翻译练习答案：国际经验与中国特色
中国特色社会主义。翻译
1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chinese appeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。
专八历年翻译答案
专八翻译第一部分汉译英1.2000年试题中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。
与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。
它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。
世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。
第二代博物馆属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。
这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。
世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。
在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。
这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。
中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆。
它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。
The first generation museums of sciences are those devoted to natural history, which show through fossils and specimens the evolutionary changes of the earth and organisms. Those of the second generation are museums of industrial technology exhibiting achievements made in various periods of the industrial age. These two types of museums, while functioning as disseminators of scientific knowledge, treat their visitors as mere viewers.Science museums of the third generation are entirely different from their predecessors. They stress visitor participation, encouraging those interested to make detailed study of the exhibits on their own by trying their hands on them. The experience so gained will enable them to understand advanced technologies better and help them in their quest for what is still unknown in science（陶文好李孚声，《2000年英语专业八级汉译英词汇误译心理认知分析》，《上海科技翻译》，2001年第1期第36-41页）2.2001年试题乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。
2021年翻译资格二级笔译《综合能力》习题及答案(卷四).docx
2021年翻译资格二级笔译《综合能力》习题及答案（卷四）1.The Kyoto Protocol has been designed to the global environmental problems. A. dress B. address C. stress D. distress2.Part of the investment is to be used to that old temple to its original splendor. A. rest B. recover C. replace D. restore3.The list of things we need to think about which will be by climate change is endless.A.affiliatedB. affectedC. affirmedD. effected4.Now a single cell phone is able to store a large of information about an individual life.A.dealB. numberC.amountD. account5.We will not be held responsible for any damage which results rough handling. A. from B. off C. in D. to6.Our products are displayed in Stand B22,you will find me during office hours. A. when B. which C. that D. where7.We cannot see any possibility of business your price is onthe high side of the prevailing market trend.A.whichB. sinceC. thatD. though8.Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event is equal to the probability that it will not occur.A.occurringB. occurredC. occursD. occur9."They' re the best team T ve seen thus far,n says men' sbasketball coach Larry Brown.A.American' sB. USC. the USAD. United State of America10.Many Americans do not understand why there is so much international criticism of the US policy on change.A.atmosphereB. skyC. weatherD. climate11.In order to obtain the needed information, you should write simply, clearly, and concisely the reader wants to know.A.whatB. thatC. so thatD. which 来自12.Regarding insurance, the is for 110% of the invoice value ofthe goods that a manufacturer wants to export.A.amountB. coverC. insuranceD. premium13.Since the shipment consists of seasonable goods, it is important that it is as soon as possible.A. deletedB. demandedC. deliveredD. detached14.The long service of decades of the to-be-retired with the company was a present each from the President.A. confirmed byB. recorded inC. acknowledged witD. appreciated for15.Home to magnates and gangsters, refugees and artists, the city was, in its a metropolis that exhibited all the hues of the human character. A. prime B. primary C. privacy D. probation16.Buildings in the southeast of the UK are going to have to be constructed those in Scotland if the report findings are correct. A.as B. like C. likely D. are like17.The state of Michigan now requires sports fans to make anannual of $125 to $500 a seat to keep their end zone perches at Michigan Stadium. A. tributary B. attribution C. contribution D. distribution18.The possibilities for energy sources, including solar power, wind power, geothermal power, water power and even nuclear energy promise greatly to the earthlings. A.altitude B.alternate C.alternating D. alternative19.Americans who consider themselves in the traditional sense do not usually hesitate to heap criticism in domestic matters over what they believe is oppressive or wasteful. A. pedestrian B. penchant C. patriotic D. patriarch20.The countries that are being blamed for the extra greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are the rich and developed countries. On a different, the developing countries feel they will suffer the most of it. A. nod B. note C. norm D. notion参考答案：1-5 BDBCA 6-10 DBABD 11-15 ADCCA 16-20 BCDCDSocial control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.Social control may be either formal or informal. Informalmechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group' s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual J s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.1.Social control refers to processes by which.A.norms are developedB.norms are enforcedC.people are educated and trainedD.people are rewarded and punished2.Every society has its own.A.planned systemsB.controlled normsC.recognized boundaryD.established sanctionsrmal mechanisms of social control include the following EXCEPT.A. a high level of interest in ensuring conformityB.expression of disapproval by significant othersC.withholding of positive rewards for the deviantsD.people' s internalization of norms in socialization4.The most powerful protection against deviance is.A.negative sanctionsB.severe punishmentsC.the individuaT s conscienceD.unrestrained suppression5.Formal agents of social control include the following EXCEPTA.police stationsB.mental hospitalsC.welfare agenciesD.vocational schools6.The purpose of formal agents is to.A.make beneficial rulesB.preserve social ordersC.control violation of normsD.define acceptable behavior7.Which statement about social control agents is NOT true?A.They tend to serve the interest of those who enforce the norms.B.They tend to serve the interest of those who receive a benefit.C.They tend to serve the interest of those who make the rules.D.They tend to serve the interest of those who are powerful.8.According to conflict theorists, social control agents and systems are.A.liberalB.partialC.neutralD.overall9.In the third paragraph, u a dual function n refers to.A.formal and informalB.rewards and penalitiesC.approval and disapprovalD.clarification and regulation10.The perspective from which the author discusses social control is.A. biologicalB. sociologicalC. psychologicalD. anthropological参考答案：1-5 BADCD 6-10 CBBDB维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。
硕士综合英语教程1翻译及参考答案
硕士综合英语教程1参考译文Unit 1创建低碳经济1.对于主要由人类活动而迅速积累的温室气体引发了全球变暖这一事实，没有人再持有异议。
除非我们协同一致，快速转向低碳经济，否则全球变暖的趋势将会愈演愈烈。
这一危机日益彰显逼近。
正如获得2007年诺贝尔和平奖的联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）主席拉金德拉·帕乔里所声称的：“如果在2012年之前我们还没有采取行动，那就为时已晚了。
我们在未来两到三年中的所作所为将决定我们的未来。
这是决定性的时刻。
”2.同工业化前的水平相比，地球平均温度已经上升了0.8摄氏度（1.4华氏度左右），速度为自1975年以来每十年增加0.2摄氏度；如果我们仍然一意孤行，那么温度还会继续发生永久性的变化。
这种温度变化听起来似乎不大，但事实并非如此。
最后一个冰河时代时的全球平均气温不过比现今低约5.4摄氏度（9.7华氏度）。
3.很多权威的气候学家们都曾发出过这样的警告：如果我们现在的温度超过工业化前2摄氏度（3.6华氏度）的话，我们将会迈进一个危险的未知国度。
没有人能知道到底全球变暖具体达到多少度会变得无法控制，并且造成像干旱、洪水、飓风以及热浪等自然灾害的逐渐恶化，造成诸如格陵兰岛或西南极洲大冰原坍塌以及伴随的全球海平面上升等意外的灾难性变化。
但是我们还依然在我们唯一的家园上不断做着危险而又不受约束的尝试，这也是为什么越来越多的年轻人开始将气候变化视为他们这一代人的一项挑战。
4.《华盛顿邮报》4月刊报导到：“对于许多儿童和青年而言，全球气候变暖无异于当今的原子弹。
对于环境危机的担忧正影响着这一代人，正如经济大萧条、第二次世界大战、越南战争和冷战等等挥之不去的‘战争游戏’影响了20世纪的灵魂一样。
”5.有些可怕的预测可能并不会发生，但考虑到那些最优秀的科学家们发出的警告，如果我们再冒险尝试将是极不负责任的做法。
科学家告诉我们，如果我们不尽快采取行动，想要避免全球变暖引发的最严重恶果则为时晚矣。
【课程资料】CATTI国际经验与中国特色
国际经验与中国特色中国作为后发现代化国家，极其需要借鉴国际经验。
同时，在和平崛起进程中，中国又要以自己为主，来关注和解决自己的问题。
这就是说，中国的现代化一定要有中国特色。
International Practice versus China’s Own WayAs a late-starter in modernization endeavor,China is in dire need of international experience./China needs to draw on best practices worldwide as it seeks to accelerate its ongoing modernization drive./Global experiences are essential to China,a late-starter in its push for modernization./China has to draw on what the world has to offer in its aggressive push for modernization.That said,as China seeks a peaceful rise,it has to meet emerging challenges and identify viable solutions that reflect its national reality.In other words,China must modernize itself its own way.Globally,China has a lot to learn as a late-starter in its push for modernization.Yet domestically,China has to come up with its own solutions to problems that emerge along the way towards peaceful rise.In other words,China’s modernization drive/program must carry Chinese features/go the Chinese way.又比如，在农村富余劳动力的转移上，我们将逐步走出一条中国特色的城市化道路。
英语翻译二级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析(10)
英语翻译二级笔译实务模拟试题及答案解析（10）(1/2)Section ⅠEnglish-Chinese TranslationTranslate the following two passages into Chinese.Part A Compulsory Translation第1题There was, last week, a glimmer of hope in the world food crisis. Expecting a bumper harvest, Ukraine relaxed restrictions on exports. Overnight, global wheat prices fell by 10 percent.By contrast, traders in Bangkok quote rice prices around $1,000 a ton, up from $460 two months ago.Such is the volatility of today's markets. We do not know how high food prices might go, nor how far they could fall. But one thing is certain: We have gone from an era of plenty to one of scarcity. Experts agree that food prices are not likely to return to the levels the world had grown accustomed to any time soon.Imagine the situation of those living on less than $1 a day—the "bottom billion," the poorest of the world's poor. Most live in Africa, and many might typically spend two-thirds of their income on food.In Liberia last week, I heard how people have stopped purchasing imported rice by the bag. Instead, they increasingly buy it by the cup, because that's all they can afford.Traveling through West Africa, I found good reason for optimism. In Burkina Faso, I saw a government working to import drought resistant seeds and better manage scarce water supplies, helped by nations like Brazil. In Ivory Coast, we saw a women's cooperative running a chicken farm set up with UN funds. The project generated income—and food—for villagers in ways that can easily be replicated.Elsewhere, I saw yet another women's group slowly expanding their local agricultural production, with UN help. Soon they will replace World Food Program rice with their own home-grown produce, sufficient to cover the needs of their school feeding program.These are home-grown, grass-roots solutions for grass-roots problems—precisely the kind of solutions that Africa needs.下一题(2/2)Section ⅠEnglish-Chinese TranslationTranslate the following two passages into Chinese.Part A Compulsory Translation第2题LONDON—Webster's Dictionary defines plague as "anything that afflicts or troubles; calamity; scourge." Further definitions include "any contagious epidemic disease that is deadly; esp., bubonic plague" and, from the Bible, "any of various calamities sent down as divine punishment." The verb form means "to vex; harass; trouble; torment."In Albert Camus' novel, The Plague, written soon after the Nazi occupation of France, the first sign of the epidemic is rats dying in numbers: "They came up from basements and cubby-holes, cellars and drains, in long swaying lines; they staggered in the light, collapsed and died, right next to people. At night, in corridors and side-streets, one could clearly hear the tiny squeaks as they expired. In the morning, on the outskirts of town, you would find them stretched out in the gutter with a little floret of blood on their pointed muzzles, some blown up and rotting, other stiff,with their whiskers still standing up."The rats are messengers, but—human nature being what it is—their message is not immediately heeded. Life must go on. There are errands to run, money to be made. The novel is set in Oran, an Algerian coastal town of commerce and lassitude, where the heat rises steadily to the point that the sea changes color, deep blue turning to a "sheen of silver or iron, making it painful to look at." Even when people start to die—their lymph nodes swollen, blackish patches spreading on their skin, vomiting bile, gasping for breath—the authorities' response is hesitant. The word "plague" is almost unsayable. In exasperation, the doctor-protagonist tells a hastily convened health commission: "I don't mind the form of words. Let's just say that we should not act as though half the town were not threatened with death, because then it would be."The sequence of emotions feels familiar. Denial is followed by faint anxiety, which is followed by concern, which is followed by fear, which is followed by panic. The phobia is stoked by the sudden realization that there are uncontrollable dark forces, lurking in the drains and the sewers, just beneath life's placid surface. The disease is a leveler, suddenly everyone is vulnerable, and the moral strength of each individual is tested. The plague is on everyone's minds, when it's not in their bodies. Questions multiply: What is the chain of transmission? How to isolate the victims?Plague and epidemics are a thing of the past, of course they are. Physical contact has been cut to a minimum in developed societies. Devices and their digital messages direct our lives. It is not necessary to look into someone's eyes let alone touch their skin in order to become, somehow, intimate. Food is hermetically sealed. Blood, secretions, saliva, pus, bodily fluids—these are things with which hospitals deal, not matters of daily concern.A virus contracted in West Africa, perhaps by a man hunting fruit bats in a tropical forest to feed his family, and cutting the bat open, cannot affect a nurse in Dallas, Texas, who has been wearing protective clothing as she tended a patient who died. Except that it does. "Pestilence is in fact very common," Camus observes, "but we find it hard to believe in a pestilence when it descends upon us."The scary thing is that the bat that carries the virus is not sick. It is simply capable of transmitting the virus in the right circumstances. In other words, the virus is always lurking even if invisible. It is easily ignored until it is too late.Pestilence, of course, is a metaphor as well as a physical fact. It is not just blood oozing from gums and eyes, diarrhea and vomiting. A plague had descended on Europe as Camus wrote. The calamity and slaughter were spreading through the North Africa where he had passed his childhood. This virus hopping today from Africa to Europe to the United States has come in a time of beheadings and unease. People put the phenomena together as denial turns to anxiety and panic. They sense the stirring of uncontrollable forces. They want to be wrong but they are not sure they are.At the end of the novel, the doctor contemplates a relieved throng that has survived: "He knew that this happy crowd was unaware of something that one can read in books, which is that the plague bacillus never dies or vanishes entirely, that it can remain dormant for dozens of years in furniture or clothing, that it waits patiently in bedrooms, cellars, trunks, handkerchiefs and old papers, and that perhaps the day will come when, for the instruction or misfortune of mankind, the plague will rouse its rats and send them to die in some well-contented city."上一题下一题(1/2)Section ⅡChinese-English TranslationThis section consists of two parts, Part A—"Compulsory Translation" and Part B— "Choice of Two Translations" consisting of two sections "Topic 1" and "Topic 2". For the passage in Part A and your choice of passages in Part B, translate the underlined portions, including titles, into English. Above your translation of Part A, write "Compulsory Translation" and above your translation from Part B, write "Topic 1" or "Topic 2".第3题中华文明经历了5000多年的历史变迁，但始终一脉相承，积淀着中华民族最深层的精神追求，代表着中华民族独特的精神标识，为中华民族生生不息、发展壮大供了丰厚滋养。
俄语翻译答案
说明：括号内红色字体部分为外教认为译文应该增加部分；括号内黑色字体部分与下划线部分是同一原文的不同译法。
缺第：第8课宋飞正文俄译汉；第10课旅游姜占民俄译汉。
第1课1．1体育是怎样产生的？1.回顾历史，我们会发现体育运动可能始于宗教活动。
史前人类都崇拜神灵，他们跳祭祀舞。
这些舞蹈与军人或猎人的动作很相似。
后来人们跳舞只是为了自娱，后来才可能成为一种体育项目。
2.四千年前埃及人开展了一些体育项目，但田径运动作为体育项目产生于希腊。
历史学家公认的首届奥林匹克运动会于公元前776年在希腊举行。
3.今天，我们都知道体育在我们生活中起着何等重要的作用。
在古希腊，体育的作用比现在更重要。
每个在校学生都训练跑、跳和摔跤。
如果人到中年体格仍然强壮而有耐力，就被认为是优秀运动员。
4.寓健康的精神于健康的体魄一直是希腊人的理想，因此他们不只是欣赏只热衷于当一个运动员以及百事成功而从事运动的人。
但是希腊人中中出现了一些职业运动员，特别是在拳击和摔跤等运动项目中。
5.在希腊有许多体育节日，但最古老、最重要的节日是奥林匹克运动会。
只有纯希腊血统的青年男子经过十个月的培训才可参赛。
最初的运动会有跑和跳两项，后来又增添了摔跤、拳击、铁饼、标枪及（战）车赛等。
俄语在这些充满疑惑的日子里，在这些对我祖国的命运充满焦虑的日子里——只有你是我的支柱，我的慰藉，啊，伟大的、雄健的、真实的、自由的俄罗斯语言!若没有你——面对国中发生的一切，我怎能不陷入绝望?然而决不能设想：使用这样语言的人民不是一个伟大的民族![1] 中国的传统戏曲剧种有①300余种，其中京剧②最普遍最有影响③，因十九世纪初产生于北京而得名④，它是集戏剧、歌唱、音乐、舞蹈、武功⑤于一体⑥的舞台艺术。
许多国外观众深深地为《三岔口》⑦等剧目所打动⑧。
ВКитаенасчитывается(существует）свыше300 видовоперы, срединихпекинскаяопера—самаяраспространеннаяивлиятельная(популярнаяиизвестная). Онапоявилась в начале 19 века в Пекине, почему и называется (носит название) пекинской (откуда и появилось её название). Пекинская опера —это сценическое искусство (вид сценического искусства), которое объединяет (объединяющего) в себе элементы драмы, пения, музыки, танца, акробатики и боевых искусств (Китая). Многие зарубежные зрители глубоко тронуты таким номером, как ?Тройная развилка?.(?Тройная развилка?, а также другие номера, глубоко затронули сердца многих зарубежных зрителей.)[2] 九十年来，中国电影为国家奉献⑨了许多优秀影片，如《马路天使》⑩、《黄土地》、《开国大典》[11]、《秋菊打官司》[12]等。
初级翻译资格考试口译练习及答案
初级翻译资格考试口译练习及答案2017初级翻译资格考试口译练习及答案第一题：中国人认为，太极是天地万物之根源。
太极分为阴阳二气，阴阳二气产生木、火、土、金、水这五行。
五行代表或作用于人体器官，即火对心，木对肝，土对脾胃，金对肺，水对。
肾。
阴阳化合而生万物，太极则代表了阴阳调和。
长期以来，世界只知道中国有指南针、火药、造纸和活字印刷四大发明。
We Chinese believe that taiji is the origin of all lives on Earth. Taiji comprises yin and yang, two types of vital energy. The five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal and water derive from yin and yang. These five elements correspond to, or affect, particular human organs. That is, the element of the fire corresponds to the heart, the wood to the liver, the earth to the spleen and the stomach, the metal to the lung and the water to the kidney. The combination of yin and yang gives birth to all lives on Earth. Taiji represents the harmonious state of balance between yin and yang. For a long time, the rest of the world was only aware of China's four major inventions: the compass, gunpowder, paper-making and movable-type printing.几乎很少有人知道中国已发现了经络的存在。
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请将下列短文译成英文：
国际经验与中国特色
中国作为后发现代化国家，极其需要国际经验。
同时，在和平崛起进程中，中国又要以自己为主，来关注和解决自己的问题。
这就是说，中国的现代化一定要有中国特色。
As a new comer striving for modernization, China is badly in need of drawing experience from international practice. At the same time, China must rely on itself to address and resolve problems arising in the process of her peaceful rise. In other words, Chinese modernization must bear its own unique characteristics.
比如，在能源问题上，中国将努力走出一条新的节约型道路，即有中国特色的节约方式。
现在美国人均年消费石油25桶，而中国人均消费不到1桶半。
如果中国人不顾自己的条件，异想天开地做起“美国梦”，那我们对能源的急切需求就会给自己，同时也给全人类带来沉重的负担和无尽的麻烦。
For instance, with regard to energy issues, China is working hard to blaze a trail in energy conservation so as to shape up a China-style energy-saving approach. Currently, the American per capita annual consumption of oil is 25 barrels, while that for China is no more than a barrel and a half. Should the Chinese ignore their national conditions and indulge themselves in the wildest “American Dream”, the nation’s desperate energy demands will undoubtedly bring heavy burden and endless trouble both to the Chinese people and the humankind as a whole.
又比如，在农村富余劳动力的转移上，我们将逐步走出一条有中国特色的城市化道路。
目前，中国农村劳动力有5亿多人，今后20年大约有两亿多人要转移出来。
在这个问题上，中国人不能做“欧洲梦”。
欧洲在近代历史上，总共有6000多万人走到世界各地，到处建立殖民地，改变了世界版图。
21世纪上半叶的中国人，只能在自己的国土上，通过城市和农村的精心协调发展，通过引导农村富余劳动力在不丧失运土地的条件下，在城乡之间有序流动，来解决这个世界级的大难题。
Similarly, over the matter of migration of superfluous rural labor force to the city, China is sure to gradually find out the way towards urbanization stamped with Chinese Characteristics. At present, China has a labor force of more than 500 million in the countryside, about 200 million of whom are expected to be migrated to the urban areas in the coming two decades. In this matter, we simply cannot afford to dream the “European dream”. In modern history, Europe has seen altogether over 60 million people depart for every corner of the world to establish colonies overseas, thereby changing the map of the world. For the Chinese people in the first half of the 21st century, however, they can only tackle this formidable universal problem within its own land, first by carefully coordinating urban and rural development and secondly, by providing guided and orderly flow of redundant rural labor force between the countryside and the city without loss of their lands.。