林肯宣言
林肯独立宣言英文版
林肯独立宣言英文版The Declaration of Independence is one of the most significant historical documents in American history. It was written by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This document marked the official separation of the thirteen American colonies from the Kingdom of Great Britain and the formation of the United States of America. Although there is no exact evidence of Abraham Lincoln's involvement in the writing or drafting of the Declaration of Independence, his admiration for it is well-documented. Throughout his presidency, Lincoln emphasized the principles laid out in the Declaration, particularly the idea that all men are created equal and are entitled to certain unalienable rights.The Preamble of the Declaration of Independence states, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." These words became the foundation of American democracy and greatly influenced Lincoln. He strongly believed in the equality of all individuals and fought to abolish slavery, citing that it contradicted the principles outlined in the Declaration.Lincoln's admiration for the Declaration of Independence can be seen in his speeches and writings. In his iconic Gettysburg Address, delivered on November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War, Lincoln referenced "Four score and seven years ago," referring to the Declaration of Independence signed in 1776. He stated that the American nation was "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." Lincoln alsohighlighted the significance of preserving the Union, which he believed was necessary to ensure that the principles of the Declaration would endure.In another notable speech, known as the "House Divided" speech delivered in 1858, Lincoln talked about the impact of the Declaration on the issue of slavery. He argued that the nation could not continue to exist divided between free and slave states while claiming to uphold the principles of the Declaration. Lincoln believed that the Declaration's espousal of equality and liberty would eventually lead to the abolition of slavery, which he saw as a violation of these principles.Furthermore, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, was directly influenced by the principles of the Declaration. This executive order declared that all slaves in the Confederate states were to be set free. Lincoln justified this action by stating that it was in line with the principles of the Declaration, which proclaimed the equality and freedom of all individuals.In conclusion, while Abraham Lincoln did not have a direct role in the writing or drafting of the Declaration of Independence, he held great admiration for the document and its principles. Throughout his presidency, Lincoln emphasized the ideas of equality, liberty, and unalienable rights that were laid out in the Declaration. His speeches, such as the Gettysburg Address and the "House Divided" speech, as well as his actions such as the Emancipation Proclamation, reflected his deep belief in these principles and his dedication to upholding them.。
解放黑人奴隶宣言的历史背景
解放黑人奴隶宣言的历史背景南北战争爆发后，相当多的黑奴自愿为自身自由而协助联邦作战，但对如何处理占领地黑奴观点上仍有所冲突。
林肯一开始收回某些自行发布的解放黑奴命令，而此政策严厉执行则造成逃亡黑奴必须回到他们南方主子那儿，但1862年3月13日邦联政府禁止所有联邦军指挥官遣返逃亡黑奴，如此影响了《1850年逃亡奴隶法》的废除。
1862年4月11日，国会宣布联邦政府将保障释放黑奴的奴隶主，所有在华盛顿的黑奴于1862年4月16日获得解放。
1862年7月19日国会废止联邦领土上的奴隶制度，如此使美国最高法院于1857年《得福德史考特诉桑福德案》(DredScottv.Sandford)作出的决议失去效力:此决议曾导致国会一度无权监督国土上的黑奴制度。
林肯曾宣称他自己没有宪法赋予的权力解放黑奴，此外，解放黑奴是种具有风险的政治行为，因为仍有部分畜奴州效忠于联邦，且战争初始的目的集中在保护联邦的完整而非解放黑奴。
基于如此，这份宣言当时只是份由林肯自己理解为以三军统帅的身份所发表的军事命令，而非由国会公布具同等地位的法案或宪法增修条文。
另外有些论点认为解放奴隶宣言本身乃违宪，且是种领袖扩权指挥军队行动，而非创造新法(可参考《杨斯顿钢铁公司总统权限案》YoungtownSheetandTubeCo.v.Sawyer,343U.S.579(1952)其主张总统无权以三军统帅的身份掌控炼钢厂使其为韩战效力)。
解放奴隶宣言也把解放黑奴的同意权让渡给联邦军队(虽然军队本身实行种族隔离)，这难得的机会使将近20万多曾为奴隶的黑人受惠，也让北方人获得额外的人力资源而南方人却直到战败前几天还无法仿效。
林肯第一次与其内阁讨论宣言是在1862年7月，但考虑到此举对政治的种种影响(包括对联邦内的畜奴州)，他觉得在发布前需要场联邦军的胜仗。
在安地潭之役，联邦军队击退邦联对马里兰州的进犯后，他于1862年9月24日发布一份准备宣言，而最终的宣言则于隔年1月发布。
解放黑人奴隶宣言的内容
解放黑人奴隶宣言的内容
在1863年，美国总统亚伯拉罕林肯发布了一项历史性的公告：“解放黑人奴隶宣言”。
这个宣言宣称了结束黑人奴隶制的意图，并宣布被奴役的黑人群体获得自由的权利，是美国历史上的一次重大变革。
“解放黑人奴隶宣言”宣称，“被奴役的黑人群体应被完全解放，应有自由，平等，平等的权利和正义。
他们不应被剥夺他们作为美国公民的一切权利，包括法律保护、国家联盟和考古资格，以及在任何行政职位上的任何权力或特权。
”
此外，“解放黑人奴隶宣言”宣称，在解放后，黑人群体将有获得全民投票权，享受这些权利，并向美国联邦政府和国家政府支付相应的投票税，以及不受歧视。
虽然该宣言没有得到法律批准，但它为未来黑人民权的争取奠定了基础，并最终在1865年有了批准。
“解放黑人奴隶宣言”的出台对美国前景和未来具有重大意义。
它标志着美国历史上一个重大转折点，这也是一个社会变革的开始，也标志着黑人艰苦的曲折历史的转折点，它也为美国的民主运动带来了新的生机，而美国也因此受益更多。
“解放黑人奴隶宣言”的宣布，从一定意义上说，是美国历史上一个重大的变革，也是美国民主政体的一次突破。
它表明，黑人不再受到剥削和压迫，他们有权参与政治、受教育和参与社会生活，他们也可以在社会上受到尊重，被视为完整的人。
此外，这一宣言也使美国当时和之后的历史发展变得更加光明，更加美好。
虽然解放黑人奴隶宣言只是一个开始，它也不能完全解决黑人的问题，但它使人们重新审视和理解黑人的地位和地位，以及应当享受的权利和自由。
它的发布也标志着美国历史上一个重大时刻，而它的内容也为今后美国社会的发展和繁荣奠定了基础，它也是美国反对种族歧视、促进平等主义和社会公正的重要贡献之一。
解放黑奴宣言名词解释
解放黑奴宣言名词解释
《解放黑人奴隶宣言》（The Emancipation Proclamation）是一份由美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯公布的宣言，其主张所有美利坚联邦叛乱下的领土之黑奴应享有自由，然而豁免的对象未包含未脱离联邦的边境州，以及联邦掌控下的诸州。
此宣言虽仅立即解放少部分奴隶，但实质上强化联邦军掌控联邦的领土后这些黑奴自由的权威性，并为最终废除全美奴隶制度预先铺路。
《解放黑奴宣言》是合众国总统于1862年9月22日颁布的。
1863年1月1日又正式命令解放奴隶。
黑人没有得到政治权利，也没有得到土地。
但“宣言”中表明林肯政府已从限制奴隶制转变为完全废除奴隶制，把战争放到新的基础上。
整份宣言分成两个部分发布：第一部分发布于1862年9月22日，是份概述第二部分目的的准备公告；第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此时正处于南北战争的第二年，其中包含亚伯拉罕·林肯的声明：所有脱离联邦并回到联邦掌控下的州之奴隶最迟于1863年1月1日后当被解放。
有十个州的名字在第二部分公布时被逐一提及，可有意忽略了马里兰州、德拉瓦州（特拉华州）（当时皆未脱离联邦）、田纳西州（已确实在联邦控制之下）、密苏里州以及肯塔基州（已存有几个被联邦接受的派系政府，但仍未正式脱离联邦）。
特别豁免权由48个连署成立西维吉尼亚州以及其他被举列的维吉尼亚州郡表述；另外还包含纽奥良和几个被列举为联邦掌控之下的路易斯安那州郡。
“不以恶意对人;尽以仁义示人”,这是美国历史上最伟大的总统就职演说!
编者按林肯，是共和党的第一位美国总统，他在1865年3月4日的第二次就职演说，也是美国历史上最伟大的总统就职演说，在一场让国度受难的四年内战即将结束之时，看林肯总统是如何在演说中发出化敌为友的政治信号的，让分裂的共和国再度联合起来！摘录自麦克弗森：《林肯传》，田雷译，中国政法大学出版社2016年版。
译者导读林肯总统的第二次就职演说，发表于1865年3月4日。
此时，在谢尔曼将军和格兰特将军的指挥下，联邦军队在南部邦联已是长驱直入，北方的胜利看起来指日可待，“对于所有人而言，战局都是相当令人满意并且鼓励人心的”；事实上，就在此次就职演说的一个月后，也即1865年的4月4日，林肯总统就亲自踏上了南部邦联这个“伪政府”的首府里士满，4月9日，罗伯特?李将军在阿波马托克斯率部向联邦军队总司令格兰特投降。
但在战局胜负已定之际，一场悲剧也在悄无声息地迫近，当林肯总统发表第二次就职演说时，距离他在4月15日遇刺身亡，只有41天的时间。
事实上，刺杀林肯的关键人物，包括约翰?布思，都混在林肯就职典礼的观礼群众人潮中，距离林肯不过咫尺之遥。
本篇演讲，当然是林肯所发表的最后一次重要的公开演说。
林肯总统在演讲开始时就回顾了“四年前”，“一方宁可挑起战争，也不愿让国家继续生存下去；而另一方则宁可应战，也不愿让国家灭亡”——“于是，战争来了”。
这场暴力冲突历时四年，让美国成为了一个“受难的国度”，双方在战争之初“都期待着一场速战速决的胜利”，但战争的结果却是“伤筋动骨和骇人听闻”的，双方死亡士兵超过了六十万。
林肯总统把美利坚民族在这场内战中的“受难”称之为“战争的浩劫天谴”，是上帝对奴隶制这种罪过的终极惩罚，“上帝的意旨是要让战争继续下去，直至用皮鞭抽出的每一滴鲜血，都要用刀剑砍出来的另一滴鲜血来偿还”。
在这种悲天悯人的演讲词背后，表达出了林肯所设想的战后重建的和解基调，“不以恶意对人；尽以仁义示人”，“包扎这个国家的伤口；关怀担当这场战争之重负的士兵，关爱他们的孤儿寡妇。
林肯-解放黑奴宣言
林肯：解放黑奴宣言THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION:By the President of the United States of America:1862年9月22日，一个瘦弱而伟大的总统用颤抖的双手签署了这份宣言，他知道虽然该宣言会激起奴隶主们的反抗，可能会造成国家南北的分裂。
但为了结束一个资本主义与奴隶制并存的畸形社会，他用颤抖的双手签了，虽然此后他的担心成真了，而且自己还被同情奴隶制的蒲斯刺杀了。
但统一后的美利坚合众国在通往现代化的道路上一路狂飙，创造了无数现代文明，引领了整个20世纪。
这个丑陋而羸弱的总统也成就了美国历史上最伟大的总统。
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION:By the President of the United States of America:A PROCLAMATIONWhereas on the 22nd day of September, A.D. 1862, a proclamation wasissued by the President of the United States, containing, amongother things, the following, to wit:"That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held asslaves within any State or designated part of a State the peoplewhereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shallbe then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executivegovernment of the United States, including the military and navalauthority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of suchpersons and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or anyof them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom."That the executive will on the 1st day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State or the people thereof shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have participated shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States." Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-In-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as afit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion, do, on this 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the first day above mentioned, order and designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United Statesthe following, to wit:Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Palquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, Terrebone, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Morthhampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, free; and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and Irecommend to them that, in all case when allowed, they labor faithfully for reasonable wages.And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, andto man vessels of all sorts in said service.And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.-------------------------------------On Jan. 1, 1863, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln declared free all slaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federal government. This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few people. It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union side; nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control. Naturally, the states in rebellion did not act onLincoln's order. But the proclamation did show Americans--and the world--that the civil war was now being fought to end slavery.Lincoln had been reluctant to come to this position. A believer in white supremacy, he initially viewed the war only in terms of preserving the Union. As pressure for abolition mounted in Congress and the country, however, Lincoln became more sympathetic to the idea. On Sept. 22, 1862, he issued a preliminary proclamation announcing that emancipation would become effective on Jan. 1, 1863, in those states still in rebellion. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in America--this was achieved by the passage of the 13TH Amendment to the Constitution on Dec. 18, 1865--it did make that accomplishment a basic war goal and a virtual certainty.DOUGLAS T. MILLERBibliography: Commager, Henry Steele, The Great Proclamation(1960); Donovan, Frank, Mr. Lincoln's Proclamation (1964);Franklin, John Hope, ed., The Emancipation Proclamation (1964).1862年9月22日，合众国总统曾发出一道宣言，其内容如下：“1863年元月1日起，凡在当地人民尚在反抗合众国的任何一州之内，或一州的指明地区之内，为人占有而做奴隶的人们都应在那时及以后永远获得自由；公众国政府行政部门，包括海陆军当局，将承认并保障这些人的自由，当他们或他们之中的任何人为自己的自由而作任何努力时，不作任何压制他们的行为。
解放黑人奴隶宣言的历史影响
解放黑人奴隶宣言的历史影响
美国南北战争爆发后，美国总统林肯颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》，这一宣言有什幺样的历史影响呢?小编整理了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》的历史影响，和小编一起看看吧。
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1《解放黑人奴隶宣言》简介《解放黑奴宣言》是合众国总统于1862
年9月22日颁布的。
1863年1月1日又正式命令解放奴隶。
黑人没有得到
政治权利，也没有得到土地。
但“宣言”中表明林肯政府已从限制奴隶制转变
为完全废除奴隶制，把战争放到新的基础上。
整份宣言分成两个部分发布：
第一部分发布于1862年9月22日，是份概述第二部分目的的准备公告;第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此时正处于南北战争的第二年，其中包含亚伯拉罕·林肯的声明：所有脱离联邦并回到联邦掌控下的州之奴隶最迟于1863年1月1日后当被解放。
有十个州的名字在第二部分公布时被逐一提及，可有意忽略了马里兰州、德拉瓦州(特拉华州)(当时皆未脱离联邦)、田纳西州(已确实在联邦控制之下)、密苏里州以及肯塔基州(已存有几个被联邦接受的
派系政府，但仍未正式脱离联邦)。
特别豁免权由48个连署成立西维吉尼亚
州以及其他被举列的维吉尼亚州郡表述;另外还包含纽奥良和几个被列举为联
邦掌控之下的路易斯安那州郡。
1《解放黑人奴隶宣言》的历史影响国内除了对黑奴有限的立即效果外，此宣言象征北方人的战争目的改变：重整联邦不再是战争唯一的目的。
这代。
解放黑奴宣言作用与意义
解放黑奴宣言作用与意义解放黑奴宣言是美国历史上最重要的文件之一，因为它宣告了终结内战的开始，并为南方奴隶的解放提供了法律依据，为今天的美国展示了更加公正和多元文化的社会模式。
本文将讨论解放黑奴宣言的作用和意义。
解放黑奴宣言是美国总统亚伯拉罕·林肯于1863年1月1日颁布的一项行政令，宣布南方的奴隶获得自由，结束美国内战。
宣言规定，从那一天起，所有南方的奴隶都是自由的，没有任何人有权将他们再次作为奴隶。
宣言的发布意味着美国内战的结束，它不仅结束了被称为“奴役”的历史，也给南方奴隶们带来了自由和尊严。
解放黑奴宣言极大地改变了美国社会结构，它使得美国成为一个更加开放和多元的社会环境。
它使得南方黑人能够享受和白人同样的法律权利，从而保护南方黑人免受种族歧视的侵害。
此外，它也为美国实现全国一体化奠定了基础，为南北方之间和谐友好的局面创造了条件。
解放黑奴宣言也为今天的美国社会提供了深刻的启示。
它提醒我们，尊重和保护弱势群体的权利是一个强大的国家所必须具备的，充分尊重弱势群体的权利是一个和谐社会所必须具备的。
它也提醒我们，社会的进步依赖于全体公民的平等参与，在所有的社会事务中都应该拥有平等的权利和机会。
另外，解放黑奴宣言也是一个重要的象征，它象征着人们对公正和正义的追求，象征着人们共同追求自由的决心。
它代表了美国历史上的勇气和力量，也代表了美国人民对自由和平等的渴望和追求。
总之，解放黑奴宣言是美国历史上最重要的文件之一，它不仅结束了美国内战，也为今天的美国社会提供了深刻的启示，象征了人们追求自由和正义的决心。
它的发布为美国实现全国一体化奠定了基础，为南北方之间和谐友好的局面创造了条件。
解放黑奴宣言的发布不仅使南方的奴隶获得自由，也使美国成为一个更加开放和多元的社会环境。
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在独立宣言中这样一段话是最有名的：
We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness—That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, Laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
美国宪法的开宗明义是这样的：
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, Provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
林肯纪念碑与国会山顶遥相呼应，其重要程度可见一般。
在他的纪念碑内是他著名的葛提斯堡讲演，这个极短的讲演一直流传至今，我记得请人给我一字一句讲解时，这篇短小文章中深刻含义的确让我惊叹不已。
1997年, 江泽民主席在访问美国期间背了其中一段。
在今年夏天的一场以《美国》为主题的室外音乐会上，这个讲演像诗歌一样被朗诵，它无疑已成为美国人的精神财富一部分由于这个讲演极短，我想免去读者们找的辛苦，我摘抄在这里:
Four Score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal”
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it, as a final resting place for those who died here, that the nation might live. This we may, in all propriety do. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow, this ground—The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have hallowed it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; while it can never forget what they did here.
It is rather for us, the Living, we here be dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that, from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here, gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people by the people for the people, shall not perish from the earth.。