中外园林差异英文论文

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjk lzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklz xcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw A Comparative Analysis onChinese and Japanese Classic Gardenabout Appreciation of Famouse Garden [07建筑学2班] 徐敏 07202010214A Comparative Analysis on Chinese and Japanese Classic Garden Standing on the height of regional culture in the world, we may wish to garden in China and Japan to conduct a comprehensive analysis and comparison. This analysis and comparison, must be comprehensive, or can only be one-sided and a lack of systematic. The so-called round, this means produce from the gardens of the development of the two countries as well as rise and fall of gains and losses, from the mutual influence to the split of the entire process. The so-called system, that is, in this historical process, carried out from the garden of the natural environment, to the type of garden, to the history of gardens, to the garden ideas, garden and then to approach and, finally, garden tours, etc. Comparison . It is also to follow from external to internal, from the natural to the human, from theory to action, from the form to the experience of the steps. Of course, this article might just take some of the classical part of the bias, but only the classical part is the most representative of Chinese and Japanese gardens, the most significant difference.Through gardens, we can learn about and understand other cultures. The influence of a culture as shown through types of gardens helps us discover what a small world we live in. An example of this is the intriguing principles of the Chinese garden. American gardens are, understandably, variations of European gardens. The monastery gardens developed in Europe were influenced by Greek and Roman patterns which were in turn derived from the gardens of Persia and cultures that emphasized geometric patterns. Chinese gardens are the opposite of geometric and emphasize the natural environment. Chinese garden builders pay attention to composition with every garden having a theme. The arts of painting and poetry are integrated with landscape in the Chinese garden, with the details of the garden unfolding much as the artistry of a Chinese scroll. Paths curve, forcing the viewer to move slowly and inviting him or her, by this slow pace, to enjoy small views or landscape compositions throughout the garden. Often poetry is carved in stone, on wooden tablets or on buildings.Buildings are an integral part of the Chinese garden and often dominate the overall composition. Pavilions, corridors, verandas, halls or multi-storied buildings provide shelter so garden viewing can take place in any weather. The curved bridge, occasionally seen in Western parks today, is an example the Chinese garden influence adopted through the Japanese.Plant materials in Chinese gardens are selected for appeal to more than the sense of sight. The sound of a plant in the wind or rain may be an important element. If only five trees are to represent the feeling of a forest, pines that sigh in the wind will suggest that remoteness. Large-leaved plants may be selected for the sound made by rain striking the leaves. In areas where people might rest, the scent of plants is an important consideration.Earth and rocks can be used to stop the line of sight and suggest distant mountains. Instead of confining a space, this technique actually creates the illusion of more space.A modern application of this can be seen in large theme parks where the outside worldof buildings and highways is not visible from inside the park.Bodies of water are favorite components of Chinese gardens. Water can affect humidity and temperature, as well as provide an environment for water plants and fish. The sound of moving water may also be an important element in a garden.As early as 3,000 years ago deer, cranes and waterfowl were bred in palace gardens in China. In a protected area where wild animals are more likely to be seen, their appearance enhances the natural effect of the garden.In considering the question of why the Chinese garden is not represented in the West, we must also consider why the Japanese garden is present. The Chinese and Japanese have shared a cultural exchange for a very long time. When the Chinese garden was taken to Japan, the Japanese began to modify the concepts and eventually developed a unique garden type that, like the Chinese, was based on natural composition. Perhaps the extreme of Japanese garden style can be seen in the Zen dry gardens made of raked gravel and strategically placed stones suggesting water and land masses.In Japan, the influence of gardening styles came directly from Chinese garden builders visiting there. However, the Chinese influence in Europe took a more contorted route. In the 17th century, Europe became very interested in Chinese culture and this taste for things Chinese, called Chinoiserie, lasted into the nineteenth. Unfortunately, the Chinese objects that reached Europe were often poorly made items for export and reports of Chinese styles were transmitted by merchants, not garden builders or artists. The result was the building of European gardens that were supposedly Chinese, but that were actually natural landscapes with poor imitations of Chinese garden buildings and little to no understanding of the complex aesthetics upon which Chinese gardens are based.When Westerners finally travelled to Japan and China, political circumstances were such that Japanese gardens were in fine condition, but the best examples of Chinese classical gardens had fallen into ruin, thus the accurate representation of Oriental gardening styles was limited to the Japanese garden. Perhaps China's new interest in her own rich past will produce more examples of the classical Chinese garden that will influence our gardens in the future.Classical Chinese garden design, which intend to recreate natural landscapes in miniature, is nowhere better illustrated than in the nine gardens in the historic city of Suzhou. They are generally acknowledged to be masterpieces of the genre. Dating from the 11th-19th century, the gardens reflect the profound metaphysical importance of natural beauty in Chinese culture in their meticulous design.Suzhou is China's well-known "city of gardens", which tops all others in both the number and the artistry of gardens. Dating from Pi Jiang Garden of the Eastern Jing Dynasty, Suzhou's art of gardening has undergone a history of 1, 500 years. There were once over 200 gardens in the city, and 69 of them are still in good preservation today. The concept of Suzhou classical gardens has gone beyond the city limits, since it generally refers to all those private gardens built in the south of the Yangtze River. The Suzhou garden originated from the desire to retire from the strife of officialdom and to shun from worldly affairs. It seeks the return to Nature and the cultivation of temperament. In Taoist philosophy and the refinement of culture underlies the themeof the garden. Hills and waters, flowers and trees, pavilion, terraces, towers and halls constitute the basic garden elements, while the prominent tone is expressed in the dark colour of roof tiles, the grey of bricks, and chestnut brown of wooden pillars. Suzhou garden is the Nature in nutshell , which enables one to "feel the charm of mountains, forest and springs without going out of the noisy surroundings of the town". Its human interest also lies in that the architect, philosopher, poet, painter, and common folk can all find in it the idea, the flawour, the lines and the rhythm. The unfolding of the garden vistas is the verisimilitude of a landscape scroll. When enjoying tea, poem, flower arrangement or playing musical instrument in the garden, one gains the most natural inspiration. To those tourists desiring to understand China, Suzhou garden is the best museum.Local chronicles reveal that during its heyday, Suzhou city held nearly 200 gardens, topping the whole nation. Suzhou gardens have their own characteristics in layout, structure and style. The Four Classical Gardens of Suzhou, i.e. The Surging Waves Pavilion, The Lion Grove Garden, The Humble Administrator's Garden and The Lingering Garden represent the different styles of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.A catalogue of features "typical" of the Japanese garden may be drawn up without inquiring deeply into the aesthetic underlying Japanese practice. Typical Japanese gardens have at their center a home from which the garden is viewed. In addition to residential architecture, depending on the archetype, Japanese gardens often contain several of these elements:Water, real or symbalic.Rocks or stone arrangements (or setting).A lantern, typically of stone.A teahouse or pavilion.An enclosure device such as a hedge, fence, or wall of traditional character.A bridge to the island, or stepping stones.Karesansui gardens or "dry landscape” gardens were influenced mainly by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation (Japan Guide). Unlike other traditional gardens, there is no water present in Karesansui gardens. However, there is raked gravel or sand that simulates the feeling of water. The rocks or gravel used are chosen for their artistic shapes, and mosses as well as small shrubs are used to further garnish the Karesansui style (Japanese Lifestyle). All in all, the rocks and moss are used to represent ponds, islands, boats, seas, rivers, and mountains in an abstract way (Japan Guide). - Example: Ryoan-ji, temple in Kyoto, has a garden famous for representing this style. Daisen-in, created in 1513, is also particularly renowned. Tsukiyama Gardens often copy famous landscapes from China or Japan, and they commonly strive to make a smaller garden appear more spacious (Japan Guide). This is accomplished by utilizing shrubs to block views of surrounding buildings, and the garden's structure usually tries to make onlookers focus on nearby mountains in the distance (Japanese Lifestyle). By doing this, it seems that the garden has the mountains as part of its grounds. Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges, and paths are also used frequently in this style (Japan Guide).Chaniwa Gardens are built for holding tea ceremonies. There is usually a tea house where the ceremonies occur, and the styles of both the hut and garden are based on the simple concepts of the sado. Usually, there are stepping stones leading to the tea house, stone lantern, and stone basins where guests purify themselves before a ceremony.Japanese gardens might also fall into one of these styles:Kanshoh-style gardens which are viewed from a residence.Pond gardens, for viewing from a boat.Strolling gardens, for viewing a sequence of effects from a path which circumnavigates the garden. The 17th-century Katsura garden in Kyoto is a famous exemplar.Other gardens also use similar rocks for decoration, some of which come from distant parts of Japan. In addition, bamboos and related plants, evergreens including Japanese black pine, and such deciduous trees as maples grow above a carpet of fems and mosses.Though often thought of as tranquil sanctuaries that allow individuals to escape from the stresses of daily life, Japanese gardens are designed for a variety of purposes. Some gardens invite quiet contemplation, but may have also been intended for recreation, the display of rare plant specimens, or the exhibition of unusual rocks. Kaiyu-shiki or Strolling Gardens require the observer to walk through the garden to fully appreciate it. A premeditated path takes observers through each unique area of a Japanese garden. Uneven surfaces are placed in specific spaces to prompt people to look down at particular points. When the observer looks up, they will see an eye-catching ornamentation which is intended to enlighten and revive the spirit of the observer. This type of design is known as the Japanese landscape principle of "hide and reveal".Stones are used to construct the garden's paths, bridges, and walkways. Stones can also represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present. They are sometimes placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular shapes, which often are the mountains of Chine.A water source in a Japanese garden should appear to be part of the natural surroundings; this is why one will not find fountains in traditional gardens. Man-made streams are built with curves and irregularities to create a serene and natural appearance. Lanterns are often placed beside some of the most prominent water basins (either a pond or a stream) in a garden. In some gardens one will find a dry pond or stream. Dry ponds and streams have as much impact as do the ones filled with water.Green plants are another element of Japanese gardens. Japanese traditions prefer subtle green tones, but flowering trees and shrubs are also used. Many plants in imitated Japanese gardens of the West are indigenous to Japan, though some sacrifices must be made to account for the differentiating climates. Some plants, such as sugar and firebush, give the garden a broader palette of seasonal color.During the Asuka period, gardens were supposed to express Buddhism and Taoism through replicating the mountainous regions in China. Ruins of these types of gardenscan be found in Fujiwara and Heijyo castle towns.During the Heian period, gardens shifted from solely representing religious beliefs to becoming, "a place for ceremonies, amusement, and contemplation". Gardens began to surround mansions that had the shinden-zukuri style. In this style, the garden was located at the front of a building, also known as the south side. As part of the garden style, there was water flowing through artificial passages that eventually spilled into ponds with little islands in them. Very few of these gardens have survived to this day, and thus, are certainly a rarity in modern history. Despite the lack of modern day examples, we have the book of Sakuteiki that describes how people of this era formulated this garden style movement). Later in this period, pure-land-style gardens became popular through the Pure Land Buddhism influence, and these gardens imitated the Paradise in the Western Pureland as a result. During this shift in style, the Japanese also began to model their gardens and homes after the Amitabha hall style instead of the shinden style. Examples of the Amitabha style can be seen today in Mahayana Hall, Byodoin, the Jyoruri Temple, and Motsuji Temple.In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, a great many gardens were created during these two time periods due to improved garden techniques and the development of Syoinzukuri style. Zen beliefs were also flourishing at this time and had great influences over garden techniques and purposes. Another factor that allowed gardens to flourish stems from the fact that the shoguns simply enjoyed gardens. Dry landscape style also emerged during this time. A notable gardener who appeared during these periods is Soseki Muso: He made Saihoji Temple, Tenruji Temple, and Zuizenji Templegardens.After the Muromachi Period, Japanese tea ceremonies became an intricate part of Japanese culture. Sen no Rikyu created the traditional style of a tea house where there was usually a roji leading to the house. Besides the tea houses, gardens constructed in the Edo period reflected the tastes and style of each individual shogun ruler. Instead of being a religious symbol, gardens shifted to being a symbol of a shogun’s prestige and power. These tea house styled houses and gardens can be seen in Kenrokuen, Kōraku-en, Ritsurin Garden, Koishikawa Korakuen, and Suizenji Park.In the Meiji period following the modernization of Japan, famous traditional gardens were owned by businessmen and politicians. Some of these extensive gardens are open to public viewing in Murinan and Chinzanso. Famous gardeners of this period include 7th generation Jihe Ogawa, known as Ueji, and innovative dry landscape garden designer Mirei Shigemori.Many poems were inspired and written about the different Japanese Gardens. An example of the poems written includes:Chiimei’s haiku about a tea ceremony hut and garden: “I laid a foundation and roughly thatched roof. I fastened hinges to the joints of the beams, the easier to move elsewhere should anything displease me. . . . Since first I hid my traces here in the heart of Mount Hino, I have added a lean-to on the south and a porch of bamboo. On the west I have built a shelf for holy water, and inside the hut, along the west wall, I have installed an image of Amida. . . Above the sliding door that faces north I have built a little shelf on which I keep three or four black leather baskets that containbooks of poetry and music and extracts from the sacred writings. Beside them stand a folding iioto and a lute. Along the east wall I have spread long fern fronds and mats of straw, which serve as my bed for the night. I have cut open a window in the eastern wall, and beneath it have made a desk. Near my pillow is a square brazier in which I burn brushwood. To the north of the hut I have staked out a small plot of land that I have enclosed with a rough fence and made into a garden. I grow many species of herbs there.”The Tale of Genji describes the “shinden-zukun” style garden of the Heian Period. During the Heian Period the “Sakuteiki” was writte n- the first book to discuss allotment of land, stone arrangements, artificial waterfalls, water passages, and planting.After the tea ceremony was refined by Sen Rikyu, the tea garden, house, and utensils all served as a way to “awaken consciousness and t o realize with humility our relationship with all that is around us and with the universe itself.” Also, tea ceremonies were partly designed to teach participants how to gain absolute control over body and mind. As a result, "it emphasizes not disconnection but connection between body movement and mind." Culturally, the Japanese followed the five Confucian virtues to ground these tea ceremony ideals off of. In short, the tea ceremonies were a cultural activity to teach Japanese/Confucian virtues that were important for life.For centuries, Chinese gardens have displayed a delicate balance between the forces of nature and man’s creations. These luxurious gardens provide a spiritual haven from worldly worries.A delicate balance of five key elements will make up the USNA’s Classical Chinese Garden, creating a setting where visitors can learn, relax and enjoy.Water is considered to be the central component of a Chinese garden. It serves as a balance for the other elements in the garden. The best sites in Chinese gardens are on the edges of lakes with views of the mountains.Chinese scholars used rocks as art on their desks. Garden rocks that are often large and porous are considered to be among the most valuable in a Chinese garden. These ageless objects symbolize the dwellings of Taoist immortals.Certain plants were favored for Chinese gardens because of their association with overcoming the limitations of ordinary life. The pine, cypress, plum and bamboo are favorites because of their ability to grow in harsh weather conditions and rough terrain.The arrangement of buildings divides a Chinese garden into smaller sections that contain one or more scenic views. The buildings in a garden are designed to accent the garden with windows and doorways that frame scenic views in their courtyards and beyond.A garden design is considered to be an art form in China. Other Chinese art includes: calligraphy, painting, poetry, dance, flower arranging and viewing stones.China is the cradle of the Eastern, and even global natural gardens. Her long and everlasting history and compound cultural accumulation reflected in gardening art has brought about the most mature form of natural garden—humanistic natural garden.Chinese thought and gardening art have influenced Japan greatly and nurtured gardening art with Japanese characteristics.。