商务英语复习资料
剑桥商务英语复习材料
剑桥商务英语复习材料
1.《剑桥商务英语高级口语》：这本书是针对剑桥商务英语高级口语考试的复习指南。
里面包含了大量的口语练习题和模拟对话，帮助你提高在商务场景下的口语表达能力。
2.《剑桥商务英语高级写作》：这本书主要针对剑桥商务英语高级写作考试。
它提供了大量的写作练习题和范文，并提供了写作技巧和策略，帮助你提高商务英语写作水平。
3.《剑桥商务英语高级听力》：这本书集中训练剑桥商务英语高级听力能力。
它包含了大量的听力练习题和听力材料，并提供了听力技巧和策略，帮助你提高商务英语听力水平。
4.《剑桥商务英语高级阅读》：这本书是剑桥商务英语高级阅读考试的复习指南。
它提供了大量的阅读练习题和阅读材料，并提供了阅读技巧和策略，帮助你提高商务英语阅读水平。
5.《剑桥商务英语高级词汇与语法》：这本书针对剑桥商务英语高级词汇和语法进行复习。
它提供了词汇和语法的练习题，并提供了详细的解释和答案解析，帮助你巩固商务英语的词汇和语法知识。
此外，你还可以通过参加剑桥商务英语模拟考试或参加商务英语培训班来进行系统的复习和练习，提高自己的商务英语能力。
商务英语复习资料,希望对大家有所帮助
词
Contrast but however although despite in spite of yet still
1. Not only the students like the book but also the teachers enjoy reading it. 2. She not only knows his name but she knows everything about his past as well. 3. It is easy for you to repair the watch, yet you kept it for a month. Why? 4.The book is not thick, and yet it is hard to read.
Within 在一明确的范围之内，比in更正式
Within the walls of the house lies a secret.
Over 垂直高于 He hang the picture over the fireplace.
Above 高于 They looked up at the tree tops above them. Under 垂直低于 Go under the stairs if you are afraid of the bomb.
During the summer, I learned to swim.
prepositions
1. The company was registered 2. We last met at on 16 May, 1968. the Milan Trade Fair. Easter in the winter. 3. I hope to see you at 5. Imports rose by 3% in
商务职场英语复习资料
商务职场英语复习资料一、术语：Intellectual property rights 知识产权Electronically tagged 电子标签Global merchandise trade 全球商品贸易balance sheet 资产负债表Fixed asset 固定资产current assets 流动资产Forged currency 伪造货币spirality costs 螺旋式上升费用Financial expenditure 财政支出expense accounts 报销单Stock market 股票市场diversified portfolio 多元化投资组合[Put through the wringer 经历痛苦blue market 露天市场Ambush marketing 埋伏式营销guerrilla marketing 游击式营销Blitz marketing 闪电式营销viral marketing 病毒式营销Contract length 合同长度promotion prospects 提升机会Baby bond 小额贷款bear market 空头市场Bull market 牛市dead cat bounce 回光返照二、完形填空：1：'In (1)traditional economic theory, the term human resources referred simply to labor, one of the three factors of production. Nowadays, human resources (HR) is the people that staff and operate an organization as contrasted with its financial and (2)material resources. Human resources is also the organizational function dealing with people and issues related to people such as: hiring and (3)firing , compensation, training, performance, organizational development, health and safety, benefits, motivation, communication, etc. HR (4)managers are obliged and expected to carry out these activities in an effective, legal, fair, and consistent (5)fashion . The objective of human resources is to (6)maximize the return on investment from an organization’s human capital. HR management aims to improve individuals’productive contribution to an organization while simultaneously trying to achieve other societal and individual (7)objectives. Sometimes in large companies there is not a lot of direct (8)contact between top management and the majority of employees. The HR department plays a crucial liaison role between a company and it’s most precious (9)asset—its employees. Today, human resources is a vital part of a company. A company that does not attend to its human resources issues will not (10 prosper .2:(1)Advocates of capitalism consider economic freedom to be a basic (2)human liberty. However, (3)critics of the market system claim that it does not provide an equally high standard of (4)living for everyone. This is undeniably true. Under capitalism, there are (5)inequalities of wealth, though much less so than under other (6)system. To a large degree, success in a free market depends on individual (7)effort and ability, qualities that are distributed unevenly among human beings. The onlyway to achieve the goal of complete equality of wealth is by the use of some sort of (8)government force. The market economy has no (9)mechanisms of coercion available to it and it does not guarantee equal wealth for all. It tries to maintain liberty and (10)equality under law for all participants.3:Demand for a product is affected by a range of variables. Two key variables are the (1)price price of the product, and consumers’(2) income. According to (3) economic theory, there is normally an (4) inverse relationship between the price of a product and the quantity demanded of that product. As price (5) falls , the quantity demanded increases. There is also normally a (6)direct relationship between consumers’income and the quantity demanded at any given price; i.e. as consumers’income increases, demand (7) increase. The (8)demand for some products is very responsive to changes in price or in consumers’income. A certain (9)percentage change in price or income leads to a greater percentage change in the quantity demanded. (10)economists describe such products as having (11) elastic demand. The demand for some other products is much less responsive to changes in price or income. These products are said to have (12) inelastic demand.三、句子连接：1.If you want to take advantage of this offer, call right away!2.If you want people to remember your company, give it a catchy name.\3. If this plan can help to reduce our phone bills, then, yes, we’re interested.4. If you want to succeed in this career, you have to work really hard.5. If we make our calls at off-peak times, they cost less.6. If you use your credit card responsibly, you don’t run up a big debt.7. If you give people good service,they come back again.1. Brand names help customers identify the manufacturer of a product.2. A brand name ensures that we can distinguish one product from others./3. Brand names that are familiar to us can make us feel comfortable.4. The earliest types of brands helped to identify the maker of a product.5. Some of the best-known brands have become status symbols.1.pirated good often closely resemble the originals and so it is difficult to identify the fakes.2.Brand-name goods are fashionable but very expensive and consequently,these goods are copied and sold at a cheaper price.3.Since pirated goods are often much cheaper than the originals,consumers savemoney by buying the fake goods.4.Because famous brand-name goods are symbols of luxury and status,those are the ones that are most frequently copied.5.>6.Since for many women the handbag is an important accessory,there is a huge demand for affordable fake handbags.panies sometimes dump unassembled product components and this result in components being combined with inferior parts and sold as genuine articles.8.Due to the fact that many officials are not qualified to deal with counterfeiters,representatives from brands are called in when a fake is suspected.1. A counterfeit is an imitation made deliberately to falsely represent its content or its origins.2. Apart from forged currency or documents, counterfeits can also be clothes, software, pharmaceuticals, etc.3. In the USA, the FBI estimates that American companies lose up to $250 billion a year due to counterfeit goods.4. According to the European Commission, counterfeit goods cause 100,000 job losses in Europe each year.;5. Expensive or desirable brands have become popular among counterfeiters.6. The popularity of designer jeans such as Jordache in the late 1970s produced a flood of illegal copies.1. Inflation can be defined as a substantial and continuing overall increase in the general level of prices.2. One factor that can result in inflation is an increase in government taxes and fees.3. Average inflation in the USA has been steady at about 3% a year for the last thirty years.4. When interest rates go up and the cost of borrowing increases, the cost of runninga business increases and inflation can result.[5. Most people are able to cope with the average inflation rate of 3% as they get an annual increase in wages.1. P&H recovered slightly last year but then suffered a loss of $6 million.2. Omega’s acquisition of Eastern Energy boosted gas production.3. The market’s volatile behavior recently put shareholders through the wringer.4. Frood’s strong sales in all areas helped them turn in solid Q1 figures.5. The company offered free delivery and this created very high postal costs.）1. Financial institutions are companies that deal in money or money equivalents, such as stocks and bonds.2. The financial institution that most people know best is the commercial bank.3. A bank is an establishment in which individuals, businesses, government agencies, and even other banks deposit money.4. From these deposits the bank makes loans to individuals, businesses, government agencies, and other banks.5. The interest earned on these loans is a chief source of income for the bank.6. Deposits represent the largest source of commercial bank income—usually more than 80 percent.7. Checking accounts are the means by which most people and institutions pay their bills.:1. Corporate fraud is an undeniable fact of business life affecting businesses large and small.2. New technologies such as the Internet have increased the opportunities for fraud to be committed.3. Once suspected or discovered, investigating fraud is a specialist task requiring experience and technical skill.4. There is no doubt that fraud is best prevented,rather than dealt with after the fact.5. There is no completely foolproof method of preventing fraud,although there are a range of effective fraud prevention techniques.6. Special techniques are used to pro-actively test for fraud profiles.7. Other techniques are used to further investigate so that fraud incidents are satisfactorily resolved.四、作文1、求职信2、简历3、备忘录4、E-mail5、申请助学金6、投诉信7、恢复投诉信8、给家人或亲人写一封邮件。
商务英语期末复习资料
商务英语复习资料题型：①阅读理解5-6篇40% ②翻译（中→英）5个*5’=25%③画图题15% ④作文：要顶格写20%一．翻译1．我们希望公司能使我们更高效的经营业务，同时也为客户带来便利。
我们也希望你们能继续向我们订购，订单直接交本公司或分公司均可。
We hope that by it we can handle our business more efficiently for the convenience of our customers. We also hope that you will continue to place orders with us direct or through our new branch.2．随函寄上本公司商品目录一册，供参考，但愿你们从中能找到所需要的东西。
Enclosed for your reference is a copy of our catalogue ,in which you may find something you need.3．如果在你方市场完成了年销售，这份独家代理协议原本可以于到期日延长一年。
Should the annual turnover have been realized in your market, the sole agent agreement would have been extended for another year upon its expiration.4．前几天，你地的一家通讯公司前来与我们洽谈业务，他们意外地告诉我们你们是有名的摩托车制造商。
We were approached by a telecom provider in your district the other day and from them we happened to know that you are a well-known motorbike manufacturer.5．由于我方已在支付方式方面做出了让步，因此，难以再顺从你方的要求，把价格降至你方所说水平。
自考商务英语复习资料
Lesson l International Business1.certificate of deposit 大额存单2. management contract 管理合同3.turnkey project “交钥匙”工程4.copyright 版权5．maturity 到期日 6.价值链value chain 7．承包生产contract manufacturing 8．特许经营者franchisee 9．国内生产总值gross domestic product 10.商标trademarkLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1．GNP 国民生产总值2．Consumerism 消费主义 3 . factors of production 生产要素 4. purchasing power 购买力5．PPP 购买力平价 6.个市场的收人分布状况6. income distribution of a market 7．人均国内生产总值per capita GDP 8．经济合作与发展组织Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 9．四方组合Quad 10.大路货staple goodsLesson 3 Regional Economic Integration1.political entity 政治实体2.OPEC 石油输出国组织3. settlement 结算4. council of ministers 部长理事会5．territory economies 区域性经济体 6.行政（执行）机构executive body 7．欧元euro 8．欧盟委员会European Commission 9．签字国，签字人signatory 10.关税税率tariff ratesLesson 4 Economic Globalization1.economic globalization 经济全球化2. technical improvements技术进步3．Inputs投入 4.headquarters总部5.parent company 母公司6．子公司affiliate 7．日常管理day-to-day running 8．国际经济环境international economic environment 9．跨国公司（企业）multinational corporation ( enterprise ) 10.职权jurisdiction Lesson 5 International Trade (I)1.international trade 国际贸易2. the theory of absolute advantage绝对利益理论3. nd and labor 资本、土地和劳动力4. with respect to关于5．appeal吸引力6．国际生产专门化international specialization 7．劳务services 9．比较利益comparative advantageLesson 6 International Trade (II)1.reasonable costs合理的成本2. inland water vessels内河船只3. cargo compartment货仓4.tariffs 关税5．customs union 关税同盟6．数量限制quantitative restrictions 7．外汇收入foreign exchange earnings 8.配额quota 9．关税减让tariff concessions 10.移民汇款immigrant remittanceLesson 7 Incoterms 20001．EDI 电子数据交换 2.Ex Work 工厂交货3．Free Carrier货交承运人4．CIF 成本、保险费加运费5．negotiable 可转让的，可流通的6．贸易术语trade terms 7．装运港船上交货FOB( Free on Board) 8．目的地，终点destination 9．无关税区customs-free zones 10.商业发票commercial invoicesLesson 8 The Business Contract1.offeree 收盘人2. sales confirmation．销售确认书3. binding obligations 约束性责任4. cotton piece goods棉布5．trunk call 长途电话6．报价quotation 7.仲裁arbitration 8．寄售合同consignment contract 9.购货合同9．purchase contract 10.书面谈判10. written negotiationLesson 9 Modes of Trade1.buyback 回购交易2. foreign exchange 外汇3. auction拍卖4．Creditor债权人 5. Volkswagen众汽车公司6.贸易方式modes of trade 7.反向购买，互购counter purchase 8.跨国界合同cross-border contract 9．代理agency 10.补偿贸易compensation tradeLesson 10 International Payment1. open account记账交易2. drawer出票人3. D/P at sight即期付款交单4.documentary draft跟单汇票5. consigment transaction寄售交易6．外汇管制foreign exchange control 7．远期付款交单D/P aft.er sight 8．受款人payee 9.汇率波动exchange rate fluctuations 10.光票clean draftLesson 11The Letter of Credit（ll）1．amendment修改2．negotiating bank 议付行 3. credit worthiness资信 4.carrying vessel运载船只5. legal action法律行动6．单价unit price 7．转船transshipment 8．信用证letter of credit 9．申请人applicant 10.保兑行confirming bankLesson 12 The Letter of Credit (lI)1.double assurance双重保障2. deferred payment推迟付款3.mechanism机制4. the maturity of the draft 汇票到期5．clean credit 光票信用证6．无汇票信用证non-draft credit 7．不可链讣信用证non-transferable credit 8．远期信用证usance credit 9．贴现discount 10.资金周转capital turnoverLesson 13 Major Documents Required in World Trade1.take delivery of提货2. port of shipment起运港，发货港3．notify party被通知人4．packing list 装箱单5．weight list重量单6．货运收据cargo receipt 7.收货人consignee 8．承运人carrier 9．单据documents 10.合法持有人legal holderLesson 14 International Transportation1.in a broad sense从广义上讲2. per-unit每一单位3. private carrier自有承运人4. logistics物流5. cost economies 节约成本（成本节约）6.契约承运人contract carrier 7．货物运输freight transportation 8．库存，存货inventory 9．生产率productivity 10.产品自然领域natural product provincesLesson 15 Insurance (l)1.Insured被保险人，保户，投保人2. handmaiden起服务（或辅助）作用的事物3. jeopardy危险，风险4. multi- modal transportation多种方式的运输5.known premium已知的保险费6．承保人insurer 7．保证margin 8．顾客client 9．共同款项pool 10.海上保险marine insuranceLesson 16 Insurance (ll)1.forwarding charges远期费用2. free from particular average平安险3. all risks一切险4．Pro rata按比例5．terms of sale 价格条件6．水渍险with particular average 7．导致损失的直接原因proximate cause of the loss 8．分摊contribution 9．可保权益insurable interest 10.最大诚信utmost good faithLesson 17 The International Monetary System and Exchange Rate1.the international monetary system国际货币体系2. direct quote直接标价3- flexible exchange rate浮动汇率 4. gold standard金本位制 5. special drawing right特别提款权6．买入价buying rate 7．利率interest rate 8.卖出价buying rate 9．通货膨胀inflation 10.国际收支平衡international balance of paymentLesson 18 International Financial Organizations1．hard loans硬贷款2．voting power 投票权3. development strategy发展策略 4. telecommunications电信5 . population-planning人口计划 6.私营经济private sector 7．借款权borrowing power 8．优惠期grace period 9．储备份额reserve tranche 10.股权投资equity investmentLesson 19 Foreign Direct Investment1．integrated company 综合公司2．supply factors供给方面的因素 3. distribution networks销售网 4. start from scratch白手起家5．after-sale service售后服务6．投资政策investment policies 7．外国直接投资foreign direct investment 8．并购acquisition 9．贸易壁垒trade barriers 10.营销优势marketing advantageLesson 20 The International Stock Exchange1．investor 投资者2．Jobber股票买卖经纪人3．indices 指数4.Equities普通股5- market maker证券交易商6．套期保值hedge 7．事业机构投资商institutional investors 8．所得税income tax 9．长期资本long-term capital 10.证券交易所stock exchangeLesson 21 The World Trade Organization and China1.non-discriminate 非歧视的2. GATT关贸总协定3．verdict裁决，判决 4. standard of living生活水平5．enforcement power 执行权6．最惠国条款most-favored nation clause 7．贸易保护措施protectionist measures 8.敏感产业sensitive industries 9．贸易赤字trade deficit 10.充分就业full employmentLesson 22 The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development1.preference优先权2. territory领土，领地3. transfer of technology技术转让4. industrialization process工业化进程5. international monetary system 国际货币体系6．联合国大会United Nations General Assembly 7．行动纲领action program 8.殖民地colony 9．机构organ 10.豁免条款escape clause全真模拟演练（一）1．correspondent bank 往来行，关系行2．tax holiday免税期3．gold tranche黄金份韧4．hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀5．negotiable transport document可转让装运单据6．bill of exchange汇票7．grace period 优惠期，宽限期8. preferential customs tariffs特惠税9．dirty float肮脏浮动10. endowment of nature自然的赋予11.关税减让tariff concession 12.从量税specific duties 13.贴现率discount rate 14.反补贴措施counter-veiling measures 15 .空运收据airway bill 16.差别待遇differential treatment 17.非关税壁垒non-tariff barrier 18.装船通知shipping advice 19.补偿贸易compensation trade 20.借款权borrowing power全真模拟演练（二）1．common market共同市场 2. certificate of origin产地证书3．business line业务范围 4. investment returns投资回报5．idle funds游资 6. cash in advance 预付现金7.title to the goods货物所有权8．direct quote直接标价9．trade terms贸易术语10. firm offer实盘11.分阶段付款periodic payments 12.价格条款price terms 13.跟单托收documentary collection 14.实际头寸net positions 15.大路货staple goods 16.结关customs clearance 17.唛头shipping marks 18.风险转移risk transfer 19.竞争性贬值competitive devaluation 20.起运港port of shipmentLesson l International Business1．国际贸易和国内贸易在法制体系、货币、文化背景和自然条件与经济条件方面都有所不同。
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
商务英语复习要点
一、简称写全称：1．DFI/FDI（国外直接投资）：Direct Foreign Investment 2．MNC（跨国公司）：multinational corporation3．R&D（研发）research & development4．EEC（欧洲经济共同体）：European economic community5．PPI（生产者价格指数）：producer price index 6．CPI（消费者价格指数）：consumer price index 7．ROE (股东资产净值盈利) return on equity8．EPS （每股收益）earnings per share9．CIF（成本、保险费、运费）：Cost，Insurance and Freight 10．CIP（运费、保险费付至…）：Carriage ，Insurance Paid to11．CFR（成本加运费）：Cost and Insurance 12．FOB（船上交货）：Free on Board13．EC（欧洲共同体）：European Community14．EU（欧洲联盟）：European Union15．CPA（国外应付赔偿）：Claims Payable Abroad 16．PPI（保单权益证明）：Policy Proof of Interest二、词组（课文中划的那部分）：1．research and development 研究和发展2．cut across national borders 穿越国家边界3．after allowing for 考虑风险之后4．tap foreign markets 开拓国外市场5．distribution techniques 经销方式6．marketing division 市场销售部7．acquisition 兼并8．underlie a firm’s intent 导致……的原因9．preferential tax treatment 税收优惠待遇10．corporation 股份公司11．Sole proprietorship 独资企业12．partnership 合伙公司13．cooperative 合作社14．portfolio investment 有价证券投资15．investment portfolio 投资总额16．trade restrictions 贸易限制17．import quota 进口配额18．export subsidy 出口补贴19．hard assets 实物资产20．The consumer economy 消费者主导型经济21．emerging economy 新型经济22．level off 停止23．price disparity 价格差异24．financial assets 金融资产25．hedging benefit 套头保值26．The main beneficiaries 受益人27．price appreciation 价格上涨28．current assets 流动资产fixed assets 固定资产intangible assets 无形资产tangible assets 有形资产29．accounts receivable 应收账款notes receivable 应收票据30．capital goods 生产资料consumer goods 生活资料31．down payment 首付32．promissory note 本票33．commercial paper 商业汇票34．Wall Street 华尔街35．Dow Jones industrial average 道琼斯工业平均指数Standard & Poor’s index 普尔指数Nikkei index 日经指数36．snap up 抢购37．mutual funds 共同基金pension funds 养老金38．cross border investment 跨国投资39．remove trade barriers 打破贸易壁垒40．intra-European service 欧洲内部之间的服务41．grabbing market share 强占市场份额42．intercountry red tape 国家之间的繁文缛节43．recession 经济萧条44．Chamber of commerce 商会45．spot rate 即期汇率forward rate 远期汇率46．accounting equation 会计恒等式三、名词解释：1．import quota（进口配额）：a maximum absolute amount of a particular commodity that may be imported.2．export subsidy（出口补贴）：a government payment to private firms to encourage the export of certain goods or to prevent discrimination against exporters who may have to sell their product at a world price that is below the domestic price.3．acquisition（兼并）：one company buys another company or parts of another company.4．mergers（合并）：both old companies cease to exist and a new enterprise is created.5．spot trading（即期交易）：the buying and selling of commodities for immediate delivery.6．future trading（期货交易）：the buying and selling of commodities for future delivery.7．hedging benefit（套头保值）：a commercial operation that combines spot trading and future trading for the purpose of protecting the trader against risks in price fluctuations.8．selling hedge（卖期保值）：purchases on the spot market may be hedged by making sales on the futures market. 9．buying hedge（买期保值）：the trader may hedge his sale of a commodity on the spot market by simultaneously making apurchase of the same quantity of that commodity on the futures market.10．profit margin（利润边际）：the profit a company can gain by one more unit of sale.11．net profit margin（纯利润率），or return on sales（销售利润率）：the net income a business makes per unit of sales. 12．return on equity（股东资产净值盈利），or return on investment（投资报酬率）：the net income a business makes per dollar of investment.13．earning per share（每股收益）：a company earns for each share of stock outstanding.14．commercial paper（商业汇票）：a short-term note issued by a company to borrow from other businesses with excess cash. 15．s econdary markets（二级市场）：a market for the exchange of existing securities that operates outside the recognized main market16．bears（股票看跌者）：who expect stock prices to fall17．bulls（股票看涨者）：who expect stock prices to rise18．Bull market（牛市）：buyers more than sellers, stock prices and the value of traded shares are rising19．loosen monetary policy（宽松货币政策）：increase the nation’s money supply20．tighten monetary policy（紧缩货币政策）：reduce the money supply21．economies of scale（规模经济）：as output or the scale of operations increases, the average cost of production tends to decline.22．diseconomies of scale（规模不经济）：the average cost of production no longer declines but increase.23．spot rate（即期汇率）：the price at which currencies are exchanged for immediate delivery, generally within 2 days 24．Forward rate（远期汇率）：the exchange rate between 2 currencies used for delivery at a future date.四、问答题1．trade restrictions（贸易限制）包括哪两方面？答：import quota（进口配额）and export subsidy（出口补贴）are two examples of the kind2．Bank’s balance sheet（银行的资产负债表）1）包括哪三个基本要素？答：It consists of three sections—assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity2）accounting equation（会计恒等式）答：assets= liabilities + owner’s equity Or assets- liabilities = owner’s equity3．CIF1）全称：Cost，Insurance and Freight2）买卖双方职责：the seller has responsibility to arrange and pay for the shipment of the goods to the port of destination and provide insurance cover at his own expense3）风险转移：the risk of loss or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer once the goods are load on board the ship at the named port of shipment4．CIP1）全称：Carriage ，Insurance Paid to2）买卖双方职责：the seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the transport of the goods to the named place of destination. The seller also deal with the matter of insurance and pay premiums.3）风险转移：the buyer to bear the risk of loss or damage to the goods thereafter.5．CFR1）全称：Cost and Insurance2）买卖双方职责：the seller arranges the shipment of the goods and pays the freight to the named port of destination.3）风险转移：the buyer bears the risk of loss or damage to the goods once they are load on board the ship at the named port of shipment.6．FOB1）全称：Free on Board2）买卖双方职责：the buyer to arrange and pay for the shipment to the port of destination, and take out whatever insurance cover the buyer considers necessary.3）风险转移：the buyer bears the risk of loss or damage to the goods7．The European Union（欧洲联盟）四个特征：答：a free trade area（自由贸易区）、a customs union（关税联盟）、a common market（共同市场）、an economic union （经济联盟）8．letter of credit（信用证）1）五个组成要素？答：buyer，seller，issuing bank，negotiating bank，opening bank 注：第8题问答题大家自己看一下书145页Lesson 11.公司的战略，政策和计划Corporate strategy, policy and planning2.种种其他因素A variety of other factors世界贸易和投资的模式World trade and investment patterns除了采掘工业之外With the exception of extractive industries建立海外子公司最重要的动机The most important motive for setting up overseas subsidiaries寻求新的利润来源The search for new sources of profit对国外经销方法的不满意Dissatisfaction over distribution techniques abroad 国外生产设备的定址The location of foreign production facilities企业兼并的巨浪A tremendous surge of acquisition of enterprises 通过在国外生产的方式By way of foreign production像税收待遇优惠之类的补贴Subsidies such as preferential tax treatment国际商务决定International business decisions公司经理考虑了将冒的风险之后，决定在东道国再投资60万美元（to allow for) After allowing for risk, the corporate managers decided to make an additional investment of $600,000 in the host country.为了进一步开发国外市场，很多公司已在国外设立了销售部或者子公司（to tap)In order to further tap overseas markets, many companies have set up their foreign marketing divisions or subsidiaries.降低生产成本是决定建立海外生产设施的主要因素之一（to underlie)Reduction of production costs is one of the major factors that underlie the decision to set up overseas productive facilities他建议减价10%，以便扩大市场占有率，这一建议已纳入公司的销售计划。
商务英语复习资料
2. delivery n 交货,/shipmenteffect delivery交货/make delivery交货take delivery提货e.g. We must insist on delivery within the time dated, and reserve the right to reject the goods, should they be delivered later.我们坚持在原定日期内交货，若迟交则保留拒收的权利e.g. Will you be able to deliver within 5 weeks of receipt of order?你方能否在收到订单后五周内交货？3. C.I.F.C3% 价格术语：成本保险加运费含佣金百分之三4. commission n 佣金明佣open commission/暗佣sleeping commission含我方佣金百分之三Our 3% commission / a commission of 3%inclusive of our 3% commissionincluding our commission of 3%两笔（或几笔）佣金— two items of commission / several items of commissione.g.In view of our long-standing business relationship, we would like to allow you another 2% commission for further promotion of our products.考虑到我们之间长期的.贸易关系，我们愿再给你方百分之二的佣金，以促进我方产品进一步扩大销售。
e.g. A commission of 5% will certainly help you in pushing your sales.百分之五的佣金肯定会有助于你们的销售。
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expiry date 有效期限；终止日期wrapping 包装纸，包装材料compensate for 赔偿net profit 净利，纯利Trademark 商标Patent 专利Intellectual Property Rights 知识产权certificate 证书，证明infringement 侵权patent right 专利权Patent Office 专利局patent certificate 专利证书exclusive right专有权, 专营权利breakage 破碎险invoice 发票invoice value 发票金额economy class 经济舱business class 商务舱departure time 起飞时间arrival time 到达时间boarding card 登机牌return ticket 往返票Customs Declaration Card 海关申报卡overcome the jet leg 倒时差get down to business 开始谈正事warehouse 仓库stock 库存delivery 递送，交货conveyor belt 传送带press release 新闻稿cost-effective 节约成本的prime-time 黄金时段short clips 宣传短片product launch show 产品发布会market share 市场份额business advertising 商业广告target audi9. refreshment 茶点ence 目标对象take the minutes 作会议记录gift voucher 礼券free trial 免费试用tie-in promotion 搭售raffle sales 抽奖销售outstanding debt 未偿债务economic outlook 经济前景purchasing power 购买力profit margin 利润率branch office 分公司entrance fee 入场费regular price 正常价格special price 特价warranty （质量）保证head office 总公司enquiry (或inquiry) 询价，询盘；询问enquiry note 询价单sample 样品sample cuttings 剪样sample book 样品本quotation n.行市；报价catalogue 商品目录illustrated catalogu带有插图或照片的目录brochure /pamphlet 商品小册子indicative price 参考价格export n. 出口；出口货export v. 出口exporter n. 出口商exportation n. 出口order n. 订单，订购；所订货物（后面一般接介词for, 间或接of）duplicate order 重复订单fresh order 新订单initial order 首批订货outstanding/pending order 未完成订单trial order 试购订单order v. 订购specific enquiry 具体询盘，详细询盘general enquiry 一般询盘offer… on FOB basis 按FOB价格报盘discount n. 折扣，贴现trade discount 同行折扣，商业折扣discount v. 贴现；打折扣make Shipment 装运，发货book shipping space 订舱位shipping advice 装船通知shipping instructions 装船须知cover insurance 投保consign v. 运送；寄售consignor 发货人consignee 收货人contract 合同Sales Confirmation 销售确认书counter offer n./v. 还盘，还价close the deal = come to terms 成交，达成交易packing n. 包装packing charges 包装费用packing instructions 包装要求，包装须知export packing 出口包装inner packing 内包装outer packing 外包装shipping marks 装运标志，唛头improper packing 包装不当container 集装箱shipping instructions 装运须知multimodal transportation 多式联运payment 支付，付款payment in advance 预付货款shipping documents 装船单据D/P= Documents against Payment付款交单D/A= Documents against Acceptance 承兑交单credit status 信用状况deposit 存款；保证金balance 余额collection 托收honor a draft 兑付汇票installment 分期支付的款项issue an L/C 开立信用证documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票cover insurance 投保average 海损premium 保险费underwrite 承保underwriter 承保人breakage 破碎险invoice 发票invoice value 发票金额China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国进出口产品检验局Certificate of Origin 原产地证明Inspection Certificate of Quality 质量检验证书Settle a claim 理赔Register a claim 索赔Insurance claim 保险索赔Inferior quality 质量较差Registered trademark 注册商标Intellectual Property Rights 知识产权Copyright 版权Patent specification 专利说明Sales Contract 销售合同Contractor 订约人,承包人Abide by the contract 遵守合同Expiration of contract 合同期满Gross weight 毛重Net weight 净重Insurance policy 保险单Insurance premium 保险费Underwriter保险商Open account 赊账交易Payment on delivery 货到付款Letter of credit 信用证Commercial invoice 商业发票Payment by installation 分期付款Inner packing 内包装Outer packing 外包装Shipping advice 装船通知Bill of lading 提单Port of shipment 装运港Port of destination 目的港Partial shipment分批装运Bargain the price 讨价还价Cut the price 削减价格Favorable price 优惠价格Wholesale price 批发价格Retail price零售价格Commission 折扣Main products 主要产品Terms and conditions 条款条件Consumer products 消费品European main ports 欧洲主要港口Paragraph1Trade fair provides a place for sellers to display their goods and make them known to buyers. It is a very common means for sellers to promote their goods and for buyers to choose goods from the vast variety on offer. It’s a marketplace filled with qualified buyers, joint venture partners, distributor and partners – all in one place. It offers many advantages, such as obtaining sales leads and competitor intelligence, and learning more about industry developments and trends. It also offers companies some chances to capture their share of the global market. 8商品交易会是为卖方提供一个展示他们商品的场所，让买方了解它们，对于卖方来说，这是促销它们商品的普遍方式。
对买方来说能从提供的大量商品中自己选择。
交易会汇聚了有实力的买方、合资方、分销商、经销商和合作伙伴汇聚一处。
交易会有很多优势，如：获取销售的主打产品和竞争者的情报，了解更多的行业发展趋势。
它同样为公司提供了一个捕捉全球市场份额的机遇。
Paragraph2In international trade, most transactions are paid through M/T(mail tranfer) or T/T(telegraphic transfer ) if remittance is used. T/T is beneficial to the seller because it enables him to obtain money promptly, accelerates the turnover of funds, increases the income of interests and avoids the risk of fluctuation in exchange rate. But it is disadvantageous to the buyer in that he has to bear more cable expenses and bank charges. 10在国际贸易中，大部分交易是通过电汇/信汇进行的，信汇是有利于卖方的，因为它能够快速的获得资金，加速资金周转，增加利息收入，避免汇率的波动，但是对于买方不利的，因为它不得不承担电汇的费用和银行费用。