思科ITE第二章
思科 FindIT Network Discovery Utility 2.0 快速入门指南说明书
Cisco Systems, Inc. 思科在全球设有 200 多家办事机构。
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思科 Small BusinessCisco FindIT Network Discovery Utility 版本 2.0快速入门指南文本部件编号： 78-21387-02本手册中的规定和信息如有变更，恕不另行通知。
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思科执行的 TCP 报头压缩是对加州大学伯克利分校 (UCB) 开发的某一程序的修改，它是 UNIX 操作系统的 UCB 公用版的一部分。
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Copyright © 1981，加利福尼亚州大学董事会。
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思科第二章
1静态路由较之动态路由有哪两项优点？（请选择两项。
）•正确响应您的响应•o由于静态路由不通过网络进行通告，因此比较安全。
o静态路由随着网络不断发展而进行扩展。
o正确实施静态路由所需的网络知识很少。
o静态路由比动态路由使用的路由器资源少。
o静态路由更容易进行大型网络配置。
静态路由需要充分了解整个网络才能正确实施。
它非常容易出错，且不能针对大型网络扩展。
静态路由使用更少的路由器资源，因为更新路由不需要计算。
由于它不通过网络通告，静态路由也比较安全。
此试题参考以下领域的内容：Routing and Switching Essentials•2.1.1 静态路由2 请参见图示。
允许PC A 和PC B 在路由器CPU 和网络带宽使用率最低的情况下访问互联网的路由解决方案是什么？2请参见图示。
允许PC A 和PC B 在路由器CPU 和网络带宽使用率最低的情况下访问互联网的路由解决方案是什么？•正确响应您的响应•o配置一条从R1 到Edge 的静态路由和一条从Edge 到R1 的动态路由。
o配置一条从R1 到Edge 的静态默认路由、一条从Edge 到互联网的默认路由以及一条从Edge 到R1 的路由。
o配置一条从R1 到Edge 的动态路由和一条从Edge 到R1 的静态路由。
o配置R1 和Edge 间的动态路由协议，并通告所有路由。
必须创建两个路由：在R1 中创建默认路由来访问“边缘”，在“边缘”中创建静态路由以访问返回流量的R1。
PC A 和PC B 属于末端网络后，这就是最佳解决方案。
而且，静态路由使用的带宽少于动态路由。
此试题参考以下领域的内容：Routing and Switching Essentials•2.1.1 静态路由3 浮动静态路由的正确语法是什么？3浮动静态路由的正确语法是什么？•正确响应您的响应•o ip route 209.165.200.228 255.255.255.248 serial 0/0/0o ip route 209.165.200.228 255.255.255.248 10.0.0.1 120o ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 serial 0/0/0o ip route 172.16.0.0 255.248.0.0 10.0.0.1将浮动静态路由用作备用路由，常常是从动态路由协议学习的路由。
CISCO产品培训资料(2)
IEEE 802.3af and Cisco prestandard Power over Ethernet Support
Gigabit Ethernet and 10 GbE
Catalyst 3750G-24TS-S/E1U Catalyst 3750G-24T 24 10/100/1000 Ports 4 SFP ports 48 10/100/1000 Ports 4 SFP ports 12 SFP ports Catalyst 3750G-48TS Catalyst 3750G-12S
• Small form factor pluggable (SFP) uplinks
SX, LX, ZX, 1000BaseT, CWDM options
Cisco Catalyst 3560 Series Model Overview
- Fast Ethernet Models
Two Software Versions Catalyst 3560-24TS
• Orderable with either software image • Upgrade license available
Cisco Catalyst 3560 Series Model Overview
- Gigabit Ethernet Models
Catalyst 3560G-24TS
• 24 10/100 ports • 2 SFP ports
Catalyst 3560-48TS
• 48 10/100 ports • 4 SFP ports
• Standard Multilayer Software Image (SMI)
Enterprise-class intelligent services: Advanced QoS, enhanced security, high availability, static and Routing Information Protocol (RIP), EIGRP-Stub IP routing
思科ITE章考试原题及答案图文稿
思科ITE章考试原题及答案图文稿思科I T E章考试原题及答案集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）清洁计算机内部可以减少以下哪种负面环境因素？灰尘在清洁计算机机箱内部时，直接喷射压缩空气容易损坏下列哪种组件？风扇在生产车间，一个家具工厂用笔记本电脑来实现进程监控和报告。
生产车间的环境温度大约为27 摄氏度（80 华氏度）。
湿度相当高，大约为70%。
风扇安装在通风口顶部。
这里的木屑灰尘非常多。
以下哪个条件最可能对在这一环境中使用的笔记本电脑产生不利影响？灰尘蔬菜罐头工厂使用笔记本电脑来监控生产线。
生产环境的环境温度大约是 24 摄氏度（75 华氏度）。
湿度约为 30%。
由于装罐设备的使用，因此噪音很高。
笔记本电脑放在一个木箱中，木箱三面距离笔记本电脑较近。
以下哪个因素最可能对在这一环境中使用的笔记本电脑产生不利影响？放置笔记本电脑的木箱科考队正在用笔记本电脑工作。
科学家们工作地点的温度范围为 -13 华氏度（-25 摄氏度）到 80 华氏度（27 摄氏度）。
湿度约为 40%。
噪声水平较低，但地形崎岖，风速可达每小时 45 英里（每小时 72 公里）。
在需要时，科学家们会停下脚步，用笔记本电脑输入数据。
下列哪一项条件最有可能对于在此环境下使用的笔记本电脑造成负面影响？温度以下哪一项是制定预防性维护计划的一部分？记录每项维护任务的详细信息和频率技术人员正在施工现场执行 PC 硬件维护。
作为预防性维护计划的一部分，技术人员应该执行什么任务？进气风扇除尘。
以下哪项任务应作为硬件维护例行程序的一部分？检查并固定任何松动的电缆。
在测试导致某个问题的若干可能原因时，应该首先测试哪类原因？最容易最明显的原因在解决计算机问题时可以使用下列哪两项物品来帮助制定行动计划（选择两项。
）计算机手册计算机维修历史记录日志为客户排除计算机故障之前应该备份哪两类数据（选择两项。
Cisco CCIE Security 考试大纲
HardwareCisco 3800 Series Integrated Services Routers (ISR)Cisco 1800 Series Integrated Services Routers (ISR)Cisco Catalyst 3560 Series SwitchesCisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security AppliancesCisco IPS Series 4200 Intrusion Prevention System sensorsCisco Secure Access Control Server for WindowsSoftwareCisco ISR Series running IOS Software Version 12.4T Advanced Enterprise Services feature set is used on all routersCisco Catalyst 3560 Series Switches running Cisco IOS Software Release 12.2(44)SE or aboveCisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances OS Software Version 8.xCisco IPS Software Release 6.1.xCisco VPN Client Software for Windows, Release 5.xCisco Secure ACS for Windows Version 4.1V3 BlueprintI Implement secure networks using Cisco ASA FirewallsPerform basic firewall InitializationConfigure device managementConfigure address translation (nat, global, static)Configure ACLsConfigure IP routingConfigure object groupsConfigure VLANsConfigure filteringConfigure failoverConfigure Layer 2 Transparent FirewallConfigure security contexts (virtual firewall)Configure Modular Policy FrameworkConfigure Application-Aware InspectionConfigure high availability solutionsConfigure QoS policiesⅡImplement secure networks using Cisco IOS Firewalls Configure CBACConfigure Zone-Based FirewallConfigure AuditConfigure Auth ProxyConfigure PAMConfigure access controlConfigure performance tuningConfigure advanced IOS Firewall featuresⅢImplement secure networks using Cisco VPN solutions Configure IPsec LAN-to-LAN (IOS/ASA)Configure SSL VPN (IOS/ASA)Configure Dynamic Multipoint VPN (DMVPN) Configure Group Encrypted Transport (GET) VPNConfigure Easy VPN(IOS/ASA)Configure CA(PKI)Configure Remote Access VPNConfigure Cisco Unity ClientConfigure Clientless WebVPNConfigure AnyConnect VPNConfigure XAuth, Split-Tunnel, RRI, NAT-TConfigure High AvailabilityConfigure QoS for VPNConfigure GRE, mGREConfigure L2TPConfigure advanced Cisco VPN featuresIV Configure Cisco IPS to mitigate network threatsConfigure IPS 4200 Series Sensor ApplianceInitialize the Sensor ApplianceConfigure Sensor Appliance managementConfigure virtual Sensors on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure security policiesConfigure promiscuous and inline monitoring on the Sensor Appliance Configure and tune signatures on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure custom signatures on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure blocking on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure TCP resets on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure rate limiting on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure signature engines on the Sensor ApplianceUse IDM to configure the Sensor ApplianceConfigure event action on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure event monitoring on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure advanced features on the Sensor ApplianceConfigure and tune Cisco IOS IPSConfigure SPAN & RSPAN on Cisco switchesjfdk 来源：考试大思科认证考试V Implement Identity ManagementConfigure RADIUS and TACACS+ security protocolsConfigure LDAPConfigure Cisco Secure ACSConfigure certificate-based authenticationConfigure proxy authenticationConfigure 802. 1xConfigure advanced identity management featuresConfigure Cisco NAC FrameworkVI Implement Control Plane and Management Plane SecurityImplement routing plane security features (protocol authentication, route filtering)Configure Control Plane PolicingConfigure CP protection and management protectionConfigure broadcast control and switchport securityConfigure additional CPU protection mechanisms (options drop,logging interval)Disable unnecessary servicesControl device access (Telnet, HTTP, SSH, Privilege levels)Configure SNMP, Syslog, AAA, NTPConfigure service authentication (FTP, Telnet, HTTP, other)Configure RADIUS and TACACS+ security protocolsConfigure device management and securityVII Configure Advanced SecurityConfigure mitigation techniques to respond to network attacks Configure packet marking techniquesImplement security RFCs (RFC1918/3330,RFC2827/3704)Configure Black Hole and Sink Hole solutionsConfigure RTBH filtering (Remote Triggered Black Hole)Configure Traffic Filtering using Access-ListsConfigure IOS NATConfigure TCP InterceptConfigure uRPFConfigure CARConfigure NBARConfigure NetFlowConfigure Anti-Spoofing solutionsConfigure PolicingCapture and utilize packet capturesConfigure Transit Traffic Control and Congestion ManagementConfigure Cisco Catalyst ad vanced security featuresVⅢI Identify and Mitigate Network AttacksIdentify and protect against fragmentation attacksIdentify and protect against malicious IP option usageIdentify and protect against network reconnaissance attacksIdentify and protect against IP spoofing attacksIdentify and protect against MAC spoofing attacksIdentify and protect against ARP spoofing attacksIdentify and protect against Denial of Service (DoS) attacksIdentify and protect against Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS) attacksIdentify and protect against Man-in-the-Middle (MiM) attacksIdentify and protect against port redirection attacksIdentify and protect against DHCP attacksIdentify and protect against DNS attacksIdentify and protect against Smurf attacksIdentify and protect against SYN attacksIdentify and protect against MAC Flooding attacksIdentify and protect against VLAN hoping attacksIdentify and protect against various Layer2 and Layer3 attacks。
Cisco Nexus 2 纤芯连接器文档指南说明书
PublicFiber Optic Transceiver Breakout Cable Ordering Guide: Cisco NexusStep 1:Identify your breakout cable assemblyby performance level, fiber type andconnector end for your application*Scenario References: Tables 1 and 3 utilize breakout cassettes, Tables 2 and 4 utilize breakout harness cabling.connector end for your application*Scenario References: Tables 1 and 3 utilize breakout cassettes, Tables 2 and 4 utilize breakout harness cabling.QDD-4X100G-LR-Sconnector end for your applicationDescriptionThe QDD-8X100G-FR module supports 100G breakout link lengths of up to 2 km. The module has eight pairs of single-mode fiber with MPO-12 APC connectors. It is compliant to the IEEE 802.3cu for100GBASE- FR1. The 400 Gigabit Ethernet signal is carried over eight parallel lanes by one wavelength per lane. It can be used as 8x100G breakout to QSFP28 100G-DR (up to 500 m), 100G-FR (2 km), and 100GLR (2 km). It may also be used as two independent 400GBASE-DR4 transceivers in a single port. FEC is performed on the host platform.The QDD-400G-SR4.2-BD module supports link lengths of up to 150m over. The module has 4 pairs using two wavelengths for both Tx and Rx bidirectionally (850nm and 910nm). This is accomplished using pairs 1-4 and 9-12 of a MPO-12 connector, which can be broken out to Duplex LC.The QDD-400G-DR4-S module supports link lengths of up to 500m parallel singlemode fiber (SMF) with MPO-12 connector. It is compliant to IEEE 802.3bs protocol and 400GAUI-8/CEI-56G-VSR-PAM4 standards. The 400 GbE signal is carried over four parallel lanes by one wavelength per lane. Thistransceiver requires patch cords with Angled Physical Contact (APC) MPO connectors. It can be used as 4 x100G breakout to QSFP28-100G-FR-S. FEC is performed on the host platformThe QDD-4X100-FR-S module supports link lengths of up to 2km parallel singlemode fiber (SMF) with an MPO-12 connector. It is compliant to IEEE 802.3cu protocol. The 400GbE signal is carried over four parallel lanes by one wavelength per lane. This transceiver requires patch cords with Angled Physical Contact (APC) MPO connectors.The QDD-4X100G-LR-S module supports link lengths of up to 10km parallel singlemode fiber (SMF) with a n MPO-12 connector. It is compliant to the IEEE 802.3cu 100GBASE-LR1, and 400GAUI-8/CEI-56G VSRPAM4 standards. The 400GbE signal is carried over four parallel lanes by one wavelength per lane. It can be used as 4x100G breakout to QSFP28 100G-DR, 100G-FR, and 100G-LR. This transceiver requires patch cords with Angled Physical Contact (APC) MPO connectors. FEC is performed on the host platform.The QDD-2X100-SR4-S module supports link lengths of up to 100m on OM4 MMF with an MPO-24 connector. It is compliant to IEEE 802.3 100GBASE-SR4 requirements. The module provides backwards compatibility to two 100GBASE-SR4 transceivers, improving port efficiency to legacy 100G optical interfacesThe QDD-2X100-CWDM4-S module supports link length of up to 2km over SMF and uses a dual duplex CS connector. It is compliant to the 100G-CWDM4 MSA. The 100GbE signal is carried over four CWDM grid optical wavelengths at 25Gb/s each. FEC is performed on the host platform.QDD-8X100G-FRQDD-400G-SR4.2-BDQDD-2X100-SR4-SQDD-2X100-CWDM4-SQDD-4X100-FR-SQDD-400G-DR4-SDescriptionThe QDD-2X100-LR4-S module supports link lengths up to 10km over SMF and uses a dual duplexCS connector. It is compliant to IEEE 802.3 100GBASE-LR4 requirements. The module providesbackward compatibility to two 100GBASE-LR4 transceivers, improving port efficiency to legacy100G optical interfaces.The QSFP-100G-SL4 module supports link lengths up to 30m over OM4 MMF with MPO-12 connectors. Itprimarily enabled high-bandwidth optical links over 12-fiber parallel fiber terminated with MPO connectors.This transceiver supports 100GBase Ethernet rate. it is interoperable with QSFP-100G-SR4-S andSFP-25G-SL or SFP-25G-SR-S in breakout mode where in all cases the reach is limited to 30 m.The QSFP-100G-SR4-S module supports link lengths up to 100m over OM4 MMF with MPO-12connectors. It primarily enables high-bandwidth 100G optical links over 12-fiber parallel fiber terminatedwith MPO connectors. This transceiver supports 100GBase Ethernet rate.The QSFP-100G-PSM4-S module supports link lengths up to 500m over SMF with MPO-12 connectors.The 100GbE signal is carried over 12-fiber parallel fiber terminated with MPO connectors.The QSFP-4X10G-LR-S module supports link lengths up to 10km over SMF with MPO-12 connectors. Itenables high-bandwidth 40G optical links over 12-fiber parallel fiber terminated with MPO connectors. It isoptimized to guarantee interoperability in 4x10G mode over the full specification rang of 10GBASE-LR andthe SFP-10/25G-LR-S (in 10G mode). QSFP-4X10G-LR-S does not support FCoE.The QSFP-40G-SR4 module supports link lengths up to 150M on OM4 MMF. It primarily enables high-bandwidth 40G optical links over 12-fiber parallel fiber terminated with MPO connectors. It is interoperablewith any IEEE 40GBASE-SR4 and in 4x10G mode with 10GBASE-SR and SFP-10/25G-CSR (in 10G mode).It can also be used in a 4x10G breakout mode for interoperability with 10GBASE-SR and SFP-10/25GCSR-S (in 10G mode) interfaces up to 150m on OM4. The 4x10G connectivity is achieved using an external12-fiber parallel to 2-fiber duplex breakout cable, which connects the 40GBASE-SR4 module to four10GBASE-SR optical interfaces.The QSFP-40G-CSR4 module supports link lengths up to 400m on parallel OM4 MMF fiber using MPO-12 connectors. Each 10G lane of this module is compliant to the IEEE 10GBASE-SR specification. Thismodule can be used for native 40G optical links over 12-fiber parallel cables with MPO connectors or ina 4x10G breakout mode with parallel to duplex fiber breakout cables for connectivity to four 10GBASE-SR interfaces. Cisco QSFP-40G-CSR4 is optimized to guarantee interoperability over the completespecification range of 10GBASE-SR.connector end for your applicationQSFP-100G-PSM4-SQDD-2X100-LR4-SQSFP-100G-SR4-SQSFP-100G-SL4QSFP-40G-SR4QSFP-40G-CSR4QSFP-4X10G-LR-SDescription (non-breakout transceivers)The SFP-25G-SR-S module supports a link length of 70/100m on OM3/4 multimode fiber (MMF). This module requires RS-FEC on the host ports.The SFP-10/25G-CSR module supports a link length of up to 300/400m over OM3/4 at 10G, and up to 300/400m over OM3/4 at 25G*. It also supports link lengths of 82m over OM2 at 10G, and up to 70m over OM2 at 25G. This module requires RS-FEC on the host port for full reach operation at 25G. Using BASE-R FEC the module can support 70/100m over OM3/4 and with-out FEC it can support 30/50m over OM3/4 at 25G*. For 10G operation FEC is not required.The SFP-10/25G-LR-S module supports a link length of 10km on standard singlemode fiber (SMF) G.652 at both 10G and 25G. This module requires RS-FEC on the host ports for operation at 25G.The 10GBASE-SR module supports a link length of 26m on standard Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) grade multimode fiber (MMF). Using 2000 MHz*km MMF (OM3), up to 300m link lengths are possible. Using 4700 MHz*km MMF (OM4), up to 400m link lengths are possible.The 10GBASE-LR module supports a link length of 10km on standard G.652 singlemode fiber (SMF).Cisco Resources:Cisco Optics-to-Device Compatibility Matrix visit, https:// .Cisco Optics-Innovation for the 400G era and beyond, visit /go/optics .connector end for your application10GBASE-SRSFP-25G-SR-SSFP-10/25G-LR-SSFP-10/25G-CSR10GBASE-LRStep 2:Identify the enclosure system(s) that meet your application needs. Universal wired fiber cassettes provide optimal interoperability across fiber cabling systems.™™ Fiber Connector is • and polarity • ISO/IEC)• • ™ on increase test variability)• ™ Patch ™ Fiber Signature Core ™ Fiber Signature Core ™ OM4+ Fiber Optic OM5 solutions.• ignature Core ™ OM4+ Cabling• Signature Core ™ Fiber Media™ HD Flex ™ Fiber EnclosuresThe HD Flex ™ Fiber Cabling System is the highest density solution designed to set you free by removing the barriers of architecture, deployment, scalability and maintenance challenges.• Provides up to 144 fibers (72 duplex ports) per RU of density• Enclosures and panels are adaptable between 4, 6, and 12-port configurations• Split tray feature allows each half of the tray to be pulled out independentlyFor more information about the HD Flex ™ Fiber Cabling System, reference the system brochure or visit /hdflexOpticom ® Fiber EnclosuresOpticom ® Fiber Enclosures accept pre-terminated, splice-on, and field terminated fiber connectivity.• Slide-out, tilt-down drawer provides up to 96 LC fibers per RU• Integral bend radius control and cable management for fiber optic patch cordsFor more information about the Opticom ®Fiber Enclosures, reference the spec sheetQuickNet ™ Patch PanelsPanduit QuickNet ™ Patch Panels provide the flexibility to deployment both copper and fiber connectivity in the same RU.• High-density patch panels conserve valuable rack space with 96 fibers (48 duplex ports) per RU • Available in flat or angled patch panels to facilitate proper bend radius control and minimize the need for horizontal cable managersFor more information about the QuickNet ™ Fiber Cabling System, reference the QuickNet ™ Data Center Application GuideFor more information about universal wired fiber cassettes, see our video .Step 3:Select the components to build out your end-to-end fiber connectivity channel.Note: Tables 1 and 3 utilize breakout cassettes, Tables 2 and 4 utilize breakout harness cabling.FHMP-6-BCG FLEX1U06FLEX1U06FHC3ZO-08-10BFRZT^77Y001F*FQMAP66CG QAPP24BL FYZT^78Y001F*QAPP24BL FQ3ZO-08-10BOpticom OpticomFAPH0612CGMPO FCE1U FCE1U FC3XN-16-10NMBN^^^Interconnects, trunk cable and patch cords are available in P = OFNO (Plenum), R = ONFR (Riser), L = LSZH or B = Euroclass B2ca.^^Cassettes offers 2-MPO12 inputs to 8-LC Duplex outputs.™ – 12 to 4xLC Duplex Breakout Harness Cabling FHMP-6-BCG FLEX1U06FLEX1U06FHMP-6-BCGFRZT^77Y001F*FYZT^88Y001F*FAPH0612CGMPO FCE1U FCE1U FAPH0612CGMPO^Interconnects, trunk cables and harnesses are available in P = OFNO (Plenum), R = ONFR (Riser), L = LSZH or B = Euroclass B2ca.VISIT OUR PART CONFIGURATORS ATStep 3: (continued)Select the components to build out your end-to-end fiber connectivity channel.HD FlexFHMP-6-ABL FLEX1U06FLEX1U06FHC39N-08–10AQuickNet QuickNetFR9T^77A001F*FQMAP65BL QAPP24BL FY9T^78A001F*QAPP24BL FQ39N-08-10A F92E^LNLNSNM*Opticom OpticomFAPH0612BLMPO FCE1U FCE1U FC39N-16-10NMAN^^^Interconnects, trunk cable and patch cords are available in P = OFNO (Plenum), R = ONFR (Riser), L = LSZH or B = Euroclass B2ca.^^Cassettes offers 2-MPO12 inputs to 8-LC Duplex outputs. (CS Cassettes not pictured, please see for additional information)™ – 12 to 4xLC Duplex Breakout Harness Cabling(Male/Female)FHMP-6-ABL FLEX1U06FLEX1U06FHMP-6-ABLFR9T^77A001F*F9TY^78A001F*F98R^5NQSQNF*FAPH0612BLMPO FCE1U FCE1U FAPH0612BLMPO^Interconnects, trunk cables and harnesses are available in P = OFNO (Plenum), R = ONFR (Riser), L = LSZH or B = Euroclass B2ca.VISIT OUR PART CONFIGURATORS AT/partconfiguratorsPublic。
思科网络课件计算机网络双语教程第二章
Network Fundamentals – Chapter 2
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
1
Objectives
–Benefits include • assists in protocol design • fosters competition • changes in one layer do not affect other layers • provides a common language
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
5
Network Structure
End Devices and their Role in the Network
–End devices form interface with human network & communications network
Explain network protocols
Network protocols are used
to allow devices to
communicate
successfully
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1
© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Chap 2 Summary
Types of Cables1.Connecting a DTE to a DCE2.Connecting two DTEs directly to eac h otherSpecification for DTE/DCE interface1.Mechanical/Physical (number of pins & connector type)2. Electrical (Define voltage level for 0 and 1 )3. Functional (Func performed by assigning meaning to S ignalLine)4. Procedural (Sequence of ev ents for transmitting data )Null Modem- Comm method to directly c onnect two DTEs using RS-232 serial cableNull Modem Connection- Transmit (Tx) and rec eive (Rx) lines are crosslinkedWAN Encapsulation Protocols1.HDLC2.PPP3.SLIP4.X.25 or LAPB5.Frame Relay6.ATMSerial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)- A standard protoc ol f or point-to-point serial connections using TCP/IP.X.25/Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB)- X.25 specifies LAPB, a data link lay er protocol- Predecessor to Frame Relay.Frame Relay- Eliminates some of the time-consuming processes (such as error correction and flow control) employed in X.25ATM- The cell relay in w hich dev ices send multiple servic e ty pes (v oice, v ideo, or data) in f ixed-leng th (53-byte) cells.Fixed-length Cells- Allow proc essing to occ ur in hardw are, thereby reducing transit delay s. - 53 bytesHigh-level Data Link Control (HDLC)-Default enc ap type on point-point c onn, when link uses 2 Cisc o devices - Bit-oriented sy nchronous data link layer protocol developed by the ISO - Current standard is ISO13239- Devfrom Synchro Data Link Control (SDLC) standard proposed in 1970s- Provides both c onnection-oriented and connectionless service- Defines a Lay er 2 framing structure that allows f or flow control and errorcontrol throug h the use of acknow ledgments- Uses a frame delimiter/flag to mark the beg inning &end of each frameHLDC Frame Types1.Flag2.Address3.Control4.Protoc ol5.Data6.FCSFlag- Field that initiates and terminates error check ing- The frame always starts and ends with an 8-bit f lag f ield- The bit pattern is 01111110Address- Field that contains the HDLC address of the secondary station- Can contain a specific address, a group address, or a broadcast addressControl- HDLC defines 3 types of frames, each w/a diffcontrol field format:rmation (I) frame - Carry upper layer inf o & some control info2.Supervisory (S) frame-Prov ide control information.3.Unnumbered (U) frame -Support ctrl purposes & arn’t sequencedProtocol- HDLC protocol specif ies the protoc ol type enc apsulated w/in the fram eData-Contains a Path Info Unit (PIU) Exchang e Identific ation (XID) infoFrame Check Sequenc e (FCS)- Precedes the ending f lag delimiter and is usually a cyclic redundancycheck (CRC) calc ulation remainderCisco HLDC (cHDLC)-Proprietary- Frames contain a field for identifying the network protocol beingencapsulated- Default enc ap method used by Cisco devices on sy nchronous serial lines- PPP Encapsulation is used to connec t to a non-Cisco devic e- Used as a point-to-point protoc ol on leased lines bet 2 Cisc o devicesencapsulation hdlc command-SYNTAX: encapsulation hdlc- Used cmd in priv ileg ed mode to re-enable HDLCshow interfaces serial command-show interfaces serial0/0/0-Display s information specific to serial interfaces- When HDLC is conf igured, "Enc apsulation HDLC" is shown- Verify proper configuration of HDLC or PPP encapsulationshow ip int brief command-Used in troubleshooting a serial interfac e-5 possible problem states can be identified1.Serial x is down, line protocol is dow n2.Serial x is up, line protoc ol is down3.Serial x is up, line protoc ol is up (looped)4.Serial x is up, line protoc ol is down (disabled)5.Serial x is administrativ ely down, line protocol is downTroubleshooting a Serial Interface (See Reference)Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)- Standard protocol for point-point serial connusing a variation of TCP/IP- Predecessor of PPPPoint-to-Point Protocol (PPP)- Successor to SLIP providing router-router and host-network conn ov ersynchro and asynchro circ uits- Provides multiprotocol LAN-WAN connections handling TCP/IP, IPX, andAppleTalk simultaneously- Used over Twisted Pair,Fiber-Optic Lines, and Satellite Transm ission- Provide transport over ATM, Frame Relay,ISDN&Optical Link- Allows y ou to authenticate connections using either PAP/CHAP- Allows the simultaneous use of multiple netw ork layer protocols- Does not impose any restrictions regarding transmission rate other thanthose imposed by the partic ular DTE/DCE interface in use- Most of the w ork done by PPP is at the data link and network layers bythe LC P and NCPsLCP-Sets up the PPP c onnection and its parameters-Establishes, config ures, and tests the data-link connection-Establishes the point-to-point link-Negotiates and sets up c ontrol options on the WAN data link, w hich arehandled by the NC Ps-Provides automatic c onfig uration of the interfac es at each end,including:-Handling varying limits on packet size-Detecting common misconf iguration errors-Terminating the link-Determining w hen a link is functioning properly or when it is failingNCP-Handle hig her lay er protocol conf igurations, and the LC P terminates thePPP connection-Include functional f ields c ontaining standardized codes to indicate thenetwork lay er protoc ol that PPP enc apsulatesPPP Features Not Available in HDLC1.The link quality management feature monitors the quality of the link. Iftoo many errors are detected, PPP tak es the link down.2.PPP supports PAP and CHAP authenticationPPP Components1.HDLC protocol for encapsulating datag rams ov er point-to-point links.2.Extensible LC P to estab, conf igure, and test the data link connection.3.Family of Network Control Protocols (NC Ps) f or establishing andconfiguring different network lay er protoc olsPPP Configuration on Physical Layer1.Asynchronous serial2.Synchronous serial3.HSSI4.ISDNPhases of Establishing a PPP SessionPhase 1: Link establishment and configuration negotiation- LCP must 1st open the connection and neg otiate configuration optionsPhase 2: Link quality determination (optional)- LCP tests the link to determine w hether the link quality is sufficient tobring up netw ork layer protocols.Phase 3: Netw ork layer protocol conf iguration negotiation- After LC P has finished the link quality determ ination phase,theappropriate NCP can separately config ure the network layer protocols,and bring them up and take them down at any timeClasses of LCP Frames1.Link-establishment frames2.Link-maintenance frames3.Link-termination framesLink-EstablishmentFrames-Estab&Conf ig a link-Configure-Request, C onfig ure-Ack, Configure-Nak, and Config ure-Rej ectLink-Maintenance Frames- Manage and debug a link- Code-Reject, Protocol-Reject, Echo-Request, Ec ho-Reply, & Discard-ReqLink-Termination Frames-Terminate a link-Terminate-Request and Terminate-AckLCP Packet Contents1.Code- field identifying the ty pe of LCP packet2.Identifier- field so that requests and replies c an be matched3.Length - field indicating the size of the LCP packet4.Data - Packet ty pe-specif ic dataAAA/TACACS- Dedicatedserverusedtoauthenticateusers.。