考研英语大纲_2010考研大纲_英语考研之考研写作(免费下载)
英语考研大纲(历年)
英语考研纲领（历年）万学海文教研中心英语教研室针对近几年考研英语纲领的订正趋向和命题规律，做出 2011 年考研英语（一）纲领的变化剖析，详细以下：一、 2011 年考研纲领的订正趋向今年英语考研纲领应当没有实质性变化。
一般而言，纲领 5 年一大变，而昨年已经经历了 5 年来的一次大变化。
比方，与2009 年的纲领对比， 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试《英语考试纲领》最明显的变化是将考研英语分为考研英语（一）和考研英语（二）。
考研英语（一）在早年考纲的基础上，写作部分加入了依照中文写出英语纲要的写作备考题型，这在必定程度上，表现了国家研究生入学考试中英语科目考试一试题命制的成熟性。
固然考研英语（二）是新增内容，但考研英语（二）的整体内容也其实不是预料之外或让考生无从下手，它从以下几个方面仍旧和考研英语（一）保持了共性：就语言知识而言，纲领相同重申考生应当能够娴熟地掌握和运用语法知识和 5500 个纲领词汇。
就语言技术而言，纲领也突出阅读和写作的重要性，对于阅读，重申“考生应能读懂选自各种书本和报刊的不一样种类的文字资料 ( 生词量不超出所读资料总词汇量的3%)”；对于写作，则重申考生“应能写不一样种类的应用文，包含私人和公事信件、备忘录、纲要、报告等，以及一般描绘性、表达性、说明性或谈论性的文章 ( 实质就是应用文和图画作文 ) ”。
总的来说，无论是英语（一）仍是英语（二），上述语言知识和语言技术都是研究生入学英语考试的主要测评目标。
而英语（二）和英语（一）的差别主要表此刻：英语（二）的整体难度低于英语（一）；英语（二）的翻译试题、新题型试题、写作试题略不一样于英语（一）的观察难度和出题形式。
2011 年纲领应当会保持这一连续性与稳固性。
基于 2010 年是推出英语纲领（二）的第一年，并且教育部也重申继续增强对专业性研究生和学位性研究生的划分，所以2011 年仍是会秉着两套纲领的出炉，在观察范围和观察要求上保持稳固性的考研（一）不会有根本的、完全的、实质性的改变；而英语也会连续沿用昨年的观察模式。
2010年考研英语二真题和答案（完整版）
rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an "honest canteen", standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research "village officials" capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ... 18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the "five in one" the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a "five in one" and the improvement of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform. The "five in one" programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme "personnel", discussing election Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world. In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented[D] designated2 [A] proceeded[B] activated [C] followed[D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts[D] sums4 [A] moderate[B] normal[C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress[B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over[B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up[B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as[B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns[D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected[D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved[D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking[D] giving16 [A] feasible[B] available[C] reliable[D] applicable17 [A] prevalent[B] principal[C] innovative[D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended[D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies[D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for[C] concerned with[D] warding offSection Ⅱ Reading comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text1 The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare Mc Andrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries. In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them. The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.” What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return. 21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____. A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis 22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____. A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying 23. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008. B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum. C. The market generally went downward in various ways.rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants ' duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier and approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants ' duty consumption further. Implementing an "honest canteen", standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research "village officials" capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group ... 18 session to be held in Beijing from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretary pointed out that China's reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the "five in one" the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a "five in one" and the improvement of overall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the party's construction in the area of institutional reform. The "five in one" programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of institutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 plenary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the party's Congress, on the theme "personnel", discussing election Central's top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come. 24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists 25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in Arts I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence." This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage. The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation. In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk. 26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework. 27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure 28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation C. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse 29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different. 30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker Text 3 Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among plenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often branded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have programmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of China's economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary session of "taking class struggle as the key link," shifted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and rectify the economic order; 14 ... Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the people's interests. Legal authority toconsumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues. “There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.” The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup. “Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.” Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods. 31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually C are deeply rooted in history D are basically private concerns 32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____ [A] reveal their impact on people’s habits [B] show the urgent need of daily necessities [C] indicate their effect on people’s buying power [D] manifest the significant role of good habits 33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits? [A]Tide [B] Crest [C] Colgate [D] Unilever 34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____ [A]perfected art of products [B]automatic behavior creation [C]commercial promotions [D]scientific experiments 35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____ [A] indifferent [B] negative [C] positive [D] biased Text4 Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them. But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws. The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors. 36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______ [A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers [C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service [D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public 37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____ [A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws [B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races [C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures [D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____ [A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications [C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties [D]they tended to evade public engagement 39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___ [A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished [B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors [C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community [D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system 40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and development46.Directions: In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWERSHEET2.(15points) “Suatainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice。
2010考研英语真题与答案(含阅读第一篇)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题日期：2010-01-09 18:20:09 来源：万学教育【字体：大中小】【打印】【阅读：26195次】Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__ affected __workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __ up ___giving their name to the ―Hawthorne effect‖, the extremely influential idea that the very___ act ___to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __ perplexing ___behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __ accounts ___of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __ matter ____what was done in the experiment; __ so long as _someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___ awareness ___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ___ enough ___to alter workers’ behavior ____ by____itself.After several decades, the same data were _ subjected __ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _ contrary to __the descriptions on record, no systematic _evidence__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ misleading __ interpretation of what happed.__ For example ___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __ duly ___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__continue __to rise for the next couple of days.__ but__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ tend __ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __ hit __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect ― is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.(T1)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most bit-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were a out. These men believed in journalism as a calling , and were proud to be published in the daily press. 'So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,' Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are".'Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save tospecialists.Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its ―one-click‖ online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent cou rt appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is ―a very big deal‖, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It ―hasthe potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.‖Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should‖ reconsider‖ its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being uphe ld for ―inventions‖ that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are ―reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court‖ ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word ―about-face‖ (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the ―two step flow of communication‖: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t inter act with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our w ork shows that the principal requirement for what we call ―global cascades‖– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the ―two-step-flow theory‖[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase ―these people‖ in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced the m to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who ―question our motives.‖ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ―the use of judgment by management.‖European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did ―not live in a political vacuum‖ but ―in the real word‖ and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect theparalysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were ―on the wrong planet ‖in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession islooming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink i n Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as ―horeca‖: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.B→F→D→G→E→APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on ―worthless‖ species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.2010年真题答案（多方答案不统一，仅参考）Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
新历年考研英语作文范文(推荐十六篇)
历年考研英语作文范文(推荐十六篇)5历年考研英语作文范文(篇一)Upon graduation, virtually all college students will confront the problem of the career choice，which is truly a tough choice. Students opinions differ greatly on this issue. Some hold that priority should be given to take a job, but others take the attitude that going to a graduate school is the most critical factor influencing their future career choices.As to myself, I prefer the latter view. A higher educational background exerts a tremendous fascination on a great number of people, with no exception to me. This phenomenon that the graduates have difficulties in finding job after their graduation can easily be found anywhere in our daily life, especially on campus. On the one hand, with the improved high education of Chinese college students which directly brought the result that there are more and more graduates every year. On the contrary, job vacancies don’t increase that fast. More people, less food, which is the exact description of the hard condition. On the other hand, more and more people go on to pursue their master and doctor degree; more and more Chinese oversea students come back to China to hunt better working chances. It is sure that the competition is more and more fierce.Therefore, it is high time that we took effective measures to improve our own competitiveness. That is the secret of success in the future employment market after our graduation.历年考研英语作文范文(篇二)Some people take it for granted that some lucky numbers can bring them good luck. For instance, the so-called lucky number “8” is widely used now because it is sounded like “getting rich” in Chinese and is believed to bring good fortune.Yet many others don’t think so. They think that numbers have nothing to do with luck. They regard numbers simply as a mathematic symbols for counting. They are anything but a mystery. They laugh at those who think numbers can bring good luck.I’m in favor of the latter opinion. I think our society is very modern now. We mustn’t count on the so-called lucky numbers tofulfill our wishes. Whether we can have good luck depends on ourselves. If we work hard, good luck will come to us.Deep Reading in Modern LifeAt the picture depicts, a father told his son that he should read deeply rather than merely pursue the quantity of reading materials. It reflects that people tend to browse and scan e-books without stopping to ponder even one question. The way we read is so superficial that it arouses great concern in modern life.To be a better reader, we had better do as follows. For one thing, take notes about crucial details as we used to do. Taking notes can avoid the phenomenon that the more we read online or on smart phones, the less we seemed to memorize. For another, classics deserve to be savored by the contemporary people. For example, some classical novels can be read free on Kindle, which makes them popular among youngsters again. Whats more, if we did not make summaries from time to time, nothing that we learnt from e-books would truly be ours.In conclusion, when we enjoy digital reading, we should consciously conducts deep reading. Try our best to keep those good habits which are acquired in the process of paper reading, such as intensive reading and deep thinking.历年考研英语作文范文(篇四)It seems that everyone in the world aspires to achieve something so as to live life to the fullest. There are vast majority of tasks that we have to finish in order to succeed, so making plans is the only way that we could possibly achieve our goals. Thus, it is of great importance that doing some planning before we start.The time when one is working or studying is the most valuable, so ow to effectively utilize it decides whether we could achieve our academic pursuit or career advancement. Take preparing final e_am for e_ample, after a long period of study, physical and metal fatigue would unavoidably ensue. However, if we could set out a timetable and stick with the plan, then we could accomplish more things than we thought because we have a time limit on each part, which brings a pressure to us and pushes us to absorb knowledge or do e_ercises more quickly. Not only preparing e_ams but also other tasks, making plans could motivate us to be more effective.In conclusion, working out a plan is the best way for us to utilize our restricted energy and time.书信：毕业时就业还是上研究生Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about Plan after graduation. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:假如你是李明，你的朋友石头来信咨询你的毕业之后的计划，考研还是就业，请根据自己的情况写封回信告知石头你的态度，并说明理由。
2010年考研英语大纲
2010年考研英语大纲2010年大纲内容与2009年大纲基本一致，仅词汇部分的要求有所增加。
以下是大纲内容要求考试说明全国硕士研究生入学统一考试是为高等学校和科研机构招收硕士研究生而设置的。
其中，英语实行全国统一考试。
它的评价标准是高等学校非英语专业优秀本科毕业生能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，有利于各高等学校和科研机构在专业上择优选拔。
一、评价目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：（一）语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。
本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。
2. 词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关词组。
除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词，形容词与介词，形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生产的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到当今科技发展和社会进步的影响。
这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。
此外，硕士研究入学英语考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。
考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握涉及个人好恶、生活习惯、宗教信仰，以及本人工作或专业等方面的特殊词汇。
（二）语言技能①1. 阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明和产品介绍等。
对所读材料，考生应能：1) 理解主旨要义；2) 理解文中的具体信息；3) 理解文中的概念性含义；4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义；6) 理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系；7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度；8) 区分论点和论据。
2. 写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。
2010考研英语大纲解析
2010考研英语大纲解析今年的考试解析没有什么太大变化，今年题型和去年题型是一样的，现在考研还是五种题型，完形填空、阅读理解、新题型、翻译、写作，要求还是那样的要求，基本没有什么太大变化。
这使得我们对2010年备考的考生悬着的心终于落了下来，现在终于知道前面复习的基本都是对路的，大纲基本没有做重大改革。
阅读理解跟去年的要求基本上是一样的，也就是说我们在考试当中是四篇文章，总字数是1600个单词，考试过程当中要考1600个单词，如果不出意外的话，2010年阅读理解的考察选材基本来自西方的报刊与杂志，一般来说来自五大报刊杂志，《经济学家》、《时代周刊》等等。
每道篇目有五道题，四篇文章20道题，每道题2分。
考察的要点没有什么变化，根据考试大纲的解析，我们阅读理解选材来自各类书籍和报刊，各类书籍和报刊这两年还是偏报刊比较多一点，而且我们现在要求有生词量，生词量占总词量的3%，四篇文章1600个单词，平均下来每篇文章有一两个生词。
今年阅读理解要求我们读懂一些与本人学习或者工作有关的文献、科技说明或者产品介绍，今年还是这样规定的，说明整个考研的学生分为两块，一块是应届本科毕业生，还有一块是在职考研，为了照顾到这两方面群体的要求，所以在大纲中规定我们阅读理解不仅能够看懂报刊书籍上的文章，看懂技术说明、产品介绍、文献，不管是报刊上选取的文章还是技术说明、产品介绍，关于阅读理解能力的要求大纲有八点要求。
第一，考试过程中要理解主旨要义，给一篇文章能够做一些主旨题，所谓主旨题分为两种，文章主旨题、段落主旨题。
这篇文章出的时候经常问你这篇文章的主题是什么或者这篇文章告诉我们一个什么道理，这篇文章是什么样的写作目的，这篇文章有什么样的写作风格，这篇文章有什么样的最佳标题。
这些都在考生对阅读材料主旨的理解，有些时候可能会问就原文当中的某一段或者某段或者某几段，问这两个或者三个一群讲的是什么主旨意思。
这是第一个要求没有变，要看一下文章的主旨。
2010考研英语强化写作讲义
2010考研英语强化写作讲义2010考研英语强化写作讲义主讲：王江涛第一节考研写作总论一、课程安排：1、考研写作总论：复习计划、时间分配、写作学习、大纲解读2、段落写作：框架结构、启承转合、段落写作经典范文3、图画作文：4、词汇写作、句子写作5、应用文：书信、备忘录、报告、摘要、告示二、复习计划：1、攻克词汇：1）词汇书：2）软件：《新东方背单词》（5）3）记忆法：/jtwang分类：考研复习：十天攻克考研词汇2、精研真题：96-09共14年真题1）词汇：2）选项：3）句子结构：4）背诵：阅读A节经典文章5）英译汉：阅读A节、C节经典文章6）写作真题：3、适当模考：2010年1月三、时间分配：1）14：00－14：15 写作A节2）14：15－14：50 写作B节3）14：50－16：00 阅读A节4）16：00－16：20 阅读B节5）16：20－16：40 阅读C节6）16：40－17：00 完型填空四、写作学习：（一）提高实力：1、中译英：仔细对比原文，寻找差距2、背诵：滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善3、默写：仔细对比原文，发现写作弱点4、仿写：（二）掌握技巧：万能框架Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience. I really hope you will accept my sincere apology.Faithfully yours,Li Ming6、P.7 2009年范文Dear Editors,I have been reading your newspaper for many years with a great enthusiasm and interest. It is my view that limiting/prohibiting the use of disposable plastic bags is of utmost significance.To crack this hard nut, I would like to give/offer/render/propose several useful/practical recommendations as follows. First and foremost, it is imperative for us to ban the free use of disposable plastic bags. In addition, we should develop possible alternative forms to replace them, such as paper or clothing bags. Last but not least, plastic bags should be offered in a much higher price in departmentstores or supermarkets.I hope you would find the above proposals conducive and I would like to discuss this matter to further details. Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,Li Ming7、Directions:You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting and has parties in the room.Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution for me is to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.ours sincerely,i Ming8.Directions:One of your friends wants to apply for a job working with foreign teenagers. Write a letter to recommend him/her, describe his/her past experience, and explain the reasons.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to recommend one of my best friends, Zhou Botong, for this post. With his outstanding leadership and cheerful personality, he was elected chairperson of the Student Union of Tsinghua University several times.Busy as he was, he completed his major, teenage psychology, with an outstanding school record. Upon graduation he was assigned to be a teacher in Tsinghua MiddleSchool. What is more, he loves his job and enjoys working with children. This won him great popularity among his students.Therefore, I do not hesitate to recommend him as an ideal candidate for the post you advertised. I am sure you will make a wise decision in hiring him.Yours sincerely,Li Ming9.Directions: After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by Mr. Shakespeare. Write a special letter to express your thanks.Dear Mr. Shakespeare,I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.If it had not been for your timely assistancein giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about the need to be unselfish, wesee very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.Y ours sincerely,Li Ming10、Directions:The Students’Union of your departmentis planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:1) the purpose of the contest,2) time and place of the contest,3) what is required of the candidates,4) details of the judges and awards. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature at the end of the announcement.Chinese Speaking ContestJanuary 10, 2009To improve students’ ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students’Union of Department of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (17 January) at the Students’Auditorium. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. Thefirst six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.The Students’ UnionDepartment of Chinese Language and Literature参考译文1、尊敬的先生或女士：我写信是为了询问关于雅思考试的考试准备资料的信息。
2010年考研英语二大纲及样题分析
大概有一个基本概念就没问题了。
（2）词汇
第二个就是词汇，英语二的词汇表，大纲后面主要是词汇表，词汇表没有任何差别。就是说从单词量上的要求来说，英语一和英语二是一
样的。
（3）阅读理解
关于阅读理解的部分。英语二没有英语一中规定在阅读理解中会出现3%的超纲单词。所以可以阅读理解部分的单词要求可能要比英语一低
的概念。
第二点，它只要求进行相关的判断、推理，而不需要进行相关的引申，没有引申，也就是说在英语二中如果出现我们阅读理解中的一种题
型，叫做推理题的话，它推理的难度要小于英语一。
第三点，英语二中没有要求区分阅读理解文章中的论点和论据，既然不让区分论点和论据，那就说明一点，我们在阅读理解中的一种题型
2010年考研英语样题已经出炉，与去年相比，题型有了新的变化，作文题材做了较大调整。2010年的考研英语首次分成英语一和英语二两套试
卷，它们究竟有什么不同呢？考生如何备考呢？
什么是“英语二”？
从今年开始，考研英语配合中国的整个研究生入学考试的改革，以及配合中国整个研究生硕士培养方式的一个改革，由原来的一种考试，
理解的话，有时候比孤零零地理解一个句子，翻译一个句子可能难度还要容易一些，因为有上下文，大概蒙一下，这个句子也能大概同时的翻
译过来。而且这样的话，采分点就会比较分散，有些很简单的句子也是采分点，你把它翻译对了也能得分。而英语一就是给你五个孤零零的句
子，有的翻不出来，看不懂，就是没有得分。英语二我担心的是，大家能不能在这么短时间内把那些字写下来的问题，它的难度是降低的，量
简要说明：
（1）语法
英语二规定了总共有八个语法点，具体的语法点是要考的。只要把这八点做到了，基本上就没问题了。首先第一个就是名词、代词它的用
考研英语大纲
考查内容
考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能： （一）语言知识 1.语法知识 考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。 本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知 识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。 2.词汇 考生应能掌握5 500左右的词汇以及相关词组。 除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之 间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词 缀等。 英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本 大
英语大纲
考试性质
形式结构
英语（二）考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考 试科目。同英语（一）
（一）考试形式 考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。 试卷包括试题册和答题卡。答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2.考生应将英语知识运用和阅读理解部分的答案按 要求填涂在答题卡1上，将英译汉和写作部分的答案按要求写在答题卡2上。 （二）试卷结构 试题分四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。 第一部分英语知识运用 主要考查考生对英语知识点的综合运用能力。共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。 在一篇约350词的文章中留出20个空白 第二部分阅读理解 主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。该部分由A、B两节组成， 共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。
考研英语大纲
2013年高等教育出版社出版的图书
01 考试性质
03 考查内容
目录
02 考试形式 04 英语大纲
2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析2010年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that hard work is the key to success is nothing new.1,_____new research from psychologist Anders Ericsson and 2_____ colleagues suggests that practice is the magic number of greatness.Ericsson studies thousands of chess players, musicians, athletes and others. He 3_____ out the average number of training hours per week the people he studied 4_____ in _____ to reach world-class levels of performance. Across the board, 5_____ to the 10 years or 10,000 hours were required. 6_____, more recent research_____ out that the amount of practice time needed may vary in fields that____ many social or physical activities. 7_____, deliberate practice is the key ingredient for achieving______ results in any field.Deliberate practice is not just mindless repetition. It is a purposeful and thoughtful 8_____ that requires intense focus. 9_____have discovered that top performers spend less time in _____ practice compared to average performers, but their practice is so much more productive. They grow_____, receive constant feedback and continually 10_____ their performance.Achieving world-class performance, according to Ericsson, is not about talent or innate ability; it is all about deliberate practice.1. [A] But[B] Or [C] So [D] Yet2. [A] their[B] his [C] other [D] the3. [A] found [B] turned[C] checked[D] carried4. [A] took part [B] trained [C] relied [D] engaged5. [A] up to [B] for [C] in addition [D] by far6. [A] Consequently [B] Importantly[C] Additionally[D] Meanwhile7. [A] Although [B] Besides[C] However[D] Therefore8. [A] future[B] experience [C] exercise [D] performance9. [A] Workers [B] Researchers [C] Engineers [D] Scientists10. [A] evaluate[B] develop [C] explain [D] demonstrate解析：1. [A] But 是转折连词，与"hard work is the key to success"对立，而下文要说明practice才是成功的关键，所以应该选[A] But。
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2010年《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语)考试大纲》对英语写作的要求与2009年基本相同。
测试内容分为应用文写作和短文写作两部分。
应用文写作部分要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文，一般是书信，总分10分。
短文写作部分主要考察考生撰写160-200字左右的短文，题型是漫画类作文。
大纲要求考生能写出不同类型的应用文，并能够：
1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；
2)遵循文章的特定文体格式；
3)合理组织文章结构，使其内容统一、连贯；
4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语域。
从考试题型和写作要求中可以看出，大纲对于考生掌握和运用语言的能力提出了更高的要求，尤其是对于考生在实际生活中运用语言的能力。
从字数上看来， A部分难度并不大，耗时大约15-20分钟，共写作100词左右。
文章长度如不符合要求将酌情扣分。
同时，考生应该尤其注意，不同的应用文体有着不同的格式及语域要求。
大纲同时要求考生能够写出一片符合试卷信息要求的议论文：
一篇好作文要紧扣文章主题，符合特定的文体格式，文章结构组织合理，语言使用恰当，语法、拼写、标点正确。
在写作时考生可以按照以下的程序以减少一些失误，为作文增值。
1、认真审题
仔细审题是写出作文第一步，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图画场景、人物表情、文字提示等，准确把握出题者意图。
考研作文最忌不审题提笔就写，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾。
比如2008年是一幅漫画，漫画上是一个足球运动员和守门员在射门和守门时的场景，文章的重点应放在缺乏自信导致失败的主题上。
有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，写成有自信会导致成功。
最后发现文不对题，草草收场，这就影响了英语和考研整体成绩
2、列出提纲
考试中作文部分从构思到成稿时间是很有限的，所以不可能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。
对原始材料分析归纳后形成一个基本的框架结构：漫画传达的主题是什么，direction的要求包含哪些内容，文章段落应该如何组织。
这些都要心中有数。
有了基本框架之后，考生再将具体内容填充完善，文章更能思路清晰，重点突出，行文流畅。
简单构建提纲会起到事半功倍的效果。
3、开始写作
写作时要注意以下几点。
1) 语言要统一，连贯。
选择那些最能体现中心思想最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。
选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓和词语堆积。
前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，利用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。
2) 用词准确，语法正确
考试时要特别注意语法，词汇，标点符号等，为了避免不应有的单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的复杂长句。
考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。
3) 足够字数，卷面整洁
作文构思和写作过程中一定要对字数进行估计，以确保符合题目所要求的字数，不能多也不能少。
卷面书写应尽量工整，使阅卷老师一目了然，这对确保理想的作文成绩也是非常重要的。
4、修改
英语写作时考生由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的，一眼就能发现的错误。
所以考生一定要留出几分钟时间用于修改。
不要大幅度进行修改，更不要因为修改破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师心情。
修改时可以从以下几点进行：
1)语法：包括时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，名词单复数是否对应，被动主动语态是否错用等
2)词汇：包括连接上下句或段落的关联词，习惯用语，固定搭配，词类混淆，误用及物不及物动词等。
3)篇章：包括文章的中心思想是否正确(这对于议论文来说至关重要)、结构是否合理(要做到direction要求的内容缺一不可，没有要求的内容不要自作多情的写在文章中)。
因此，考生在复习时更应该强调方法的应用效能，下面，以一片真题为例分析并总结大作文的写作流程，细心体味定会有豁然开朗的感觉。
写好漫画类作文，一般有以下几个步骤：
(1)根据所给的漫画以及漫画的文字叙述内容，提炼漫画的主题。
例如，
Example:
DIRECTIONS:
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words。
B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SH EET II。
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
漫画类作文
解析：漫画中，母鸡下蛋后十分骄傲的表情，并吹嘘到：“本母鸡下的蛋没有棱角，保证有蛋皮，蛋清，蛋黄。
”可见，母鸡为之骄傲和吹嘘的事情实为分内之事，无须大势渲染。
正如，“如此承诺”中概括的一样：各行各业兴承诺，欢迎监督不推脱，原本皆为分内事，何须高唱文明歌。
综上所述，漫画主题为“承诺分内事”。
(2)根据要求(direction)，确定文章段落的数量和段落的内容，即文章的提纲。
解析：1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoo n。
2. Give your comments
根据提纲中的信息1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 本文开头需要两个段落，即客观描述漫画段，引出暗含主题段。
根据提纲中的信息2. Give your comments 本篇文章下文要体现出作者对该现象的评论，即持有该观点的原因和最后得出的结论。
即，文章由四个段落组成：客观描述漫画段—主题段—原因段—对策段。
(3)根据提纲要求，利用恰当语句组段成篇。
SAMPLE
As is shown in the cartoon, the hen that has just laid an egg is shouting, with her head raised high, "I ensure that my egg brings no corners and that it consists of such three parts as eggshell, egg white and yolk."
What I've mentioned above is the surface messages conv eyed by the cartoon. It seems from the hen's proud look th at she is exp
ected to make a promise for the egg she lays. It fact, it is clear that the hen promises what turns out to be her ow n duty。
There are some possible reasons for this common social phenomenon. For one thing, the social competition is beco ming so fierce that all trades tend to produce ads to make themselves better known to the public. For another, they' re not prepared to face the challenge and as a result, the y can do little except declare their own duty as something praiseworthy。
In my opinion, every trade should try every means to i mprove its competitive forces instead of boasting like the hen in the cartoon. Therefore, I draw my conclusion that just as a hen shouldn't promise for her egg, so no trade i n the society should boast themselves for something within their duty and that they should work hard to provide more benefits for the society. In a word, try not to be like t he boasting hen in our life!
不难发现，要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：一是扎实的英语语言基础，尤其是书写语句的基础；二是掌握一定的写作技巧，重点在于写作的步骤与流程。
即，。