and loneliness in her "letters to God." After being repeatedly raped by her stepfather, Celie is forced to marry a widowed farmer with three children. Yet her deepest hopes are realized with the help of a loving community of women, including her husband's mistress, Shug Avery, and Celie's sister, Nettie. Celie gradually learns to see herself as a desirable woman, a healthy and valuable part of the universe.Set in rural Georgia during segregation,The Color Purple brings components of nineteenth-century slave autobiography and sentimental fiction together with a confessional narrative of sexual awakening. Walker's harshest critics have condemned her portrayal of black men in the novel as "male-bashing," but others praise her forthright depiction of taboo subjects and her clear rendering of folk idiom and dialect. In 1985 the novel was adapted into a film, directed by Steven Spielberg. The musical stage adaptation premiered at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta in 2004 and opened on Broadway in 2005.Literary scholars often link The Color Purple with Walker's next two novels in an informal trilogy. Celie's granddaughter, Fanny, is a major character in The Temple of My Familiar(1989), and the protagonist of Possessing the Secret of Joy(1992) is Tashi, the African wife of Celie's son. In Walker's novel By the Light of My Father's Smile (1998), strong sexual and religious themes intersect in a tale narrated from both sides of the grave. The novel features a family of African American anthropologists who journey to Mexico to study a tribe descended from former black slaves and Native Americans. In Now Is the Time to Open Your Heart (2004) the main character, Kate, embarks on a literal and spiritual journey to find a way to accept the aging process. Walker says that Kate's search is necessary because the territory is largely "uncharted," and "people seem to lose their imagination about what women's lives can be after, say, 55 or 60."Reflecting on the unique perspective and versatility of her literary career, Walker says, "One thing I try to have in my life and my fiction is an awareness of and openness to mystery, which, to me, is deeper than any politics, race, or geographical location." With elements of ancestral fable and spirituality, womanist insight, literary realism, and the grotesque, Walker's writing embodies an abundant cultural landscape of its own.In2001Walker was inducted into the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame.Emory University in Atlanta acquired Walker's personal and literary archives in 2007 and began cataloging her papers the following year.。
Everyday Use
Background
The Main Idea The story begins with the narrator, a black woman, awaiting the homecoming of her daughter Dee, an educated woman who now lives in the city. Accompanying her is her younger daughter Maggie. As they wait, the narrator reveals details of the family history, specifically the relationship between her two daughters. To the mother‟s surprise, Dee, who has been scornful of the black, is now delighted by the old way of life, and she is even more interested in the old handmade quilts pieced by Grandma. However, these quilts have already been promised to Maggie. Although Maggie is intimidated enough to surrender the beloved quilts to Dee, the mother snatches the quilts form Dee and offers her instead some of the machine-stitched ones, which Dee does not want.
高级英语第一册Unit 3 文章结构+课文讲解+课文翻译+课后练习+答案
Unit 3 Ships in the DesertShips in the DesertShips in the DesertAL Gore--------------------------------------------------------------------------------I was standing in the sun on the hot steel deck of a fishing ship capable of processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day. But it wasn' t a good day. We were anchored in what used to be the most productive fishing site in all of central Asia, but as I looked out over the bow , the prospects of a good catch looked bleak. Where there should have been gentle blue-green waves lapping against the side of the ship, there was nothing but hot dry sand – as far as I could see in all directions. The other ships of the fleet were also at rest in the sand, scattered in the dunes that stretched all the way to the horizon . Ten year s ago the Aral was the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, comparable to the largest of North America's Great Lakes. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in anill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton In the user t. The new shoreline was almost forty kilometers across the sand from where the fishing fleet was now permanently docked. Meanwhile, in the nearby town of Muynak the people were still canning fish – brought not from the Aral Sea but shipped by rail through Siberia from the Pacific Ocean, more than a thousand miles away.My search for the underlying causes of the environmental crisis has led me to travel around the world to examine and study many of these images of destruction. At the very bottom of the earth, high in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains, with the sun glaring at midnight through a hole in the sky, I stood in the unbelievable coldness and talked with a scientist in the late tall of 1988 about the tunnel he was digging through time. Slipping his parka back to reveal a badly burned face that was cracked and peeling, he pointed to the annual layers of ice in a core sample dug from the glacier on which we were standing. He moved his finger back in time to the ice of two decades ago. "Here's where the U. S Congress passed the Clean Air Act, ” he said. At the bottom of the world, two continents away from Washington, D. C., even a small reduction in one country's emissions had changed the amount of pollution found in the remotest end least accessible place on earth.But the most significant change thus far in the earth' s atmosphere is the one that began with the industrial r evolution early in the last century and has picked up speed ever since. Industry meant coal, and later oil, and we began to burn lots of it – bringing rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) , with its ability to trap more heat in the atmosphere and slowly warm the earth. Fewer than a hundred yards from the South Pole, upwind from the ice runway where the ski plane lands and keeps its engines running to prevent the metal parts from freeze-locking together, scientists monitor the air sever al times ever y day to chart the course of that inexorable change. During my visit, I watched one scientist draw the results of that day'smeasurements, pushing the end of a steep line still higher on the graph. He told me how easy it is – there at the end of the earth – to see that this enormous change in the global atmosphere is still picking up speed.Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of our planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean. After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick – and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below. After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming. I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U. S. Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap. Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or "pressure ridges " of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide. But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them – indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world. As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin; and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.Considering such scenarios is not a purely speculative exercise. Six months after I returned from the North Pole, a team of scientists reported dramatic changes in the pattern of ice distribution in the Arctic, and a second team reported a still controversialclaim (which a variety of data now suggest) that, over all, the north polar cap has thinned by 2 per cent in just the last decade. Moreover, scientists established several years ago that in many land areas north of the Arctic Circle, the spring snowmelt now comes earlier every year, and deep in the tundra below, the temperature e of the earth is steadily rising.As it happens, some of the most disturbing images of environmental destruction can be found exactly halfway between the North and South poles – precisely at the equator in Brazil – where billowing clouds of smoke regularly black-en the sky above the immense but now threatened Amazon rain forest. Acre by acre, the rain forest is being burned to create fast pasture for fast-food beef; as I learned when I went there in early 1989, the fires are set earlier and earlier in the dry season now, with more than one Tennessee's worth of rain forest being slashed and burned each year. According to our guide, the biologist Tom Lovejoy, there are more different species of birds in each square mile of the Amazon than exist in all of North America – which means we are silencing thousands of songs we have never even heard.But one doesn't have to travel around the world to wit-ness humankind's assault on the earth. Images that signal the distress of our global environment arenow commonly seen almost anywhere. On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress. If the sky is clear after sunset -- and it you are watching from a place where pollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether -- you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky. This "noctilucent cloud" occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening dark-ness; shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural. And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere. (Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termites that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities. ) Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condenses at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.What should we feel toward these ghosts in the sky? Simple wonder or the mix of emotions we feel at the zoo? Perhaps we should feel awe for our own power: just as men "ear tusks from elephants’ heads in such quantity as to threaten the beast with extinction, we are ripping matter from its place in the earth in such volume as to upset the balance between daylight and darkness. In the process, we are once again adding to the threat of global warming, be-cause methane has been one of the fastest-growing green-house gases, and is third only to carbon dioxide and water vapor in total volume, changing the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. But, without even considering that threat, shouldn't it startle us that we have now put these clouds in the evening sky which glisten with a spectral light? Or have our eyes adjusted so completely to the bright lights of civilization that we can't see these clouds for what they are – a physical manifestation of the violent collision between human civilization and the earth?Even though it is sometimes hard to see their meaning, we have by now all witnessed surprising experiences that signal the damage from our assault on the environment --whether it's the new frequency of days when the temperature exceeds 100 degrees, the new speed with which the -un burns our skin, or the new constancy of public debate over what to do with growing mountains of waste. But our response to these signals is puzzling. Why haven't we launched a massive effort to save our environment? To come at the question another way' Why do some images startle us into immediate action and focus our attention or ways to respond effectively? And why do other images, though sometimes equally dramatic, produce instead a Kin. of paralysis, focusing our attention not on ways to respond but rather on some convenient, less painful distraction?Still, there are so many distressing images of environ-mental destruction that sometimes it seems impossible to know how to absorb or comprehend them. Before considering the threats themselves, it may be helpful to classify them and thus begin to organize our thoughts and feelings so that we may be able to respondappropriately.A useful system comes from the military, which frequently places a conflict in one of three different categories, according to the theater in which it takes place. There are "local" skirmishes, "regional" battles, and "strategic" conflicts. This third category is reserved for struggles that can threaten a nation's survival and must be under stood in a global context. Environmental threats can be considered in the same way. For example, most instances of water pollution, air pollution, and illegal waste dumping are essentially local in nature. Problems like acid rain, the contamination ofunder-ground aquifers, and large oil spills are fundamentally regional. In both of these categories, there may be so many similar instances of particular local and regional problems occurring simultaneously all over the world that the patter n appears to be global, but the problems themselves are still not truly strategic because the operation of- the global environment is not affected and the survival of civilization is not at stake.However, a new class of environmental problems does affect the global ecological system, and these threats are fundamentally strategic. The 600 percent increase in the amount of chlorine in the atmosphere during the last forty years has taken place not just in those countries producing the chlorofluorocarbons responsible but in the air above every country, above Antarctica, above the North Pole and the Pacific Ocean – all the way from the surface of the earth to the top of the sky. The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface; and it we let chlorine levels continue to increase, the radiation levels will al-so increase – to the point that all animal and plant life will face a new threat to their survival.Global warming is also a strategic threat. The concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing molecules has increased by almost 25 per cent since World War II, posing a worldwide threat to the earth's ability to regulate the amount of heat from the sun retained in the atmosphere. This increase in heat seriously threatens the global climate equilibrium that determines the pattern of winds, rainfall, surface temperatures, ocean currents, and sea level. These in turn determine the distribution of vegetative and animal life on land and sea and have a great effect on the location and pattern of human societies.In other words, the entire relationship between humankind and the earth has been transformed because our civilization is suddenly capable of affecting the entire global environment, not just a particular area. All of us know that human civilization has usually had a large impact on the environment; to mention just one example, there is evidence that even in prehistoric times, vast areas were sometimes intentionally burned by people in their search for food. And in our own time we have reshaped a large part of the earth's surface with concrete in our cities and carefully tended rice paddies, pastures, wheat fields, and other croplands in the countryside. But these changes, while sometimes appearing to be pervasive , have, until recently, been relatively trivial factors in the global ecological sys-tem. Indeed, until our lifetime, it was always safe to assume that nothing we did or could do would haveany lasting effect on the global environment. But it is precisely that assumption which must now be discarded so that we can think strategically about our new relationship to the environment.Human civilization is now the dominant cause of change in the global environment. Yet we resist this truth and find it hard to imagine that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the strength of the moon's pull on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And it we are now capable of changing something so basic as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, We seem oblivious of the fragility of the earth's natural systems.This century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relation-ship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, with the addition of one China's worth of people every ten years, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and trans-forming the physical matter that makes up the earth. The surge in population is both a cause of the changed relationship and one of the clearest illustrations of how startling the change has been, especially when viewed in a historical context. From the emergence of modern humans 200 000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 250 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through this century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people. In other words, from the beginning of humanity's appearance on earth to 1945, it took more than ten thousand generations to reach a world population of 2 billion people. Now, in the course of one human lifetime -- mine -- the world population will increase from 2 to more than 9 million, and it is already more than halfway there.Like the population explosion, the scientific and technological revolution began to pick up speed slowly during the eighteenth century. And this ongoing revolution has also suddenly accelerated exponentially. For example, it is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years that. in the entire previous history of science. While no single discover y has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that unclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance -- making the consequences, of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the consequences of unrestrained nuclear war.Now that our relationship to the earth has changed so utterly, we have to see that change and understand its implications. Our challenge is to recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They aresymptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation -- they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization and the earth's natural balance. There are actually two aspects to this challenge. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can in-deed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of a complex system that does not operate according to the same simple rules of cause and effect we are used to. The problem is not our effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.There is only one precedent for this kind of challenge to our thinking, and again it is military. The invention of nuclear weapons and the subsequent development by the Unit-ed States and the Soviet Union of many thousands of strategic nuclear weapons forced a slow and painful recognition that the new power thus acquired forever changed not only the relationship between the two superpowers but also the relationship of humankind to the institution at war-fare itself. The consequences of all-out war between nations armed with nuclear weapons suddenly included the possibility of the destruction of both nations – completely and simultaneously. That sobering realization led to a careful reassessment of every aspect of our mutual relationship to the prospect of such a war. As early as 1946 one strategist concluded that strategic bombing with missiles "may well tear away the veil of illusion that has so long obscured the reality of the change in warfare – from a fight to a process of destruction.”Nevertheless, during the earlier stages of the nuclear arms race, each of the superpower s assumed that its actions would have a simple and direct effect on the thinking of the other. For decades, each new advance in weaponry was deployed by one side for the purpose of inspiring fear in the other. But each such deployment led to an effort by the other to leapfrog the first one with a more advanced deployment of its own. Slowly, it has become apparent that the problem of the nuclear arms r ace is not primarily caused by technology. It is complicated by technology, true; but it arises out of the relationship between the superpowers and is based on an obsolete understanding of what war is all about.The eventual solution to the arms race will be found, not in a new deployment by one side or the other of some ultimate weapon or in a decision by either side to disarm unilaterally , but ratter in new understandings and in a mutual transformation of the relationship itself. This transformation will involve changes in the technology of weaponry and the denial of nuclear technology to rogue states. But the key changes will be in the way we think about the institution of war far e and about the relationship between states.The strategic nature of the threat now posed by human civilization to the global environment and the strategic nature of the threat to human civilization now posedby changes in the global environment present us with a similar set of challenges and false hopes. Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life -- a simplistic notion at best. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will of course involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTESI) Al Gore: born in 1948 in Washington D. C., U. S. Senator (1984-1992) from the State of Tennessee,and U. S. Vice-President ( l 992-) under President Bill Clinton. He is the author of the book Earth in the Balance from which this piece is taken. 2) Aral Sea: inland sea and the world’s fourth largest lake, c. 26 000 sqmiles, SW Kazakhstan and NW Uzbekhstan, E of the Caspian Sea3) Great Lakes: group of five freshwater lakes, Central North America, between the United States and Canada, largest body of fresh water in the world. From west to east, they are Lake Superior,Lake Michigan,Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.4) Trans-Antarctic Mountains: mountain chain stretching across Antarctica from Victoria I and to Coats I and; separating the E Antarctic and W Antarctic subcontinents5) Clean Air Act: one of the oldest environmental laws of the U. S., as well as the most far-reaching, the costliest, and the most controversial. It was passed in 1970.6) Washington D. C.: capital of the United States. D. C. (District of Columbia).is added to distinguish it from the State of Washington and 3 other cities in the U. S bearing the sonic name.7) freeze-locking: the metal parts are frozen solid and unable to move freely8)midnight sun: phenomenon in which the sun remains visible in the sky for 24 hours or longer, occurring only in the polar regions9)global warming; The earth is getting warmer. The temperature of the earth's atmosphere and its surface is steadily rising.10) Submarine sonar tracks: the term sonar is an acronym for sound navigation ranging. It is used for communication between submerged submarines or between a submarine and a surface vessel, for locating mines and underwater hazards to navigation, and also as a fathometer, or depth finder.11) greenhouse (effect): process whereby heat is trapped at the surface of the earth by the atmosphere. An increase of man-made pollutants in the atmosphere will lead to a long-term warming of the earth's climate.12) Julius Caesar: (102? B. C -- 44 B. C:. ), Roman statesman and general13) Christopher Columbus: ( 1451-1506), discoverer of America, born Genoa, Italy14) Thomas Jefferson: (17-13-1826 ), 3d President of the UnitedStates(1801-1809), author of the Declaration of Independence.15) Declaration of Independence: full and formal declaration adopted July 4,1776, by representatives of the thirteen colonies in North America announcing the separation of those colonies from Great Britain and making them into the United States16)Ozone depletion: A layer of ozone in the stratosphere prevents most ultraviolet and other high-energy radiation, which is harmful to life, from penetrating to the earth's surface.Some.environmental, scientists fear that certain man-made pollutants, e.g. nitric oxide, CFCs(Chlorofluorocarbons), etc., may interfere with the delicate balance of reactions that maintains the ozone’ s concentration, possibly leading to a drastic depletion of stratospheric ozone. This is now happening in the stratosphere above the polarShips in the Desert 课文讲解/Detailed StudyShips in the Desert--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Detailed Study1. Ships in the Desert [image-7]: Ships anchored in the desert. This is aneye-catching title and it gives an image that people hardly see. When readers read the title, they can’t help wondering why and how.Paragraph 1. typical example of environmental destruction[image-7]2. capable of processing a fifty-ton catch on a good day: having the ability of cleaning and preparing for marketing or canning fifty-tons of fish on a productive day.catch: the amount of something caught; in the sentence it refers to the amount of fish caught e.g. The boat brought back a big catch of fish.3. but as I looked out over the bow, the prospects of a good catch looked bleak:a good catch did not look promising / hopeful.This is obviously an understatement because with sand all around there was no chance of catching fish, to say nothing of catching a lot of fish.bow[audio-1] : the front part of a shipant. sterncompare: bow[audio-2]: v. & n. to bend the upper part of the body forward, as away of showing respect, admitting defeat, etc.bow [audio-3]: n. a weapon for shooting arrowa long thin piece of wood with a tight string fastened along it, used for playing musical instruments that have stringsa knot formed by doubling a string or cord into two curved pieces, and used for decoration in the hair, in tying shoes, etcbleak: a) If a situation is bleak, it is bad, and seems unlikely to improve.e.g. His future looked bleak.bleak prospect; the bleakness of the post war yearsb) If a place is bleak, it looks cold, bare, and unattractivee.g. the bleak coastlinec) When the weather is bleak, it is cold, dull, and unpleasante.g. the bleak wintersd) If someone looks or sounds bleak, they seem depressed, hopeless, or unfriendlye.g. his bleak featuresbleakly adv.e.g. He stared bleakly ahead.“What,” he asked bleakly, “are these?”4. waves lapping against the side of the ship: waves touching the side of the ship gently and makes a soft sound lap can also be used as a noun.e.g. Your lap is the flat area formed by your thighs when you are sitting down. Her youngest child was asleep in her lap.He placed the baby on the woman’s lap.In a race, when you say that a competitor has completed a lap when he or she has gone round the course race.5. as far as I could see in all direction: that extended as far as the eye could see;6. that stretched all the way to the horizon: that extended to the far off place where the sky meet the earth7. comparable: something that is comparable to something else is a) as good as/ as big as/ as important as the other thing; b) similar to the other thinge.g. This dinner is comparable to the best French cooking.Our house is not comparable with yours. Ours is just a small hut while yours is a palace.8. Now it is disappearing because the water that used to feed it has been diverted in an ill-considered irrigation scheme to grow cotton in the dessert: Now it is becoming smaller and smaller because the water that used to flow into the sea has been turned away to irrigate the land created in the desert to grow cotton. The。
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black folk expression of mothers to female
children.
Womanist
Womanist theology challenges all oppressive forces impeding black women's struggle for survival, and for the development of a positive, productive quality of life conducive to women’s and the family’s freedom and well-being. Womanist theology opposes all oppression based on race, sex, class, sexual preference, physical ability, and caste(等级).
In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens (1983) brings together a collection of essays, articles, reviews, and commentaries written by Alice Walker between 1966 and 1982. The collection defines and expresses a womanist worldview with all of the love, respect, spiritual commitment, and demands for change that the term “womanist” implies.
Questions
Q1: What story did Walker tell about her mother? Her mother was a common black woman, who had many children and lived a “poor" life, worked hard and took a heavy burden of life. But her mother , who shows amazing creativity and strong vitality, still keep a keen interest in taking care of her beautiful gardens and deliver a love of beauty and a respect of strength to her children.
a writer.
Thanks for Your Attention
respect for strength.
Questions
Q4: How did her mother’s art influence her as a writer? Guided by her heritage of a love of beauty and a respect for strength the author found her own, she found her own creativity in writing, so she becoming
Garden——Symbolizes What?
Love for life
Love of beauty
Beautiful soulOptimistic attitude toward life
Creativity and Imagination for art
Respect for strength
A Brief Introduction to this Collection:
In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens offers hope, healing, and wholeness to a world that often forgets that these things are possible. At the same
Questions
Q3: What did she find? Her mother plant a beautiful garden and in search
of the garden, the author found a legacy her
mother leaves to her------a love of beauty and a
time, the book highlights a historical past that
includes many of the pioneers who forged the road of female creative expression and freedom.
Womanist
Womanist Origin: The term womanist first appeared in Alice Walker's In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983), in which the author attributed the word's origin to the
Questions
Q2: What did the author see in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. that led her to search in her mother’s garden? (Page158, para6) She saw a fanciful, simple and inspired quilt with a note says it was made by an anonymous Black women.
ADVANCED ENGLISH
Lesson 7
吴凤霞
Read, Think and Comment
"In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: The Creativity of Black Women in the South"(1974)
A Brief Introduction to the Excerpts: