CHAPTER 9 OBLIQUE SHOCK AND EXPANSION WAVES 空气动力学英文课件
空气动力学chap9

图9.9给出的是以波前马赫数为参数,激波角β随偏转角θ的变 化曲线,这个图非常重要,我们要用它来求解和分析斜激波特 性。图9.9说明了许多与斜激波相关的物理现象.例如:
• 斜激波的强度不仅取决于波前马赫数,还与激波 角 β有关系。
• 当给定波前马赫数M1时,激波强度仅取决于激波 角β 。
• (教材中的分析2)
s
s
流出的动量- 流入的动量 压强合力
V dS u p dS
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ad
mu1 mu2 p1A p2 A
(1u1A)u1 (2u2 A)u2 p2 A p1A
p1
1u12
p2
2u
2 2
(9.7)
(9.7)式中只出现激波的法向分量.
积分形式的能量方程:
ad
e
V2 2
V
•
dS
凹角上的斜激波: 流动偏转角θ(turning angle, deflection angle):固体壁面的偏转角 激波角β(shock angle):波前流动方向与激波夹角
尖楔上的斜激波: 流动偏转角θ:固体壁面的偏转角 激波角β:波前流动方向与激波夹角 尖楔半顶角δ( wedge half-angle):对尖楔, δ =θ
• 情形二:运动的物体产生的声波
波振面
The disturbance can propagate to the whole space.
The disturbance cannot propagate to the space before the source.
The disturbance can only propagate to special domain.
relation is vital to the analysis of oblique shock wave, and results
美国文学Chapter 9-3

During world War II, he served as a war correspondent.
In 1962, he won Nobel Prize for literature. Inቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ1968, he died of a heart attack in New York.
Setting: Oklahoma and California; 1930’s
The title of the book comes from
“The Battle Hymn of the Republic,” a war song of the Civil War.
The type of novel: crisis novel,
John Steinbeck (1902-1968) 约翰·斯坦贝克
John Steinbeck is regarded as the foremost writer of the Great Depression during the 1930s. He was a great spokesman for the oppressed, writing about the poverty-stricken people in their sufferings. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962.
A far rush of wind sounded and a gust drove through the tops of the trees like a wave. The sycamore leaves turned up their silver sides, the brown, dry leaves on the ground scudded (飞掠) a few feet. And row on row of tiny wind waves flowed up the pool’s green surface.
FundamentalsofAerodynamics

Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
Fourth Edition
John D. Anderson, Jr.
Curator of Aerodynamics National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution and Professor Emeritus University of Maryland
பைடு நூலகம்
Contents
xiii
Chapter 4 Incompressible Flow over Airfoils 295 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction 297 Airfoil Nomenclature 300 Airfoil Characteristics 302 Philosophy of Theoretical Solutions for Low-Speed Flow over Airfoils: The Vortex Sheet 307 4.5 The Kutta Condition 312
Inventarisiert unter
TECHWISCHE UNIVERSITAT DARMSTADT
Fachgebiot Konstruktiver Leichtbau und Bauwelsen Prof. Dr.-lng. Helmut Schurmann S4287 Darmstadt, PetersenstraBe 30
187
3.19
3.20 3.21 3.22
190
Incompressible Flow in a Duct: The Venturi and Low-Speed Wind Tunnel 197 Pitot Tube: Measurement of Airspeed 210 Pressure Coefficient 219 Condition on Velocity for Incompressible Flow 221 Governing Equation for Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace's Equation 222 3.7.1 -. Infinity Boundary Conditions 225 3.7.2 Wall Boundary Conditions 225 Interim Summary 226 Uniform Flow::Our First Elementary Flow 227 Source Flow: O u r Second Elementary Flow 229 : ...; .•,..= :. ....• Combination of a Uniform Flow with a Source and Sink 233 Doublet Flow: Our Third Elementary Flow 237 Nonlifting Flow over a Circular Cylinder 239 Vortex Flow: Our Fourth Elementary Flow 245 Lifting Flow over a Cylinder 249 The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem and the Generation of Lift 262 Nonlifting Flows over Arbitrary Bodies: The Numerical Source Panel Method 264 Applied Aerodynamics: The Flow over a Circular Cylinder—The Real Case 274 Historical Note: Bernoulli and Euler—The Origins of Theoretical Fluid Dynamics 282 Historical Note: d'Alembert and His Paradox 287 Summary 288 Problems 291
面部脱套伤

Some cases about facial degloving injury
部分图片可能引起不适,建议请勿在进食时 观看,胆小勿看。
Case 1
• A 30-year-old white woman was the victim of severe facial trauma stemming from a rollover automobile accident。 • 9h after accident, the patient was conscious(有意识的), oriented(定向的), pale(苍白的), tachypneic(呼吸急促的), tachycardic(心博过速的)
Second surgical procedure
• More surgery 28 days after the accident • Fix facial fractures and to attempt to correct the bilateral telecanthus and traumatic enophthalmos(内眦过宽与眼球内陷) • A plastic lid(塑料眼睑) and a costochondral(肋骨 软骨的) graft were implanted in the region of the nasal dorsum. • No need to fix the maxilla because the existing mobility was minimal, without impairing her ability to chew
The final reconstructive result two years after the initial injuries: An oblique view And AP view
空气动力学英文PPT(chapter9(1))精品文档26页

the pressure, density, and
density, and temperature
temperature discontinuously
continuously decrease.
increase.
中英文日报导航站 anydaily
Hence, an expansion wave is the direct antithesis of a shock wave. 因此,膨胀波是激波的一个正相反的对应物。
M
中英文日报导航站 anydaily
On the other hand, if the upstream flow is supersonic, as shown in
Fig.9.2b, the disturbances cannot work their way upstream; rather, at
some finite distances from the body, the disturbance waves pile up and
The information is propagated upstream at approximately the local speed of sound. 物体存在的信息以近似等于 当地音速的速度传播到上游 去。
If the upstream flow is subsonic , as shown in Fig.9.2a, the disturbances have no problem working their way upstream, thus giving the incoming flow plenty of time to move out of the way of the body. 如图9.2a所示,如果上游是亚音速的, 扰动可以毫不困难地传播 到远前方上游,因此,给中了英文来日流报导足航站够an的ydai时ly 间以绕过物体。
流体力学英语词汇

流体力学英语词汇acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型(谱)fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform (非)均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对(表,真空)压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标(系)centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学,流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平(曲)面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布(梯度) reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进,出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线(角)动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量(能量)流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积(质量)流量Volume(mass) rate of flow体积(质量)流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier's law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number 前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow 水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow 堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation 湍流分离 turbulent separation 分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考:/word/sxwl/2009-01-26/66896.html动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equation KDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity。
钢筋混凝土原理课程-各章参考词汇

CHAPTER1Plain Concrete素混凝土,Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土,Prestressed Concrete预应力混凝土,reinforcement steel bar钢筋(也有人直接用bar,fiber),Portland cement波特兰水泥Light-weight concrete轻质混凝土,high-strength concrete高强混凝土,Fiber reinforced concrete(FRC)纤维混凝土load荷载,span跨径,strain应变,stress应力,compression压力,tension拉力,moment弯矩,torsion扭矩,扭转thermal expansion coefficients热膨胀系数,corrosion protection防腐蚀,Fire resistance 耐火,hollow floor空心楼板,wall墙面,girder主梁,beam横梁,column柱,footing基础allowable stress design method允许应力法,ultimate strength design method极限强度设计法,limit state design method极限状态设计法,composite structure混合结构CHAPTER2smooth bar光圆钢筋,deformed bar螺纹钢筋,hot rolled bar热轧钢筋,cold drawn bar 冷拉钢筋,steel wires钢绞线,heat treated steel bar热处理钢筋stress-strain curve应力应变曲线,yield plateau屈服平台deformation变形,deflection挠度,yield strength屈服强度,ultimate strength极限强度,ductility韧性,hardening强化,cold drawn冷拉,tempering treatment回火,quenching treatment淬火fatigue疲劳,shrinkage收缩,creep徐变,crack开裂,crush压溃water-cement ratio水灰比cubic compressive strength立方体抗压强度,prismatic compressive strength棱柱体抗压强度elasticity modulus弹性模量(杨氏模量),secant modulus割线模量,tangent modulus切线模量,shear modulus剪切模量,poisson’s ratio泊松比uniaxial tension单轴拉伸,biaxial loading双轴加载,triaxial loading三轴加载CHAPTER3bond粘结,anchorage锚固,bar splicing钢筋搭接,splitting撕裂,crush压溃,pull-out failure刮出式破坏splice length搭接长度,embedded length埋置长度,development length锚固长度shape coefficient外形系数ribs钢筋肋CHAPTER4axial load轴向加载,axial tension轴向拉伸,axial compression轴向压力elasticity弹性,plasticity塑性longitudinal bars主筋(纵向钢筋),stirrup箍筋,hanger bar架立筋,bent bar弯起钢筋brittle failure脆性破坏,load carrying capacity承载能力short column短柱,slender column长柱,stability coefficient稳定系数cross section截面,cross-sectional dimension截面尺寸spiral stirrup螺旋箍筋CHAPTER5box section箱形截面,hollow slab空心板,T-section T形截面over-reinforced beam超筋梁,under-reinforced beam少筋梁,balanced-reinforced beam 适筋梁brittle failure脆性破坏concrete cover混凝土保护层minimum reinforcement ratio最小配筋率flexure theory弯曲理论,plane section assumption平截面假定neutral axis中性轴,coefficient系数,parameter参数,constant常数stress distribution应力分布,shear span ratio剪跨比stress block depth应力区高度(受压区高度),relative stress block depth相对应力区高度(相对受压区高度),nominal stress block depth名义应力区高度(名义受压区高度),flexural capacity抗弯承载能力symmetry reinforcement对称配筋effective flange width有效翼缘宽度,flange翼缘,web腹板shear-lag effect剪力滞效应simple-supported beam简支梁,continuous beam连续梁deep-bending member深受弯构件,deep beam深梁,transfer girder转换梁,tie-reinforcement拉结筋,horizontal distributing reinforcement水平分布钢筋spacing间距CHAPTER6eccentricity偏心率,second-order effect二阶效应ultimate limit state使用极限状态additional eccentricity附加偏心距eccentricity magnifying coefficient偏心距放大系数tensile failure受拉破坏,compressive failure受压破坏larger eccentricity大偏心,small eccentricity小偏心out-plane strength片面外强度geometric central axis几何中心轴CHAPTER7shear failure剪切破坏diagonal tension斜向拉应力shear flow剪力流diagonal cracks斜裂缝,flexural crack弯曲裂缝,compression strut受压杆web reinforcement腹筋(抗剪钢筋)truss model桁架模型slope angle倾角upper end of the crack裂缝上端maximum spacing of stirrup箍筋最大间距concentrated load集中荷载,uniform load均布荷载detailing requirement构造要求moment envelope弯矩包络图,moment diagram弯矩图embedded length锚固长度points of bend弯起点CHAPTER8equilibrium torsion均衡扭转,compatibility torsion协调扭转static equilibrium静力平衡principal stress主应力cracking torque开裂弯曲transverse reinforcement横向钢筋elasto-plastic mode弹塑性模型Plastic space truss design method塑性空间桁架设计方法,Skew bending design method 斜弯设计方法hollow section空心截面perimeter周长hook弯钩minimum stirrup ratio最小配箍率distribution of reinforcement钢筋分布CHAPTER9punching shear冲切,local compression局部受压two way shear双向剪切slab-column joint板柱交接点column cap柱帽,drop panel托板linear interpolation线形内插effective depth有效高度critical width临界宽度punching shear cone冲压椎体polar moment of inertia极惯性矩net area净面积spiral stirrup螺旋箍筋,mat reinforcement钢筋网splitting劈裂,chipping崩裂CHAPTER10prestressed concrete预应力混凝土pretensioning system先张法,post-tensioning system后张法wire钢丝,strand钢绞线,tendon钢束bottom台座,casting-yard预制场duct孔道,jack张拉,grout灌浆,bond粘结,unbond无粘结friction摩擦full prestressing全预应力,partial prestressing部分预应力creep徐变,shrinkage收缩stress loss应力损失grippers夹具,anchorage锚具permissible stress容许应力,stretching stress拉伸应力,effective prestress有效预应力loss of prestress预应力损失,loss due to friction摩擦损失,anchorage-sections锚具滑移,elastic shortening of concrete混凝土塑性回缩,steel stress relaxation钢筋应力松弛,creep loss徐变损失,shrinkageloss收缩损失tendon profile钢束形状,deviation force偏向力,curvature effect曲率效应,wobble effect抖动效应fixed end固定端,tension end张拉端overstretching超张拉curvature friction coefficient曲率摩擦系数transfer length传递长度,bond stress粘结应力concrete depositing混凝土浇注service stage使用阶段,construction stage施工阶段Transformed area换算面积,moment of inertia惯性矩hoisting吊装,transporting运输dynamic factor动力系数ordinary reinforced steel普通钢筋normal section正截面,oblique section斜截面CHAPTER11serviceability使用性能reliability可靠性:safety安全,applicability实用,durability耐久deflection挠度,crack width裂缝宽度transverse crack横向裂缝,plastic crack塑性裂缝,temperature crack温度裂缝,shrinkage crack收缩裂缝,cracks due to rust锈蚀引起的裂缝,cracks due to differential settlement不均匀沉降引起的裂缝,load-induced crack荷载引起的裂缝freezing-thawing冻容,alkali-aggregate reaction碱骨料反应standard value标准值,frequent value频遇值,quasi-permanent value准永久值maximum crack width最大裂缝宽度crack control开裂控制bond-slip theory粘结滑移理论,non-slipping theory无滑移理论flexural stiffness弯曲刚度。
空气动力学词汇

低速空气动力学词汇表Vocabulary in the First Six Chapters of《Fundamentals of Aerodynamics》思西子、屈胡子汇集木土诚子﹑屈夫子、思西子打字First ed, first print: May 2006, second print: Feb.2007Second ed: May 2008清凉西来坊承印 (May 2008, Xi’an )Words in Sequence of Chapters and Sections in 《Fundamentals of Aerodynamics》(Only First Six Chapters)pillar柱子,栋梁,柱形物Chapter 11.1warship军舰,战舰churn [ʧə:n] v. (剧烈)搅拌[动]gyration [ʤaiə‵reiʃən] n. 回旋,回转armada [ɑ:'mɑ:də] n. ①舰队②(飞机)机群Spanish Armada西班牙无敌舰队invasion [in'veiʒən] n. 侵入,侵略Elizabeth [i'lizəbəθ] n. 伊莉莎白Elizabethan[i.lizə'bi:θən] a. 伊丽莎白女王(时代)的fire ship火攻船head-on a. 正面的,迎面的 adv.正面地fleet [fli:t] n. 舰队naval battle between Spanish Armada and English fleet西班牙无敌舰队与英国舰队的海战pack with (be packed with) 装有formidable ['fɔ:midəbl] a. ①可怕的,难对的②困难的,棘手的,庞大的cannon [kænən] n. (pl. cannon, cannons)大炮, (飞机上的)自动机关枪devastate ['devəsteit] v. to completely destroy a place or an area 彻底破坏,摧毁shot [ʃɔt,ʃʌt] (旧时用大炮发射的石质或金属)弹丸hinge [hinʤ] n.铰链v. hinge on sth : to depend on sth completely 有赖于; 取决于 […在此一战]Catholic ['kæθlik] n.=Roman Catholic 天主教徒Prostestant ['prɔtestənt] n.(16世纪脱离罗马天主教的)新教教徒sovereign ['sɔvrin] n. 君主,元首,国王, 统治者a. 有主权的,至高无上的,完全独立自主的sovereignty ['sɔvrinti] n. 主权,最高统治权;独立自主(的状态)crucial [ 'kru:ʃiəl, 'kru:ʃəl ] a. 关键的,决定性的squash [skwɔʃ] v. 压软, 压扁, 压变形float [flout] make sth move on waterattempt [ə'tempet] v.企图, 试图formation n. 编队headlong['hedlɔ]ŋ a. with the head first and the rear of the bdy following 头向前的,匆促而用力的; without thinking carefully before doing sth轻率的,莽撞的 ad. 头向前地,猛然的用力的ensue [in'sju:] v. to happen after or as a result of another event 接着发生,因而产生【同义】follow sluggish ['slʌgiʃ] a.缓慢的; 迟缓的; 懒洋洋的maneuver [mə'nu:və] n. 机动(动作,飞行), 演习,调遣,策略 v. 调遣,演习,用计策maneuverable [mə'nu:vərəbl] a.机动[灵活]的,容易驾驶[操纵]的maneuverability [məˌnu:vərə'biliti] n. 可操作性,机动性disarray [dis rei] n. a state of confusion and lack of organization 混乱,无秩序oar [ɔ:] n. 船桨naval battle海战political power政治强权,政治力量naval power海军力量,海上强权synonymous [si'nɔniməs] a. 同义的maneuver [m nu:v] n. v. 机动(动作,飞行) maneuverable [mə'nu:vərəbl] a. 可移动的,可操纵的,容易操作的;可调动的,操纵灵活的; 机动的,有机动性的maneuverability [m□nu:v□r□□biliti] 机动性resistance阻力sail n. 帆hull [hʌl] n. 船身, 船体impetus [□impitəs] n. 冲力,刺激,原动力mechanics [mi'kæniks] n. 力学,机械学impetus to the study of fluid mechanics流体力学研究的推动力stride[straid] n. 大步,一跨步 v. 迈大步走,跨过oblique a. 斜的oblique plane斜面shock n. 激波oblique shock 斜激波squishy [skwiʃi] a. 湿软的, 粘乎手的squashy [skwɔʃi] a. 软而易压坏(扁)的qualitative ['kwɔlitətiv] a. 定性的quantitative ['kwɔntitətiv] a. 定量的let alone 更别说…pellet['pelit] n. 小球; 丸; 小弹丸rectilinear [rekti'liniə] a.直线的,笔直的shotgun n. 猎枪 shotgun blast 开火Newton’s sine-squared law 牛顿正弦平方律stream of particles粒子流formula [ 'fɔ:mjulə ] (pl. formulae['fɔ:mjuli:]) 公式,规则,客套话strike碰撞impact 碰撞,冲击impinge [im'pindʒ] v. 冲击,撞击 vi. 侵犯normal [ 'nɔ:məl ] 法向的momentum[ məu'mentəm ] n. 动力,要素;[物理]动量normal momentum法向动量tangential[tæn'dʒenʃ(ə)l ] a. 切线的,相切的,切向的preserve保留,维持canal [k næl] 运河stream n. 流动upon striking一碰就…leave much to be desired有待改进naval architecture造船学experiments carried out by d’Alembert 达朗贝尔实验exercise v. 实[履]行,行使,发挥(威力) supersede [sju:pə'si:d] v. to take the place of sth/sb that is considered to be old-fashioned or no longer the best available 取代, 替代, 使让位proportional [ prə'pɔ:ʃənl ] a. 成比例的,相称的n. [数]比例项incidence [ 'insidəns ]n.[物理]入射incidence angle入射角distribution[ .distri'bju:ʃən ] n. 分发,分配,散布,分布variation[.vɛəri'eiʃən] n. 变化,变动,变种,变异; 变化的程度;变量;【数】变分application[.æpli'keiʃən] n. 使用, 运用, 适用, 应用, 用途; 施(用), 敷用(物); 请求, 申请, 申请书; 施加力[荷载], 操作(包括贴, 涂, 浇, 洒, 撒, 镀, 敷等) aviation[ .eivi'eiʃən ] n. 航空,飞行, 航空学, 航空术hold for 对…成立glider [glaidə] n. 滑翔机stun [stʌn] v. ①使昏迷; 打昏②使震惊stunning failure惨败prestigious [pres□tiʤiəs] a. 有威信的,有声望的,受尊敬的,闻名于世的institution n. (大学,银行等规模大的)机构Smithsonian Institution (美)史密森学会arch[ɑ:tʃ] n. 拱门,弓形v. 成弓形弯曲,成弓形arched['ɑ:tʃt] a. 弓形(结构)的,有拱的despairingly绝望地curvature[ 'kə:vətʃə ] n. 屈曲,弯曲,曲率hallmark ['hɔ:lmɑ:k] n. (金银纯度的)检验印记,纯度检验证明,品质证明,标记; 特征,特点v. 加盖纯度检验证明mutter [mʌtə] n. 咕哝;牢骚 v.低声说;出怨言perseverance [.pə:si'viərəns] n. 毅力,忍耐,不屈不挠,坚持不懈scene [si:n] n. ①地点,现场②事件,场面flush [flʌʃ] v. ①脸红②冲洗▲flushed with success = very excited and pleasedwing机翼wing span机翼翼展chord[kɔ:d] n. 弦,和音,情绪 ◆A line segment that joins two points on a curve. 弦:将两点用曲线连接起来的曲线段◆A straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil.翼弦:连接机翼的前缘与后缘的直线chord length弦长airfoil [ 'ɛəˌfɔil ] n. 翼剖面,翼型aerofoil [ 'ɛərəfɔil ] n. 翼剖面,翼型camber弯度state-of-the-art adj. using the most modern or advanced techniques or methods; as good as it can be at the present time 应用最先进技术(或方法)的,最先进的:◆the system was state of the art 这一系统是当前最先进的;▲a state-of-the-art system 目前最先进的系统。
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• Why are most waves oblique rather than normal to the upstream flow? 为什么大部分激波与来流成斜角而不是垂直的呢?
积分形式的能量方程:
s eV22V •dSs pV•dS (9.8) 1 e 1 V 2 1 2 u 1 A 1 2 e 2 V 2 2 2 u 2 A 2 ( p 1 u 1 A 1 p 2 u 2 A 2 )(9.9)
1 u 1 e 1p 1 1V 2 1 2 2 u 2 e2p 2 2V 2 2 2 0
tan u1
w1
tan( ) u2
w2
(9.19) (9.20)
tan()u2 1 tan u1 2
(9.21)
tatan n ()2 ((1 )1 M )M 12s12si2n i2n
(9.22)
tan2cotM 12M (12 sci2n o 2 s)12
(9.23)
Equation (9.23) is an important equation. It is called
方程(9.2)、(9.7)、(9.12)与正激波控制方程(8.2)、(8.6)、(8.10) 完全相同,我们只要将正激波关系式中所有的M1用Mn,1代替, 就可以得到通过斜激波的流动特性变化量:
注意: Mn,1M1sin (9.13)
则有
Mn2,2
11/2Mn2,1
Mn2,1(1)/2
注意!Mn,2是斜激波后的法向马赫数.
θ: Deflection angle (偏转角)
Across the oblique shock wave, the Mach number discontinuously decreases, and the pressure, density, and temperature discontinuously increase.
在图9.1a和b中,流场特性是x 、 y的函数。本章的目的就是确
定和研究这些斜波(斜激波和膨胀波)的性质。
Hence, the physical generation of waves in a supersonic flow—both shock and expansion waves—is due to the propagation of information via molecular collisions and due to the fact that such propagation cannot work its way into certain regions of the supersonic flow.
CHAPTER 9 OBLIQUE SHOCK AND EXPANSION WAVES 斜激波和膨胀波
9.1 引言 第八章我们讨论了正激波, 本章我们讨论斜激波, 及超音速流场 中的另一个重要特征——膨胀波。 Wave angle: 激波角, 激波与激波上游来流的夹角。
β
A normal shock wave is simply a special case of the general family of oblique shocks, namely, the case where the wave angle is 900.
特征:居后的波比前面的波 慢,越走,段落拉得越长, 不会集中起来.
在二维和三维流场中,物体以亚音速运动时,并不能 象活塞那样把前面的气体推者走.由于物体的扰动是 一音速传开去的,物体未到之前,气体微团早已开始 受到扰动,气体微团是以连续的运动在让路的,因而 没有大块气体被挤压的可能.
当气体以超音速运动时,扰动来不及传到前面去,路途上的 气体微团没有事先的准备,要等到物体冲到跟前,才受到压 缩,因而可以造成大块气体被压缩.
(9.14)
2 ( 1)Mn2,1 1 2( 1)Mn2,1
(9.15)
p2 p1
121(Mn2,1
1)
(9.16)
T2 p2 1 T1 p1 2
Mn,2是斜激波后的法向马赫数,所以有:
M2
Mn,2
sin( )
(9.17) (9.18)
Examine Eqs. (9.14) to (9.17). They state that oblique shockwave properties in a calorically perfect gas depend only on the normal component of upstream Mach number Mn,1.However, note from Eq. (9.13) that Mn,1 depends on both M1 and β.
1u1h1V2122u2h2V222
h1
V12 2
h2
V22 2
(9.10) (9.11)
V 1 2 V 2 2 ( u 1 2 w 1 2 ) ( u 2 2 w 2 2 ) u 1 2 u 2 2
h1
u12 2
h2
u22 2
(9.12)
方程(9.2)、(9.7)、(9.12)分别是斜激波的连续、动量、能量方程。 它们只包含斜激波的法向速度分量u1、u2, 而不包含斜激波 的切向速度分量w1、w2 .
1u12u2
(9.2)
积分形式动量方程的切向分量:
(V•d)S w(pd)S tangen(9t.i3a)l
s
s
(1 u 1 A 1 ) w 1 (2 u 2 A 2 ) w 2 0(9.4)
w1 w2
(9.5)
The tangential component of the flow velocity is constant across an oblique shock.
Oblique shock and expansion waves are prevalent in two- and three-dimensional supersonic flow. These waves are inherently twodimensional in nature, in contrast to the one-dimensional normal shock waves discussed in Chap.8. That is, in Fig. 9.1a and b, the flow-field properties are a function x and y. The purpose of the present chapter is to determine and study the properties of these oblique waves. 斜激波和膨胀波在二维、三维超音速流动中是很普遍的。这些 波在本质上是二维的,与第八章讨论的一维正激波相反。即,
如果扰动比一个简单声波强,其引起的波前就会比马赫波强,产生一 个与来流夹角为 β的斜激波,且β>μ。这一比较在图9.4中给出。然而, 斜激波产生的物理机理与上面描述的马赫波的产生完全相同。
补充:激波与膨胀波的形成机理的进一步理解
激波的形成:
以右图活塞在一维长管中压缩为 例.设有一根很长的直管,管内 气体原是静止的.热力学参数是 p1,ρ1,T1 .从t=0起到t=t1为止活塞 向右作急剧地加速运动, t=t1 以 后匀速前进.
Hence, we deduce that changes across an oblique shock wave are governed only by the component of velocity
normal to the wave. 因此,我们得出结论-通过斜激波 的流动特性变化只由垂直于斜激波的速度分量决定.
马赫波
马赫角
sinata 1
Vt V M
sin1 1
(9.1)
M
If the disturbances are stronger than a simple sound wave, then the wave front becomes stronger than a Mach wave, creating an oblique shock wave at an angle to the freestream, where β>μ. This comparison is shown in Fig. 9.4 . However, the physical mechanism creating an oblique shock is is essentially the same as that described above for the Mach wave.
通过斜激波流动的切向速度分量保持不变.
积分形式动量方程的法向分量:
(V•d)u S(pd )no Srm(a9.l6)
s
s
( 1 u 1 A 1 ) u 1 (2 u 2 A 2 ) u 2 ( p 1 A 1 p 2 A 2 )
p 11u1 2p22u2 2
(9.7)
(9.7)式中只出现激波的法向分量.
plotted in Fig. 9.7 for γ=1.4.
方程(9.23) 被称为θ-β-M 关系式,它限定了θ 为M1和β
的唯一函数。这是分析斜激波特性的最重要的关系式,
其结果在图9.7中给出(γ=1.4)。
Hale Waihona Puke 特征:居后的波比前边的波快,每道波 都在追赶它前面的波.过渡区 AA-BB的长度随时间增长而越来 越短,最后压缩到一起形成激 波.
膨胀波的形成:
上例中一旦活塞停止运动, 活塞与前进气体之间在瞬时 内会出现真空.这时气体在 压差作用之下,必发生向后 的膨胀运动,以填真空.这 时气体微团是向左运动的, 但膨胀变化这个界线(膨胀 波)却会自动地在p2气体中 向右推进.