第三节词汇
五年级上册人教版英语第四单元单词
第一节词汇总结1. How many 英 [ 'haʊ 'meni ] 美 [ haʊ 'mɛni ] 多少- 衍生：how many books 多少本书2. apples 英[ 'æp(ə)lz ] 美[ 'æp(ə)lz ] 苹果- 单数：apple 英[ 'æp(ə)l ] 美[ 'æp(ə)l ] 苹果- 复数：apples 英[ 'æp(ə)lz ] 美[ 'æp(ə)lz ] 苹果3. oranges 英 [ 'ɔrɪndʒɪz ] 美 [ ˈɔrɪndʒɪz ] 橙子- 单数：orange 英 [ ˈɔrɪndʒ ] 美 [ ˈɔrɪndʒ ] 橙子- 复数：oranges 英 [ 'ɔrɪndʒɪz ] 美 [ ˈɔrɪndʒɪz ] 橙子4. pears 英 [ perz ] 美 [ perz ] 梨- 单数：pear 英 [ per ] 美 [ per ] 梨- 复数：pears 英 [ perz ] 美 [ perz ] 梨5. watermelons 英 [ ˈwɔːtəˌmelənz ] 美 [ ˈwɔtɚˌmɛlənz ] 西瓜- 单数：watermelon 英 [ 'wɔtəˌmɛl(ə)n ] 美 [ ˈwɔtɚˌmɛlən ] 西瓜 - 复数：watermelons 英 [ ˈwɔːtəˌmelənz ] 美 [ ˈwɔtɚˌmɛlənz ] 西瓜第二节词汇使用五年级上册人教版英语第四单元主要学习了关于水果的单词，这些单词在生活中经常出现，也是孩子们学习英语的基础词汇。
在本单元的学习中，学生们通过图片、示范和游戏等多种形式来学习水果单词，加深对这些单词的印象和理解。
在课堂教学中，老师可以通过问答、比赛、角色扮演等形式引导学生进行词汇的学习和运用。
现代汉语(黄伯荣、廖序东版)课件--第三章 词汇
词汇
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第三章 词汇 第一节 词汇概述 第二节 词的构成 第三节 词义 第四节 义素分析和语义场 第五节 词汇的构成
第六节 词语的解释和运用 第七节 词典和字典
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第一节词汇概述 词汇是语言的建筑材料，没有词汇，任何语言都是不可想象的。 要使自己的语言 生动活泼， 就要掌握丰富的词汇；要掌握词汇， 这就要求我们学习有关词汇的基本知识，了解词的内部 结构规律， 正确地理解和解释词义，以便提高我们的阅读和表达能力。 一、词和词汇 (一)词 词是能够自由运用的、最小的语言单位。它代表一定的意义，具 有固定的语音形式 。 所谓“能够自由运用”，是指词本身具有一定的语法功能，可以 独立地自由地用来造 句，能 自由地从一句话换到另一句话里去。 例如“小红吃葡萄”里的三个词，都可以分别自由地用 来造句， 并不是一定要这样固定地结合在一起，我们也可以说“小红爱学 习”、“他吃苹果 ”、“葡萄丰收了”等。
多音节语素数量不多，在现代汉语语素中不占主要地位，一般也比较容 易辨认。
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(2)实语素和虚语素
实语素是具有比较实在的词汇意义的语素，虚语素是没有实在的词 汇意义的语素。 例如：“ 改革”中的“改”和“革”，以及“胖 子”“阿姨” “以前”中的“胖”“姨”“前”都有 实在的词汇意义， 都是实语素；其中的“子”“阿”“以”都没有实在的词汇意义(只表示 一些语法意义或抽象的词汇意义)，都是虚语素。 汉语的语素中绝大部分是实语素，虚语素的数量很少。汉语中多音 节语素基本上都是实语素 ，单音节语素中绝大多数都是实语素，极少数 是虚语素。 虚语素可以分两种：一种是具有抽象的词汇意义的，主要用来构成 汉语的虚词，其构词能力 很弱，数量也十分有限，如“以前”中的“以” 和“因而”中的“因”和“而”；另一种是 具有特定的语法意义的，其 构词能力很强，数量也不多。 这后一种由于在词中的位置比较固定，处 于词的前部的叫前缀，处于词的后 部的叫后缀 。总起来叫词缀，跟词缀 相对的叫词根(是词中表示基本意义 的语素)。例如：“阿姨”“胖子” 中的“阿 ”和“子”，分别是前缀和后缀(都是虚语素)，“姨”和“胖” 则是词根(都是实语素)。
Unit 4 Making the news单元测试(人教版必修5)
必修5 第4单元同步验收题第三节词汇（5分）1. I was d to be invited to her party.2. The annual income of school teachers in this place was a at ＄900.3. We were i by mail of the change in plans.4. Building a car is a long (工序).5. Ives listened to the workers’ d for more money.第二部分同步语法（满分25分）第一节改错（10分）1. Only when was he 50 years old did he begin to learn French.2. Little she knew Tom was seriously ill.3. Turn to the right and there are you.4. All around the fox in a circle was dogs.5. —You can learn English well.—So can we.6. I dare climb this tall tree, but do you?7. Not once he kept his promise.8. Many a time he has given us some good advice.9. Such a noise there was that I couldn’t work in the room.10. Only does my mother understand me.第二节根据括号内的英语提示，将下列各句翻译成英文（10分）1. 在房间中央站着一个小女孩。
（in the middle of）2. 学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。
（out）3. 他没有去过那里，他也不想去那里。
六年级上册英语外研版第三模块单词讲解
第三模块单词讲解第一节：家庭成员1. father [ˈfɑːðər] 父亲My father is a doctor.2. mother [ˈmʌðər] 母亲His mother is a teacher.3. brother [ˈbrʌðər] 兄弟She has a younger brother.4. sister [ˈsɪstər] 姐妹His sister is in high school.5. grandparents [ˈɡrændˌpærənts] 祖父母I often visit my grandparents on weekends. 第二节：动物1. dog [dɔɡ] 狗Our dog is very friendly.2. cat [kæt] 猫She has a black and white cat.3. bird [bɜːrd] 鸟I like to watch the birds in the park.4. fish [fɪʃ] 鱼We have a little fish in the aquarium.5. turtle [ˈtɜːrtl] 乌龟My aunt has a small turtle in her garden. 第三节：学习1. study ['stʌdɪ] 学习I have to study for my math test.2. write [raɪt] 写Can you write your name in English?3. read [riːd] 读She likes to read books in her free time.4. speak [spiːk] 说话I can speak Chinese and English.5. listen [ˈlɪsən] 听Please listen carefully to the teacher.第四节：食物1. rice [raɪs] 米饭I eat rice and vegetables for lunch.2. noodles [ˈnuːdlz] 面条I like to eat noodles with soy sauce.3. bread [bred] 面包Can you make me a sandwich with bread?4. meat [miːt] 肉My favorite meat is chicken.5. vegetables [ˈvedʒtəblz] 蔬菜We grow our own vegetables in the garden.第五节：交通工具1. car [kɑːr] 汽车My dad drives a red car to work.2. bus [bʌs] 公共汽车I take the bus to school every day.3. bike [baɪk] 自行车I ride my bike to the park on weekends.4. tr本人n [treɪn] 火车We are taking the tr本人n to visit our grandparents.5. 本人rplane [ˈeəˌpleɪn] 飞机I have never been on an 本人rplane before.第六节：身体部位1. head [hed] 头I have a headache today.2. arm [ɑːrm] 胳膊She broke her arm in a bicycle accident.3. leg [leɡ] 腿I hurt my leg playing football.4. hand [hænd] 手Wash your hands before you eat.5. foot [fʊt] 脚I like to walk barefoot on the beach.结语以上是六年级上册英语外研版第三模块单词讲解，希望能帮助学生们更好地掌握这些基础词汇，为日常生活和学习打下坚实的基础。
药学英语 专业词汇
近三角形 subtriangular 类圆形 subrounded 类多角形 subpolygonal 近方形 subsquare 斜方形 rhombic 新月形 crescent 味淡 weak 气微 slight 类白色 almost white 淡棕红色 pale brownish-red 芳香的 aromatic 辛辣的 pungent 深色 dark, deep
与植物形态ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ织有关的术语
性状常用词汇： (1) 根root 须根 fibrous roots 侧根 rootlets 根头 root stock 根冠 root cap 根毛 root hairs 主根 main root， principal root 支根 branch root 气生根 aerial root 水生根 water root 寄生根 parasitic root 圆锥状 conical 圆柱状 cylindrical 纺锤状 fusiform 块状 tuberous 残基 remains of
2. 与植物形态组织有关的术语
(2) 茎 stem 芽 buds 木 wood 心材 heartwood 边材 sapwood 年轮 annual rings 假年轮 false annual rings 纹理(木材) striation (s), line (s) 辐射状排列 showing a radiate arrangement 髓 medulla 枝条 ramulus
4. 中成药名称
水丸 watered pills 蜜丸 honeyed pills 大蜜丸 big honeyed pills 水蜜丸 water-honeyed pills 素片 uncoated tablets 小蜜丸 small honeyed pills 浓缩丸 concentrated pills 糊丸 pasted pills 腊丸 waxed pills 浓缩蜜丸 concentrated honeyed pills 浓缩水丸 concentrated watered pills 浓缩水蜜丸 concentrated water-honeyed pills
考研英语词汇必考词 第三节 练习题及答案
考研英语词汇(必考词+基础词+超纲词)练习题及答案详解必考词第三节(Unit 15——Unit 21；第 99 页—— 147 页)练习一：词汇与搭配1． He failed to carry out some of the p rovisions of the contract, and now he has to3． Things are usually cheaper i f they are bought bulk. 4． They sell the sweater a discount of 30 percent.5． High interest rates discourage people borrowing money. 6． The law does not discriminate any race, creed and color.7． I subscribe one daily newspaper and one weekly magazine.8． Corporations and labor unions have conferred great benefits their employees and members as well as upon the general public.9． I will be going to the United States a business mission.10． He looked like a farmer, but he was really a policeman disguise.11．My father likes playing golf; he’s really enthusiastic it.12． In the preface this book, we are given the reason why it has been republished.13． A good citizen is expected to conform the law of his country.14． I always hold what I have said.15． Several people remarked the fine quality of th e work.16． The teacher has repeatedly reminded him it.17． She was very tired, and no mood for dancing.18． Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected loud continuous noise.19． True patriotism consists putting the interests of one country above everything, including one’s life.20． My husband sympathized my proposal to move to a new apartment.21． Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.22． We can say good evidence that their work is on the path of sound development.23． The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was irrelevant the issue at hand.24．You’d better relieve her some of her housework.练习二：词汇辨析1．Up until that time, his interest had focused almost on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.[A] restrictively[B] radically[C] inclusively[D] exclusively2． Any nation that interferes in the internal affairs of another nation should be universally .[A] blamed[B] reproached[C] scolded[D] condemned3． CCTV programs are by satellite to the remotest areas in the country.[A] transferred[B] transported[C] transformed[D] transmitted4． The government will a reform in the educational system.[A] initiate[B] initial[C] initiative[D] intimate5．He said his government hadn’t appointed any .[A] delegation[B] delegates6． A heavy crane was called in to the crashed train from the rails.[A] move[B] remove[C] skimmed[D] stripped7．Americans are highly, and therefore may find it difficult to become deeply involved with others.[A] movable[B] moving[C] mobile[D] motional8． The committee proposed to the U.N. Charter.[A] correct[B] revise[C] amend[D] edit9． He tried to ascertain the identity of the writer of theletter.[A] unanimous[B] anonymous[C] infamous[D] autonomous10．Don’t to lock the door when you leave.[A] ignore[B] disregard[C] neglect[D] overlook11． The goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching, particularly between researchers and teachers.[A] overall[B] intensive[C] joint[D] concise12． The English language a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation.[A] owns[B] contains[C] holds[D] possesses13． The badly wounded receive for medical attention over those only slightly hurt.[A] superiority[B] inferiority[C] priority[D] minority14． The engine has more than 300 , made of a number of different materials.[A] compositions[B] ingredients[C] compounds[D] components15． The police stopped me the other day as I was driving home, because I was the________speed limit.[A] transcending[B] exceeding[C] surpassing[D] overtaking16． All theories, however, are tentative and are __to criticism.[A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject17． A Hong Kong Special Administrative was established in July.[A] Region[B] District[C] Area[D] Zone18． Food that __easily must reach the market and the dinner table as quickly as possible.[A] damage[B] decay[C] spoil[D] rot19． Every government that refuses to meet the needs of its people must accept the.[A] consequences[B] endings[C] results[D] outcome20． His reputation as a progressive writer is well.[A] built[B] established[C] erected[D] constructed21． A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of the car.[A] motionless[B] stationary[C] stationery[D] static22． The Chinese Women Volleyball Team won five world champions.[A] successive[B] consecutive[C] excessive[D]immense23． The river water was from its old course into a new channel where they were building the dam.[A] turned[B] switched[C] shifted[D] diverted24． The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.[A] conveyed[B] released[C] transferred[D] delivered练习三：英语知识运用1．Much exciting research is going on in an effort to find these questions. Foremost is the work of Jean Piaget, the Swiss psychologist who pioneered the field and whose theories have had an unparalleled impact on education, especially in Europe.[A] answers[B] solutions[C] resolutions[D] conclusions2．It was within the computer age that the term “information society”began to be widely used to describe the within which we now live.[A] context[B] range[C] scope[D] territory3． Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self‐ conscious and need the that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.[A] assistance[B] guidance[C] confidence[D] tolerance4．It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic is the function of the particular space. For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound ‐shaping qualities, and too few entries and exits will not wo rk for its purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be decorated.[A] care[B] concern[C] attention[D] intention5． An expert system has as its base the collected knowledge of experts, the rules that experts use to arrive at decision.It,,emulates the knowledge and thinking processes of human experts.[A] by chance[B] so far[C] in essence[D] in addition6． Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are programs that address the many needs of the homeless.[A] complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D] compensating7．More US sinologists have expressed confidence in China’s economic reform and the prospects for modernization.“If the reformers are implemented,” said Doak Barnett, Professor of Johns Hopkins University, “they would the trend towards more significant and broader economic ties between China andthe United States, which will have in some respects, a favorable impact on political relations.”[A] confirm[B] force[C] reinforce[D] realize8． They do not provide energy, nor do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if any is missing a deficiency disease becomes apparent.[A] shifting[B] transferring[C] altering[D] transforming9． Some canals, such as the Suez of the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their voyage a thousand miles shorter. Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not on the coast, still other canals drain lands where is too much water, help to irrigate fields where there is not enough water, and furnish water power for factories and mills.[A] lain[B] stationed[C] set[D] located10． Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be i________n a single large building.[A] consisted[B] contained[C] composed[D] comprised11． This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send to the brain.[A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12．The maximum penalty for trafficking has been changed from 14 years to life imprisonment. This autumn, new laws, modeled US legislation, will be introduced to loosen banking and privacy regulations to facilitate investigation and seizure of drug‐earned accounts.[A] after[B] upon[C] against[D] on13． However, marriages between members of different groups (interclass, interfaith, and interracial marriages) are increasing, probably because of the greater of today’s youth and the fact that they are restricted by fewe r prejudices than their parents. Many young people leave their hometowns to attend college, serve in the armed forces, or pursue a career in a bigger city.[A] mobility[B] motive[C] moral[D] mission14． In Germanic cultures punctuality is a sign of respect and politeness; being late is rude. Germans believe people should be exactly on time, neither too early nor too late. To the Indonesian, time is an endless pool; why be or hurry?[A] pressured[B] urged[C] depressed[D] spurred15． Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for vitamins. Many people, nevertheless, believe in being on the“safe side”and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well ‐balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin need s.[A] exceptional[B] exceeding[C] excess[D] external16． More families consist of one ‐parent households or two working parents; , children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the tra ditional family structure.[A] contrarily[B] consequently[C] similarly[D] simultaneously17．Nowadays, more people are living closer together, and they use machines to produce leisure. As a result, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become by a byproduct of their machines, namely, noise. Noise is in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something be done about it.[A] damaged[B] spoilt[C] destroyed[D] interfered18．many instances, the people built special temples in which the meteorites were to be worshipped. Meteorite worship was common long ago in the Mediterranean area,and in Africa,India,Japan,and Mexico;such worship still persists in some regions.[A] On[B] In[C] About[D] Of19．Even though its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part‐timers and temporary workers. This “disposable”work force is the most important in American business today,and it is fundamentally changing the relationship between people and their jobs.[A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend20．Some experts, who regard language primarily as a code using symbols to represent sounds, reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand for. These authorities contend that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process.[A] view[B] look[C] reassure [D]agree21．Formost men,talkisprimarily a means topreserveindependenceandnegotiateandmaintainstatusin ahierarchicalsocial order. Thisisdonebyexhibiting know ledgeand skill,andby centerstage throughverbal performance such as storytelling, joking, or imparting information. From childhood, men learn to use talking as a way to get and keep attention.[A] holding[B] exhibiting[C] standing[D] playing练习四：语法与词汇1．The street in a small town is as crowded on market days as ________in a large city.A. oneB. thatC. onesD. these2．________ , photo synthesis is the ultimate source of food for almost all organisms on earth.A. It is an extremely important processB. An extremely important process, it isC. That an extremely important asD. An extremely important process3．I will help you when I ________ my work.A. finishB. will finishC. will have finishedD. have finished4．When I try to understand _________ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is5．He was not asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,_________ insufficiently popular with all members.A. being consideredB. consideringC. to be consideredD. having considered6．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had i t been at all possible, but _________ fully occupied the whole of last week.A. wereB. had beenC. have beenD. was7．I second his motion that we _________ a special board to examine.A. shall set upB. should set upC. will set upD. would set up8．You seem to take a keener interest in the subject _________ ever been shown before.B. than haveC. that hasD. which had9．It is true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We won’t take the new one, _________ , because we don't feel as safe on it.B. thoughC. thereforeD. otherwise10．During the early period of ocean navigation, ________any need for sophisticated instruments and techniques.A. so that hardlyB. when there hardly wasC. hardly wasD. there was hardly11．I have kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school _________ twenty years ago.A. aboutB. sinceC. tillD. with答案及详解练习一1．answer for “对……负有责任”。
现代汉语 第三节 词类(上)
三、汉语的实词系统
（一）名词
1、意义： 主要意义是表示人、事物或时地、方位。
2、种类： 表人的：<专有的>：周恩来、鲁迅、雷锋、江姐、孔子
<普通的>：工人、农民、干部、学生、教师
表事物的：具体的：书、马、黑板、桌子、水、药、肉、风、阳光 抽象的：感情、精神、规则、概念、功能、文化 集合的： 师生、亲友、衣物 表时间的：今天、明年、现在、刚才、往常、早晨、秋天 表处所的：地名：亚洲、中国、王府井、香港、烟台大学 机构：公园、学校、商店、图书馆、国际教育交流学院 场所：教室、操场、附近、远处、门口 表方位的：单纯：上、下、左、右、前、后、东、西、南、北、中 合成：~边、~面、~头、之~、以~、中间、当中
思考题2： 一般说来，名词不能够重叠。下面这几组语例是 否属名词重叠现象，请给予适当的解释？ A组 妈妈 爸爸 哥哥 姐姐 星星 B组 家家都有一本难念的经。 人人都是好样的。 年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。 C组 山山水水 枝枝叶叶 瓶瓶罐罐 条条框框 婆婆妈妈 方方面面 风风火火
（二）动词 1、意义 动词是表示动作、行为、发展变化、心理活动等的实词。 2、种类
五年级上册英语外研版三起点第三模块单词
第一节：单词列表1. apple 苹果2. banana 香蕉3. orange 橙子4. watermelon 西瓜5. mango 芒果6. pineapple 菠萝7. pear 梨8. grape 葡萄9. strawberry 草莓10. cherry 樱桃第二节：单词解释1. apple 苹果 - 苹果是一种水果，通常呈圆形。
它可以生吃或用来制作各种美食，如苹果派、苹果酱等。
2. banana 香蕉 - 香蕉是一种长而弯曲的水果，外皮呈黄色。
它是许多人喜爱的水果之一，营养丰富。
3. orange 橙子 - 橙子是一种含有丰富维生素C的水果，味道酸甜可口。
它有时也可以榨成橙汁饮用。
4. watermelon 西瓜- 西瓜是一种大型的水果，通常呈圆形或椭圆形，内部多汁。
夏天常用来解暑。
5. mango 芒果 - 芒果是一种热带水果，外皮呈黄色或红色，果肉鲜甜多汁。
6. pineapple 菠萝 - 菠萝是一种多刺的水果，味道鲜甜。
它可以生吃或用来烹饪菜肴。
7. pear 梨 - 梨是一种多汁的水果，味道清甜。
它有很高的营养价值。
8. grape 葡萄 - 葡萄是一种多汁的小果实，可以生吃或酿酒。
9. strawberry 草莓 - 草莓是一种小型的水果，味道酸甜，非常受人喜爱。
10. cherry 樱桃 - 樱桃是一种小型的水果，味道甜美，常用于烘焙或作为点缀。
第三节：单词用法1. 苹果是我的最爱，我每天都吃一个。
2. 我早上喜欢吃香蕉，因为它既甜又营养。
3. 妈妈会给我橙子吃，因为它富含维生素C。
4. 夏天，我喜欢吃西瓜，它非常解渴。
5. 芒果是一种很好吃的水果，我总是期待着吃芒果。
6. 我不太喜欢菠萝，因为它的刺很多，吃起来很麻烦。
7. 梨是我妈妈最喜欢的水果，她常常给我准备一些。
8. 葡萄是我的宝贝，我最喜欢吃葡萄了。
9. 夏天我最喜欢吃草莓冰淇淋，因为草莓味道很好。
10. 樱桃是一种小巧可爱的水果，我很少吃到，但我很喜欢它的口感。
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不成词语素（只用于构词，不能独立成词）
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定位（词缀）：阿姨、桌子
4、根据语法性质
实语素（词汇意义，词根）：人、师 语法性质
虚语素（语法意义，词缀）：初、子
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5、根据自由不自由：
能独立成词
自由语素 实语素
不定位
语素
不能独立成词
不自由语素
不定位
位置
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定位
（2）词汇，这是一个表示集合体的概念，因此不 能用它来指单个的词。
（3）词汇，是就词语的总和而言的，既可以指某 种语言的所有词语的总和，也可以用来指某种语言的 某种词语的总和。
。
3．只有在同别的语素相结合 3.有固定的语音形式，在词 构成词或自身是成词语素时 的末尾可以有语音停顿，词 ，语音形式才独立完整。 内部语素之间没有停顿。
汉语语素绝大部分是单音节 现代汉语的词，双音节占绝
的。
对优势。
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（三）词与词组（P205） 1、词与词组的联系：可以相互转化 （1）词组—>词：简称
3、剩余法。把句子中所有充当句法成分的单位提取 出来，剩下来在对话条件下不能单说，也不是一个 词的一部分的，也是词。这就是确定虚词的方法。
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（三）语素与词
1、语素和词都是语言单位，语素是构词要素，词 是比语素高一级的语言单位。
2、语素的意义对于整个句子的意思来说，不是直接组 成成分，说话人和听话人直接感觉到的是一个个词的 意义。
（三） 音节、语素、汉字三者的相互关系 1.一音一字，意义相联系：一个语素（P196） 2. 一音一字，意义不相联系：几个语素 3.一音多字，意义相同：一个语素 4.多音一字，意义相同或相近：一个语素 5.多音一字，意义不同：多个语素 例外：儿化音节：一音两字两语素
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（四）语素的分类（P198）： 1、根据音节
一、语素 二、词 三、词汇
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一、语素(P194)
（一）什么是语素
语素—最小的音义结合体，是构成词的要素，也 就是说，语素的功能是构词。它是最小的语言单位。
汉语的语素绝大部分是单音节的；也有双音节 的，主要是那些双声、叠韵、叠音的语素，可以构 成连绵词；还有少数是三音节以上的，主要是译音 词。
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现代汉语
词汇
现代汉语课程组编
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第 一 节 语素、词、词汇 【教学目标】 理解词、词汇、语素的定义、特点，以及它们之 间的区别和联系。
【重点难点】 1、语素的分类； 2、词、词汇、语素之间的区别和联系。 【教学时数】2课时 【教学方法】讲授法、比较法 【教学内容】
单音节语素：民、走 音节 双音节语素：玻璃、参差
多音节语素：奥林匹克
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2、根据义项
单义语素：镭、微机
义项
盗（盗窃：偷；海盗：强盗）
多义语素 责无旁贷：推卸
贷 贷款：借入或借出
严惩不贷：饶恕
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3、根据构词功能
能独立成词：跑、人
成词语素
构词：跑道、人民
功能
不定位：电视、视察
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三、词汇（P205）
1、什么是词汇
一种语言的全部建筑材料单位，组成了该语言的 词汇。这种建筑材料，不仅包括一个一个的词，还包 括由两个或两个以上的词组成的，性质和功能大致相 当于词的固定结构（即所谓“语”），这种“语”在 现代汉语中指成语、惯用语、歇后语、谚语等。所以 说：
（1）词汇，是一种语言中全部的词和语的总和（ 集合体、总汇）。
5、根据是否自由、是否定位：
自由
定位
不自由
不定位
可以分为三类：
（1）自由的不定位语素（自由：可独立成词）
（2）不自由的不定位语素（不自由：不能独立成 词）
（3）不自由的定位语素：
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
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二、词 （P203）
（一） 词的定义 词是语言中代表一定意义的、具有固定的语
音形式、能够独立运用的最小的语言单位（或曰 ：造句单位）。
提取式：清华、共产党、人大 简称 共戴式：理工科、中老年、中西医
标数式：三伏、三通、六书、双百
（2）词—>词组：离合词拆开用
支配式：洗澡—>洗（一）个澡 离合词
2020/9/26 补充式：提高—>提得高
2、词与词组的区别： （1）意义上：是否融合 （2）停顿上：能否在内部停顿
东西（东西—东/西） （2）功能上：是否最小独用
3、词的语音形式，独立、完整、固定，中间不停顿。 语素的语音形式没有词的那么独立、完整，语素只有 在同别的语素相结合构成词或自身是成词语素可以取 得词的资格时，语音形式才独立完整。
4、语素是历史地形成的，是语言随着社会的发展按照 自己的内部规律发展而成的。
语素和词的区别与联系，见下表：
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语素
词
1．语言中最小的音义结合的 1．语言中能独立运用的
单位。
最小的语言单位。
2.是构词的单位。
2.造句单位。
①成词语素，既能单独成词 ①词是比语素高一级的语言
，也能同别的语素结合成词 单位，是造句单位。
。
②词可以由一个语素构成，
②不成词语素，单独不能成 也可以由多个语素构成。
词，要同别的语素组合成词
• “独立运用” ： • ①能独立成句，或者能单独回答问题。 • ②能单独充当句法成分。 • ③将句法结构中能单说和单用的部分提开之后剩
下的单位，也可看作“独立运用”的单位，这就 是虚词。
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（二）确定词的方法（P204）： 1、能否独立运用——可以与语素区别开来：
语素最小，但不能独用。 2、是否最小——可以与词组区别开来：词组可以独 用，但不是最小。二者的区别可以用“扩展法”。
儿化现象是一个音节表示两个语素。在多音节 的语素中，一个音节用一个汉字记录，一个字只代 表一个音节，这里的字单独没有任何意义，所以既 不是语素，当然更不是词了。这些字只有合起来成 为2020一/9/26个整体时，才是一个语素。
（二）确定语素的方法（P194）
替代法用已知语素替代有待确定是否为
语素的语言单位 。
电视、电话
电灯 （能双向替换：两个语素）
台灯、汽灯
注意：A.一个双音节的语言单位，若两端都能替换， 则算两个语素；若只有一端能替换，则只能算一个语 素。如：蝴蝶—蝴- ？ ；-蝶 彩蝶 粉蝶
B.在替代中要保持意义的基本一致，即不能偷 换概念。如：沙发—沙- 沙滩 沙子；-发 理发 头发
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