Lecturediction
Lecture范畴词的翻译课件
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三、汉语范畴词英译方法
1. 省译使表达抽象化 1) 如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那 就要使他们沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。
Not to educate the children is to condemn them to repetitious ignorance.
Local authorities should work hard to create jobs.
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2. 转译法使表达抽象化
1）交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看 有没有修改的地方。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.
2 We have winked at these irregularities too long. 我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。
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3 He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility. 据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。
4 What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.
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四、英语抽象名词的汉译
1. 范畴化
英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体化，根 据具体的语境加上 “方法”、“现象”、“局势 ”、“状态”、“情况”、“政策”、“做法”、“习 俗”、“精神”、态度”：“问题”等范畴词，使 译文含义清晰，行文流畅。
Unit 3 diction
文化 VS 翻译
翻译中最难传译的不是文本的语言，而是其中蕴含的文化因素。 松、竹、梅“岁寒三友”在中国人心目中象征坚忍不拔的优良 品质；而对西方人来说，这只不过是三种普通的植物，没有什 么特殊的文化涵义。 What a door of an Aladdin’s cave it seemed to be. 一个民族的历史是其社会发展的如实记载，其中收藏着丰富的 文化遗产，反映在语言上尤为明显。如：“说曹操曹操到”、 “过五关斩六将”、“有眼不识泰山”、“暗渡陈仓”、“逼 上梁山”，诸如此类，具有明显民族特点的词语是与汉文化紧 密联系的。 英语国家的词语也包含其历史文化背景。如：meet one’s Waterloo 一败涂地；round-table meeting 圆桌会议；armed to teeth 武装到牙齿；white / blue-collared workers 白领 / 蓝领工人 等。
Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader. There are basically three types of affective meanings: positive, neutral, and derogatory.
Diction is the choice of words and phrases to express meaning. Diction must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its use in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary.
英语翻译与写作-Diction
英语翻译与写作-Diction第一篇：英语翻译与写作-DictionDictionλ the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fit their context λ Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word1.According to word-formation: compounding, derivation, blending, acronym formation, clipping⎫ compounding(合成法): generation gap, summer time(夏令时), test-tube baby(试管婴儿),brain-drain(人才外流), picturephone(可视电话), soft-landing economy(软着陆经济)credit card(信用卡), pocket money(零用钱), greenhouse effect(温室效应) ⎫ derivation（派生法）: non-friend(假朋友), antifreeze(抗冻剂), preschooler(学龄前儿童),⎫blending(拼缀法): comsat(communication + satellite,通讯卫星), lunarnaut(lunar + astronaut,登月宇宙航行员), Chinglish(Chinese + English,汉式英语) ⎫ acronym formation(首字母缩略法)：PC(personal computer, 个人电脑), CALL(computer-aided language learning, 计算机辅助语言学习), CIA(the Central Intelligence Agency,中央情报局)⎫clipping（截缩法）: ad(advertisement), homo(homosexuality),memo(memorandum), bus(omnibus), flu(influenza)2.According to the references(1)third-person pronounsHe sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.(2)demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbsHealth is above wealth, for this cannot give so muchhappiness as that.(3)references of comparisonI hate blue shirts;white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable.3.According to the context and collocation ⎫No context, no translation.e.g.I’ll finish the book next week.Tension is building up.⎫Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.It is quite another story now.Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.What a story!I don’t believe a word of it.The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from American TV.在这种情况下 under such circumstances / such being the case这种情况必须改变。
lecture 5 汉英词语翻译
7). 昨天看电影我没有买到好票：
* I did not buy a good ticket for yesterday’s film. I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
8). 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批人才
(batches of )。 * The national heavy university has sent/transported batches of qualified talents to the society. The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. 9). 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 * They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.
Appropriateness in word selection-ii
To choose word according to the collocation 2). 好： 好教徒 好父母 好儿女 好妻子 好丈夫 3). 水平： 英语水平 生活水平 游泳水平
2) good a faithful/devout/pious/sincere/ devoted Christian/believer a loving/caring parent an obedient/filial child a virtuous/devoted wife a dutiful/responsible husband 3) level English proficiency/ level living standard swimming skill
Lecture 2 Diction 1 (appropriateness)
Practice 2: Comparing the following three paragraphs, can you find out any differences in the language. Sample 1: There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes… Sample 2: What’s wrong with the student-union bookshop? Everything. It’s interested in selling sweatshirts and college mugs rather than good books. Its staff often is incompetent and uncivil. The manager may not be intelligent enough even to order a sufficient number of copies of required textbooks for the beginning of a term. Sample 3: My mother’s kitchen was full of junk food which I have ever seen. My house was full of apples and peaches and milk and coffee—which were nice, and good for you, but not right before dinner or you’ll spoil your appetite. My sister’s house had nothing in it that was good for you.
英语写作 lecture 3.diction-exact
2.1 Right (meaning of words)准确
• • • • • • • • • • In stylistic level In the degree of emphasis In emotional coloring In tone In collocation Eg: ① May I question/interrogate /ask you a question? ② The team got a big/large/huge man over two meters tall. ③ I can never forget the small/ little town I spent my happy childhood. ④ Clearly Gompers was overawed by Wilson. His face took on a servile look; his voice was modest/ humble. ⑤ A big/large amount of money/number of people/quantity of beer Large/great courage/confidence/ability/wisdom 自然环境，社会环境，舒适环境 (natural environment, social circumstances, comfortable surroundings） 番茄汤，牛肉汤，人参汤 (tomato soup, beef broth, ginseng decoction) 浓汤、茶、咖啡、头发、眉毛 (thick soup, strong tea and coffee, thick hair/eyebrow)
• 动词： • accept, afford/give/offer/present/provide, appreciate, await, be denied, embrace, enjoy, find, grasp/take/seize, have, let slip, lose, miss, neglect, give up/pass up, utilize/take advantage of, welcome, arise/occur, slip away.
英汉互译2-diction
Unit 2 Diction (遣词用字)Some background information about this unit:a)No context, no text.b)What is context?Context, as the term suggests, refers to all the different situations involved in language communication.语境，就是产生语言活动的环境，包括时间、空间、语言交际参与者及语言活动的目的等，反映在文字材料中也称上下文。
语境是一切语言活动存在的前提。
Firth: each word when used in a new context is a new word.Some examples:▪I’ll finish the book next week.▪“我”是谁？finish的具体措辞究竟是：看完、写完、审完？▪Tension is building up.形式紧张起来。
/ 张力在增大。
/ 电压在增加。
/ 压力在增强。
/ 血压在增高。
/ 气压在加强。
/ 情绪越来越紧张。
/ 紧张局势在加剧。
Without context, both “tension” and “build up” may have various explanations.▪I’m through.通话完毕，结束了。
(AmE)电话接通了。
(BrE)1. Equivalence between English and Chinese at Word Level1.1 Word-for-word equivalenceThis is most shown in proper nouns and technical terms.▪Marxism 马克思主义▪Aspirin 阿司匹林▪Laser 激光▪Leukemia 白血病1.2 One word with multiple equivalents of the sameThis is a common case in translation.▪Wife: 妻子、老婆、夫人、老伴、媳妇、爱人、内人……▪Potato: 马铃薯、土豆、洋芋、山药蛋……▪人：human being, man, people, person…▪犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier…1.3 One word with several equivalents of different meaningsThis is also very common in translation.▪cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹……▪president: 总统、主席、总裁、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长……▪carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、抱、搂、举、端、夹、捧……▪走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, shamble, prance, scamper, clump, tiptoe.▪羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb1.4 Equivalents interwoven with one another1.5 Words without corresponding equivalentsIn this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.▪teenager: 13到19岁的青少年▪cyber slacker: 利用工作时间在公司上网、做与工作无关的事情的雇员▪阴：yin (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world▪阳：yang (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world2. Methods of discriminating the original meaning of a given word2.1 According to word formation▪parabiospheric: 外生物层的para- (outside), bio- (biologic), spheric (having the form of a phere)▪pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis 肺尘病，硅酸盐沉着病pneumono (of lung) ultra (beyond) micro (very small)scopic (of viewing or observing) silico (of silicon) volcano (of volcano)coni (koni, of dust) osis (forming the name of a disease)2.2 According to the referenceIn many cases the meaning of a pronominal word may be judged from the references.▪He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望儿子能出类拔萃。
Unit Two Diction
Part 2 Levels of Words
The words that we come across can be divided into 3 types, according to a stylistic point of view:
formal, common, and colloquial.
I feel that paying attention to words used around you is the best way to increase your working vocabulary. If you are really into improving the number of words you know, you can use such vocabulary-improvement lessons as are in the Reader's Digest.
3.1 Don't need long words Television commentator William S. Buckley has a tremendous vocabulary and would often overpower his debate opponents through the use of long words, whose definitions only highly literate people would know. He wouldn't win on logic of argument but on frustrating his opponents.
3.4 Summary
A good vocabulary does not mean you know many long or difficult words. Instead, it means that you know how to express yourself so that the reader will understand your material. Sometimes is it necessary to use industry-specific jargon, but you still must make sure everyone understands what you are writing. It is worthwhile to constantly work at improving your knowledge of words.
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如：用一个汉字的词有：亡，故，卒，逝， 毙，崩，陨 等等。
用两个汉字的词有：亡故，身故，故世， 谢世，弃世，过世，下世，仙逝，仙游， 千古，归西，归天，牺牲，舍身，献身， 就义，捐躯，捐生，殉职，殉国，殉难， 殉节，长逝，永别，永诀，长眠，疾终 溘 逝，合眼，闭眼，老了，完蛋，毕命，殒 命，毙命，殒灭，死亡，丧亡，送命，暴 卒，夭折，夭亡，早逝，客死，升天，驾 崩等等。
7.His sands have run out. 8.He has gone to see Mark. 9.His star has set. 10.He has joined the majority. 11.He is sleeping the final sleep. 12.He is resting in peace. 13.He has met his end. 14.He has breathed his last
19. be gone to a better land
20. be home and free
21. be with God
21. go to the other world
22. go with the tide 23. lay down one’s life 献出自己的生命 24. answer the final summons 响应最后的
“死”是中西方语言中最忌諉的一个词，因而有很 多委婉说法。
“他死了”大致有以下一些表达方法。
1. He passed away. 2. His time has come. 3. He expired（期满，终止，断气）. 4. He has climbed the golden staircase. 5. His number is up. 6. His sands have run out.
召唤
25. go to meet one’s Maker 26. hand in one’s accounts(帐本） 27. be at peace 心安神泰
29. draw the last breath
30. be heard of no more
英语“ 死”的委婉说法
Euphemism
7) to go to glory
（尊翁）仙游，仙逝
8) to return to dust
入土
9) to pass away (over, on) 去世，与世长辞
10) to empire
逝世
11. fade 凋谢 12. depart 离去 13. close one’s eyes 瞑目了 14. be gone 去了 15. be no longer with us 与我们永别了 16. join the majority 加入大多数 17. pay the debt of nature 18. go to one’s long home
头
1.她正在梳头。 2. 一辆小车停在桥西头。 3.他头天上午就来了。 4. 我们有30头牛。 5.这还是我头一次来武汉。 6.孩子们在山头上上玩。
II. choice of words in expression 表达中的选词
在翻译过程中，有了正确的理解并不等于翻译已经 完成。翻译没有正确的表达，正确的理解也是枉然， 翻译也就不成其为翻译。有的时候，只有一种表达 方法是正确的，但有的时候会有多种正确的表达方 法，我们应选用最恰当的表达方法来完成翻译的过 程。如果说理解是在是在原文中选义的过程，那么 表达就是在译文中选义的过程。
1) 3) 5) 6) 7) 9)
to go to sleep 2) to die martyr to go west 4) to give up the ghost to pay the debt of nature to depart to the world of shadows to go to glory 8) to return to dust to pass away 10) to empire
1) to go to sleep (fall asleep) 长眠
2) to die martyr
牺牲
3) to go west
归西天，归西
4) to give up the ghost 见阎王
5) to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘
6) to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉
Lecture 2
Diction (II)
I. choice of meaning of the words in understanding 理解中的选义
E.g. ---- the school of the air 正： 广播学校 误： 空中学校/空军学校/ 学校的风气
More examples
用三个汉字的词有：回老家等
用四个汉字的词有：粉身碎骨，溘然长逝， 寿终正寝，呜呼哀哉，一命呜呼，跨鹤西游， 千秋之后，百年之后，三长两短，山高水低， 杀身成仁，舍生取义slate the following expressions into Chinese
---- a family tree 正： 家谱 误： 家庭树 ---- 协议书
正： agreement ---- 家政学 正： Home Economics
* head *
1. You should use your head a little. 2. He has a good head for mathematics. 3. The dinner cost 5 dollars a head. 4. Lets discuss the question under 5 heads. 5. He was standing at the head of the staircase. 6. Where is the head?