美国文学1(复习资料)
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）
美国文学史及选读复习笔记（1-2册）History And Anthology of American Literature (V olumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6. 船长约翰?史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学期末复习资料（作家作品）
美国文学期末复习资料（作家作品）——美国文学1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴2）“The Way to Wealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
美国文学史复习资料(DOC)
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学复习题(有答案版)
’ ’“ ” th 美国文学复习提纲第一部分 连线题（1*10=10）1. Thomas Jefferson2. Walt Whitman3. Mark Twain4. Robert Frost5. Ezra Pound6. Carl Sandburg7. Saul Bellow8. Ernest Hemingway 9. John Steinbeck 10. Jack London 11. Sinclair Lewis12. Flannery O ’ Connor 13. O. Henry14. Jerome David Salinger 15. William FalknerThe Declaration of Independence O ’ Captain, My Captain Jumping Frog Mending WallIn a Station of the Metro ChicagoThe Adventure of Augie March Men without Women The Grape of Wrath The Call of the Wild BabbitA Good Man Is Hard to Find The Last LeafThe Catcher in the Rye The Sound and the Fury第二部分 单项选择 (1.5*20=30) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that shebecame known as the________ who appeared in America.A. Tenth MuseB. Ninth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse2. In American literature, the 18 century was the age of the Enlightenment. ________was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution3. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic?A. The American CrisisB. The Federalist’s’’’s ’C.Declaration of IndependenceD.The Age of Reason4.At the Reason and Revolution Period,Americans were influenced by the Europeanmovement called the________.A.Chartist MovementB.Romanticist MovementC.Enlightenment MovementD.Modernist Movement5.Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond,lost in spiritualcommunication with________.A.natureB.transcendentalist ideasC.human beingsD.celestial beings6.________tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritancommunity are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways.A.Twice-Told TalesB.The Scarlet LetterC.The House of the Seven GablesD.The Marble Faun7.Washington Irving social conservation and literary for the past is revealed,to someextent,in his famous story,________.A.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow C.The Custom-houseB.Rip Van Winkle D.The Birthmark8.The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature inAmerican literature is particularly evident in________.A.Coopers Leatherstocking Tales C.Whitmans Leaves of GrassB.Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter D.Irvings Rip Van Winkle, “ .’ 9. As a philosophical and literary movement, ________ flourished in New England from1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism10.EdgarAllanPoemainlywrites__________.A. poemsB. literary critic theoriesC. short storiesD. dramas11. In Hawthorne ’s The Scarlet Letter A ” may stand for ________.A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the above12. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as ________A. the Naturalist PeriodC. the Romantic PeriodB. the Modern PeriodD. the Realistic Period13. In the following works, which signs the beginning of the American literature?A. The Sketch BookB. Leaves of GrassC. Leatherstocking TalesD. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn14. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except ________.A. war and peaceB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. religion15. Emily Dickinson poetic idiom is noted for the following except ________.A. brevityB. directnessC. plainest wordsD. obscure16. The publication of ________ established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesmanof New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over-Soul’“ ” “a ” “ ”’s “of 17. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers to the periodfrom ________ to ________.A. 1861 (1914)B. 1863...1918 C. 1865...1914 D. 1865 (1918)18. ________ is considered to be Theodore Dreisergreatest work.A. An American TragedyB. Sister CarrieC. The FinancierD. The Titan19. ________ is a novella about a young American girl who getskilled by the winter inRome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The AmericanC. Daisy MillerB. The EuropeansD. The Portrait of a Lady20. ________ is described by Mark twain as a boy with sound heart and a deformedconscience.A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. JimD. Tony21. Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ________ language.A. grandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacular22. The book from whichall modern American literature comesrefers to ________.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby-Dick23. In which of the following works Hemingway presents his philosophy about life anddeath through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy?A. Death in the AfternoonC. To Have and Have NotB. The Snows of KilimanjaroD. The Green Hills of Africa24. ________ is Hemingway first true novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait The”. ”.“ ” ’’Lost GenerationA. The Sun Also RisesC. In Our TimeB. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls25. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms —the sonnet, rhyming couplets,blank verse —with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of ________farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.A. SouthernB. WesternC. New HampshireD. New England26. ________, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the“Imagist MovementA. J. D. SalingerB. Ezra PoundC. Richard WrightD. Ralph Ellison27. “Tender Is the Night ” is a ________ by Fitzgerald.A. short storyB. novellaC. poemD. novel28. ________ is said to be historical novel b y Faulkner.A. Go Down, MosesB. Light in AugustC. The Sound and the FuryD. Absalom29. ________ stems from the ambiguity of the speakerchoice between safety and theunknown.A. Mending the wallB Home BurialC. The Road not TakenD. Stopping by Woods on a SnowyEvening30. Hemingways writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly andpermanently influenced by his experiences ________.’ ’ ” ’ ” ” ’s ” A. in his childhoodB. in the warC. in AmericaD. in Africa31. The following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature except ________.A. William FaulknerC. John SteinbeckB. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. Ernest Hemingway32. ________ is not considered to be one of the masters in the field of American fiction inthe modernistic period.A. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. Arthur MillerB. Ernest HemingwayD. William Faulkner33. “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both …” Inthe above two lines of Robert Frost ’s “The Road not Taken ”, the poet, byimplication, was referring to ________.A. ones course of lifeC. a middle-age crisisB. a marriage decisionD. a travel experience34. Most of the writers in the modern period were able to probe into the inner world ofhuman reality on the base of ________.A. William James “stream of consciousnessB. Carl Jungs “collective unconsciousand “archetypal symbolC. Sigmund Freud “interpretation of dreamsD. All of the above35. Writers of the second postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were____________.A. a Lost GenerationB. a Beat Generation“So”’s , ’s “ is C. a Jazz GenerationD. none of the above36. In 1862, President Lincoln exclaimed: you are the little woman who wrote thebook that started this great war!The book refers to ________.A. Uncle Tom CabinB. BelovedC. Pride and PrejudiceD. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn37. In Leaves of Grass _______ is all that concerned Whitman.A. individualismC. democracyB. freedomD. all the above38. It is not surprising to find in _______ f iction a world of jungle, wherekill or to bekilled ” was the law.A. Mark TwainB. Emily DickinsonC. Theodore DreiserD. Henry James39. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of William Faulkner?A. He is master of stream-of-consciousness narrative.B. His writing is often complex and difficult to understand.C. He often depicts slum life in New York and Chicago.D. He represents a new group of Southern writers40. The setting of the novel The Scarlet Letter in ________.A. England during World War IB. Paris during the French RevolutionC. Puritan AmericaD. America after the Revolutionary War第三部分判断对错(1*15=15’)(T)1.The Calvinist doctrine of“original sin”exerted great influence upon Hawthorne.(T)2.To Hawthorne sin will get punished,one way or another.(T)3.Roger Chillingworth,the scholar,the embodiment of pure intellect, committed the“Unpardonable Sin”.(F)4.Emily Dickinson didn’t like using capital letters where small ones are needed. (T)5.Walt Whitman used parallelism and refrain in his poems.(T)6.Walt Whitman was regarded as the Zenith in American romantic poetry. (T)7.Dickinson was original.She never imitates others.(T)8.Allan Poe defined poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty.(F)9.O.Henry seldom wrote about poor people.(T)10.According to Poe,art serves for pleasure.The chief aim of poetry is beauty, namely,to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.(T)11.According to Dickinson,death means immortality.(F)12.According to Poe,truth is beauty,beauty truth.(T)13.According to Henry James,the aim of the novel is to reflect life reality. (T)14.James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society,and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life whereas Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.(F)15.American writers,especially novelists were rather experimental after the World Wars.(T)16.O.Henry’s short stories are famous for their surprising endings.(T)17.Allen Ginsberg was the representative of the Beat Generation.(T)18.Allan Poe exerted great influence upon many southern American writers, especially William Faulkner.(F)19.Emily Dickinson was regarded as the forerunner of symbolism.(F)20.Mark Twain never touched upon the problem of slavery system in his novels.(F)21.Allan Poe was regarded as the forerunner of American Imagism.(T)22.Mark Twain was the father of American language.(T)23.Allan Poe advocated“pure”poetry.(F)24.Mark Twain’s contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction and partly through his themes.(T)25.Toni Morrison is one of the most famous contemporary women writers. (T)26.O.Henry was the pen name of William Sidney Porter.(T)27.Thomas Jefferson was the major writer of The Declaration of Independence (T)28.Henry James discovered the trick of making his characters reveal themselves with minimal intervention of the author.(T)29.N.Hawthorne was a symbolic writer in some sense.(T)30.Whitman’s poetry suggests rather than tells.第四部分术语解释(4*5=20’)1.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle1800’s,which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition,the Oversoul, and nature.Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore,self-reliant.2.NaturalismNaturalism,a more deliberate kind of realism,usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.As a literary movement,naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola,who claimed at“scientific”status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger,sexual obsession,and hereditary defects.3.American DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work,courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself,usually through financial prosperity.These were values held by many early European settlers,and have been passed on to subsequent generations.4.The Lost Generation. The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group ofAmerican Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw theend of WWI to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant membersincluded Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson,T.S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemingway likely popularized the term,quoting Stein ( “You are all a lost generation ”) as epigraph to his novel The SunAlso Rises More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europeand America during WWI. They were “lost ” because after the war many of themwere disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to move into settledlife.5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional formsand techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act ofperceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, ofloss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social manand prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. PuritanismThe principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism.Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; thesupreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God ’s will for man in ever actof life from cradle to grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to examine theirsouls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine, God ’s will.7. Hemingway Heroes (Code Hero)“Hemingway Heroes ” refer to some protagonists in Hemingway ’s works. Such ahero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive andintelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of a few words. He is such anindividualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keepingemotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where onecan not get happiness.8. Jazz Age“The Jazz Age ” describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years betweenWWI and WWII, particularly in North America; with the rise of the GreatDepression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the mostrepresentative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald ’s TheGreat Gatsby a highlighting what some describe as the decadence andhedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.第五部分 选读分析 25’Text1.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of itsinhabitants, who are descendants from[he original Dutch settlers, thissequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and itsrustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboringcountry.Drowsy and dreamy influence seems to hang over the land，and to pervade the very atmosphere.Some say that the place was bewitched by a high German doctor,during the early days of the settlement;others,that an old Indian chief,the prophet or wizard of his tribe,held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson.Questions:(1)Who is the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken?(2)What is the title of this short story?(3)Give a definition of“short story”.Answer:(1)Washington Irving(2)The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(3)A short story is a brief prose fiction,usually one that can be read in a single sitting.It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, setting,theme,plot,point of view and style.Text2.Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler,long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other,as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claim,Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh,I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood,and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference. Questions:(1)Please examine the poetic form(rhyme and meter)(2’)(2)Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads.Which one does the speaker take?(3’)(3)How do you understand the word“sigh”?(4’)(4)What might the two roads stand for in the speaker’s mind?(2’)(5)What is the theme of this poem?(2’)Answer:(1)It is written in iambic tetrameter and rhymed abaab.(2)Similarities:both of the roads are beautiful;Differences:one is quiet and grassy,less-traveled,the other is trodden by many people and flatHe took the less-traveled road.(3)The word“sigh”is a tricky word.Because sigh can be interpreted into nostalgic relief or regret.If it is the relief sigh,then the difference means the speaker feels glad with the road he took.If it is the regret sigh,then the difference would not be good,and the speaker would be signing in regret. Hence,sigh is ambiguous here for the speaker is not showing whether his choice is right or wrong.(4)The real road,the life road and the road in career.(5)Choices is inevitable but you never know what you choice will mean until you have lived it.This is also the theme of the poem.Text3.Tell me not,in mournful numbers,Life is but an empty dream!For the soul is dead that slumbers,And things are not what they seem.Life is real-life is earnest-And the grave is not its goal;Dust thou art,to dust returnest,Was not spoken of the soul.Questions:(1).Who is the writer of the lines?(2).What is the title of the whole poem from which the two stanzas are taken?(3).Summarize the poet’s advice for living.Answers:(1).Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(2).A Psalm of Life(3).His optimism which has characterized much of his poetry,also endeared many critics to him.He seemed to have persevered despite tragedy.This poem is the cry of his heart,“rallying from depression”,ready to affirm life,to regroup from losses,to push on despite momentary defeat.Text4.Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me—The Carriage held but just Ourselves—And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no hasteAnd I had put awayMy labor and my leisure too,For His Civility—We passed the School,where Children strove At Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather—He passed Us—The Dews drew quivering and Chill—For only Gossamer,my Gown—My Tippet—only Tulle—We paused before a House that seemedA Swelling of the Ground—The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in the Ground—Since then—’tis Centuries—and yetFeels shorter than the DayI first surmised the Horses’HeadsWere toward Eternity—Questions:(1)Who wrote this poem?In the poem,what is he/she watching and recording? (3%)(2)What is death compared to in the poem?(2%)(3)What does the poet think of eternity?(2%)(4)What is the attitude of the poet towards death?(2%)Answer:(1)Emily Dickinson.She is watching and recording her own funeral.(2)Death is compared to a polite gentleman or polite wooer.(3)The speaker is not quite sure whether there will be eternity after death since she just surmises that“the Horses’Heads were toward Eternity—”.(4)She treats death light-heartedly for she believes that death is a necessary step towards eternity or immortality.。
美国文学期末复习(1)
美国文学期末复习选择题Unit 21) To Montresor, the fatal weakness of Fortunato is his _______ for his connoisseurship in wine.A) knowledgeB) arroganceC) faithD) seeming ignorance2) Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato during the carnival because _______ .A) almost all the people would habitually celebrate the festival, excessively drinking and dancing in delight and giving less attention to other activities beyond celebration.B) Fortunato would be too busy as a wine connoisseur during the festival so that he might not see through the tricky plan of Montresor to put an end to his life.C) he would work together with Fortunato during the festival so as to have chance to kill him.D) he chooses the time at random instead of a deliberate scheme.3) In the story Amontillado is known as the good wine whose _______ , as Montresor deceptively claims, has strong appeal to Fortunato.A) taste and smellB) reputation and tasteC) reputation and quantityD) recommendations by Italian virtuosos4) Who is Luchresi ?A) a boy in the barB) a arrogant neighborC) a wine connoisseurD) a Sherry producer5) As Montresor and Fortunato walk further into the catacomb, the latter keeps coughing becauseA) the nitre hanging like moss upon the vaults increases to strongly provoke him.B) he pretends so in order to encourage himself.C) he takes "Nemo me impune lacessit".D) the nitre distills the rheum of intoxication.6) Before taking his last breath, Fortunato still seems unable to perceive the intention of Montresor, mistaking what Montresor does to him as " a very good joke, indeed —an excellent jest". Why does he react so slowly?A) Fortunato has drunk too much to see his coming death.B) Poe intends to use Fortunato's slow comprehension as a foil to the blackness of Montresor 's well-planned revenge.C) Fortunato wants to get Montresor's mercy by fooling him this way so that he may free himself from the threshold of death.D) It is only Montresor's illusion because Fortunato has been dead when the former builds up the eleven tiers of the stone wall.7) Where does the story take place?A) It is only a psychological experience without the setting in reality.B) Poe never intends to give any information about the setting.C) It couldn't be identified.D) Italy as the setting of the story is only hinted in such as the names of characters and those of wines.8) Montresor and Fortunato mean "wealth " and "treasure" in the Italian language, symbolically mirroring _______ .A) their identical parentageB) something hidden as their mutual weaknessC) their mutual love of goldD) their mutual mania for material possession9) As it is suggestive of the Italian culture where the story is set, the word Palazzo means _______ .A) a fancy restaurant serving good winesB) a large, splendid residence or building such as a palace or museum for public activitiesC) a dreamy place as paradiseD) a place as storage of wine10) The story end with a Latin quotation "In pace requiescat", by which Poe hints that _______ .A) Montresor thinks he will die soonB) Montresor seems to be sorry for the death of FortunatoC) Montresor's hatred for Fortunato is still so strong that he couldn't get it over even when he murdered the latter half a century agoD) Montresor eventually regrets for what has done to Fortunato and implores God to give peace to the latter参考答案BACCA BDBBCUnit 41) The story is set in Boston because this town as one of the largest communities of European immigrants of the time could stand in many ways for ________.A) the Puritan culture;B) the Continental culture;C) the typical culture of the native Indians;D) the trend of immigration.2) Generally speaking, the Puritan culture is characterized by ________.A) its moral rigor and its hostility to social pleasures and indulgences.B) a stress on education and simplicity of life.C) a stress on human creation and free will.D) its concern for the afterlife of man.3) Antinomian refers to a person who believes ________.A) that all the laws are harmful to human freedom.B) that Puritanism is the key to all social problems.C) that the Gospel frees Christians from required obedience to any law, whether scriptural, civil, or moral, and that salvation is attained solely through faith and the gift of divine grace.D) that moral power is the strongest and most useful for man’s self-perfection and social development.4) Why do people call Hester Prynne “Madam Hester”or “Mistress Prynne”, respectively?A) It reflects their habitual use of the English language.B) It makes no difference.C) It hints their social status.D) It shows their different attitudes toward her.5) Why doesn’t Hawthorne explicitly tell his audience the weaver of the scarlet letter upon the bosom of Hester Prynne, though its image he presents is “so fantastically embroidered and illuminated”?A) It means that no one knows the identity of the weaver.B) It means that he wants to increase the suspension of the story.C) He is reluctant to tell it because the weaver is the Reverend Master Dimmesdale, who is seemingly free from the scandal at the moment.D) He just hints that Hester Prynne is the weaver of the meaningful letter by way of the positive comment of a spectator on her skills at needlework, because he seems to think that such an indirect narrative helps mirror how much she has tried to reclaim herself without the public knowledge.6) The grim beadle loudly orders Hester Prynne to show her scarlet letter to all the spectators in the market place, as he desires to ________.A) make all the spectators know the power he has in the community.B) fulfill his duty there.C) humiliate her as an adulterous woman.D) gratify the demand of the spectators.7) As it is compared to “the guillotine among the terrorists of France”, the scaffold, in the front of which Hester Prynne and her daughter are humiliated, symbolizes ________.A) the severity of the social punishment on her.B) the long history of humiliating the convict in the market place.C) her courage in face of dilemma.D) the on-going influence of the European law in America.8) Whom does “the image of Divine Maternity”refer to?A) Hester Prynne.B) Blessed Virgin Mary as the mother of Jesus Christ.C) Hester Prynne’s mother living in England.D) The mother of a papist.9) It is by associating the figure of Hester Prynne to “the image of Divine Maternity”that Hawthorne intends to show that ________.A) He is sympathetic with Hester Prynne.B) he looks down on the cowardice of Dimmesdale.C) Hester Prynne’s visage resembles that of the Virgin Mary.D) as Virgin Mary is sinless, so is Hester Prynne.10) Standing on the scaffold and looking downwards at the assembly, Hester Prynne suddenly clutches her daughter so fiercely to her breast that it sends forth a cry, because she wants to ________.A) distract herself from the dreadful gaze of the assembly.B) assure herself that her daughter is still with her.C) wake herself up from somewhat incontroable illusion about her early life.D) wake up her daughter.参考答案AACDD CABDCUnit 51) There are many biblical allusions in Moby Dick such as characters’ names, which often have symbolic meaning. The narrator Ishmael as an example in point was the son of Abraham and cast out after the birth of Isaac, and as the Old Testament tells, he is traditionally considered to be the forebear of the Arabs. Ishmael may be symbolically seen as ________.A) an outsider when an event takes place.B) a marginalized participant when an event takes place.C) a witness with holy mission.D) a marginalized participant/survivor in a disastrous event.2) Why does Melville name the White Whale Moby Dick and call him so in the story instead of the whale or the white whale?A) He seems to personify the evil and mysterious whale representing all that is mysteriously powerful and antagonistic to mankind.B) It is common in the West to give a creature a human name.C) He names it so for the convenience of his narration.D) He happens to do it without any connotation.3) Moby Dick gives a comprehensive and detailed account of whale fishing such as location, ship, skills, and various kinds of facilities because ________.A) whale fishing was already a developed industry in the nineteenth century, with which Melville was familiar.B) Melville was fond of whale fishing and he had such experiences.C) Melville thinks it necessary to give a realistic picture of whale fishing when narrating the story of Moby Dick.D) Melville wants to appeal to his urban readers by presenting something beyond their everyday experiences.4) Why does Captain Ahab make his mind to hunt for Moby Dick despite of the opposition ofmany whale men as well as the risk of the fatal destruction on his crew?A) He never takes the advice of others.B) His crew want him to make that decision.C) He doesn’t think his pursuit is risky.D) It shows their different attitudes toward her.5) What does the Leviathan imply in the story?A) It implies all perils in nature.B) It is a monstrous sea creature mentioned in the Old Testament and thus its name is mentioned in the story to imply the fatally destructive nature of the White Whale.C) It implies that the Leviathan is less aggressive than the whale.D) It stands for the inexplicable power of all creatures such as the White Whale.6) As the name of the Captain in the Pequod, Ahab is said to come from the Bible. If so, who is Ahab in the Bible?A) He was a heroic captain who was good at sea adventures.B) He was a prophet of the Egyptian.C) He was a Pagan king of Israel and husband of Jezebel, who was killed by Jehu, an Israeli king proverbially known for his swift chariot driving.D) He was a blind poet known for his songs of celebrating agricultural harvests.7) What does Ahab imply as the name of the Captain in the Pequod?A) It seems to imply that the captain is destined to die for his sailors.B) It seems to imply that the captain is a kingly conqueror of all his enemies.C) It seems to imply that the fate of the captain is predetermined as there is something fatally defective in his nature.D) It seems to imply that this tragic captain embodies Melville’s view on the fate of mankind.8) To make Moby Dick an interestingly convincing story, Melville is good at ________.A) picturing the whale fishery with deliberate exaggeration.B) telling all the episodes in the omniscient third person.C) characterizing his characters with exoticism.D) narrating with factual details that are combined with exoticism and biblical allusions.9) In addition to his sympathy for the catastrophic death of Ahab, Ishmael gives a vivid account of the whole story of the Captain mainly because ________.A) he was fond of the whale fishery.B) he wanted to give more people access to sharing such interesting experiences.C) he shared the feud of the decedent as stated in the first paragraph of the selected reading.D) he was keen to explore how the tragedy of Ahab took place.10) In comparison with other equally successful novels by Melville’s contemporaries, Moby Dick is unique in that its author wrote it ________.A) by resorting to the encyclopedia about the whale fishing in America.B) chiefly out of his own encyclopedic experiences in sea instead of sheer imagination.C) out of sheer imagination as his contemporary readers were morbidly interested in sea adventures.D) to turn the attention of the reading public from focusing on the social vanity to the unfathomable recesses of human mind.参考答案DAADB CCDCBUnit 131. Katherine Anne Porter wrote many short stories but only _______ novel.A) oneB) twoC) threeD) four2. Why is the story titled "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall"?A) Granny Weatherall rejects George, her husband-to-be.B) John rejects Granny Weatherall by not appearing at the wedding.C) George rejects Granny Weatherall by not appearing at the wedding.D) Granny is first rejected by her lover and then later by God.3. The jilting took place ______years ago.A) 20B) 40C) 60D) 354. Granny Weatherall rebukes Cornelia and Doctor Harry because ______.A) she wants to sleep.B) she hates them.C) she doesn't think there is any wrong with her.D) She thinks they should mind their own business.5. What is it that Granny Weatherall doesn't like to be reminded of?A) It is that she should go through the letters in the attic.B) It is that she is old and weak.C) It is that she should look for HapsyD) It is that she has to take care of the children, the land and the house.6. What is it that Granny Weatherall can never forget?A) It is that she was jilted by her lover George 60 years ago.B) It is that her husband John died when he was still quite young.C) It is that Cornelia always keeps things secret in a public way.D) It is that her children no longer ask her for advice.7. The "fog" rising over the valley is a symbol to indicate______.A) Granny Weatherall is in her right mindB) Granny Weatherall can still see a lot through the fogC) Granny Weatherall's mind is so confused that she can no longer tell the present from the pastD) The beauty of the scenary8. Who does Granny Weatherall want to see most as she is dying?A) CorneliaB) GeorgeC) JohnD) Hapsy9. Who "cursed like a sailor's parrot and said 'I'll kill him for you.'"?A) GeorgeB) JohnC) Doctor HarryD) Father Connolly10. On what occasion does Granny Weatherall have to face a priest all by herself?A) It is at the wedding from which George runs away.B) It is when she is dyingC) It is when she has to put up post holes.D) It is when Hapsy comes to see her.参考答案ADCCB ACDBAUnit 141. Fitzgerald's first novel ___________ was an immediate success.A) The Great GatsbyB) This Side of ParadiseC) Tales of the Jazz Age2. Fitzgerald fell in love with Zelda Sayre while serving in the military _________.A) and married her immediately afterwardsB) but they never got marriedC) but they broke their engagement only to be joined in matrimony later after his first novel had been published.3. The Fitzgeralds lived _______.A) extravagantlyB) a moderate lifeC) in frugality4. The Great Gatsby was published when Fitzgerald was living in _______.A) New YorkB) EuropeC) Africa5. On the day of Gatsby's funeral, ___________ came to pay last respects to him.A) many of his friendsB) quite a few of his friendsC) few of his friends6. When Wolfsheim exclaimed, "I made him," referring to Gatsby, he meant that ________.A) without him, Gatsby could not have gotten where he was before his ill-fated deathB) he made Gatsby a good manC) he made business deals with Gatsby7. Gatsby's father _______.A) was tremendously proud of his son in spite of his grief over his son's deathB) really understood his sonC) knew what his son's business was8. The man with owl-eyed glasses at the funeral called Gatsby "the poor son-of-a-bitch," because______.A) he detested GatsbyB) he thought Gatsby was a son-of-a-bitchC) he felt sorry for Gatsby9. Nick described Gatsby's house as "huge incoherent failure of a house, meaning ________.A) the house would fall soonB) what the house symbolized failedC) the parties held in the house failed10. When Nick said, "the dazzling parties of Gatsby's were with me so vividly that I could still hear the music and the laughter," he meant _______.A) he missed the partiesB) he was haunted by the memories of the partiesC) he had been to too many such parties11. Gatsby believed in the green light, thinking _________.A) it was beautifulB) he was very close to itC) he could reach it参考答案BCABC AACBBC简答题Unit21) Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?2) What is the pretext Montresor uses to lure Fortunado to his wine cellar?3) What happens to Fortunado in the end?4) Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as contrasts.参考答案1)It is Montresor. Fortunato has given Montresor thousands of injuries that he has to bear before he has this opportunity of taking revenge.2)He claims that he has just got a cask of Amontilado and stores it in the wine cellar before he may find a connoisseur to testify to its authenticity.3)The deceived Fortunado is killed because of his inability of getting out of the catacomb.4)Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as seemingly contrasting characters chiefly by presenting their identical habit in wine and their different manners towards each other, but actually he intends to show some similarly defective aspects in their nature. The similarity in their nature is also suggested by their names as synonyms in Italian: Mortresor means “fortune” while Fortunado “treasure”. Their defective nature is highlighted when the revenger Mortresor, who is fully prepared on psychological and operating levels, throws the hardly prepared but totally deceived wrong-doer Fortunado into the deep and damp catacomb and blocks up its entrance with huge rocks.Unit41) Why is the prison the setting of Chapter II?2) Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people toward her.3) What has happened to Hester? Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate? How does this tell us about her character?参考答案1)The prison is used as the setting of the story because the execution of Hester Prynne as an infamous culprit is expected to take place here and the sentence of a legal tribunal on her has but confirmed the verdict of public sentiment. In addition, the setting also suggests the tragic fate of the protagonist.2)Hester Prynne is a young and tall woman with dark and abundant hair that is so glossy that it may throws off the sunshine with a gleam. She has a beautiful face with the impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes. With a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale, she is ladylike with such character as characterized by a certain state and dignity, rather than by the delicate, evanescent, and indescribable grace. Besides, the attitudes of the people toward her are diverse, but mostly negative and unsympathetic largely from the conventional moral stand of the times.3)As a married woman, Hester falls in love with Dimmesdale, a reverend minister of the local community, and their love affair is discovered after she gives birth to a baby daughter. She makes the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate in the hope that the letter may embody her affirmative attitude toward the dilemma in her life, and that it may have the effect of a powerful spell to take her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclose her in a sphere by herself. This detail also mirrors her idea of love and moral value, which is explicitly different from the cowardice and hypocrisy of Dimmesdale.Unit5What are the stories Ishmael tells about Moby Dick?As one of the crew in the Pequod, Ishmael is the only sailor having survived the fatal shipwreck. Thus according to what he witnesses when following Ahab and the crew in search of Moby Dick, he relates how the white whale Moby Dick bites off one of Ahab’s legs and how the latter seeks his own revenge on the former.Why does Ahab react so violently against the while whale? Ishmael sUggests that Ahab is “crazy” and calls him “ a raving lunatic”. Do you agree with him? Why or why not?In their earlier contact Moby Dick bit off one of Ahab’s legs and thus the latter determined to kill the former with the help of his crew. Despite of the advice from his counterparts in other ships, Ahab couldn’t free himself from the idea of revenge. That is why Ishmael describes Ahab as madly obsessed with a search of Moby Dick. Ishmael’s attitude seems convincing because Melville intends to show in the romance that extreme elements in the human soul could be fatally destructive.What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter?Like the other parts of Moby Dick, this chapter is written in the first-person perspective and because the narrator Ishmael is said to have survived the Pequod shipwreck, so what the narrative "he" gives is a recollection of the process of Ahab and his crew’s hunting of Moby DickUnit13Does Granny Weatherall like Doctor Harry? Why or why not?Granny does not like Doctor Harry. First, she does not think she is ill and has to see the doctor. Second, she thinks the doctor treats her as if she were a child. He is not respectful to her.Granny intends to do a lot "tomorrow." What is the most important thing? Can she do it?The most important thing is to go through George's letters and John's letters and her letters to them both. She cannot do this because she is now sick and has to stay in bed.What advice does Granny give her family?She gives advice to Lydia about how to bring up children, to Jimmy about how to do business, even how to move the furniture to Cornelia.What happened 60 years ago? Who is George? How does Granny feel about him?She was jilted by George, the man she was to marry. He did not come to the wedding. Granny is psychologically much wounded by George's jilting. She tries very hard to forget the event and suppresses her grief. However, just before her death, the agony surfaces and she cannot forget him.Who is John? How does Granny feel about him?John is the man Granny marries eventually. They have several children during their marriage. Granny is thankful that John is sympathetic to her being jilted. She feels that, with John, there is nothing to worry about any more. But John dies when he is still rather young. She misses himfrom time to time, hoping to see him again in order to show him that she does not do badly without a husband.What is it that she would like to tell George?She, like any other woman, had a husband, fine children and a house. She is given back everything he takes away. However, the agony he causes her is 'unbelievable,' so great that she tries to think of it as that of having a baby.What is it that she would like to tell John?She has brought up their children, kept a good house and taken good care of the farm. She has changed, becoming tough by overcoming all the difficulties.Who does Granny want to see most before her death? Who is this person? Is Granny's wish realized?It is Hapsy. She is Granny's daughter and she dies in childbirth. In her semi-consciousness, Granny feels as if she had to go through many rooms to find Hapsy with her baby. She even hears Hapsy say “I thought you'd never come,” and “You haven't changed a bit!” Even at the time of death, she is concerned w ith the question “ What if I don't find her?”What is Granny's attitude towards death?She thinks that she is well prepared for death. Twenty years ago, she felt very old and finished. So she went around making farewell trips to her children. Later she made her will and came down with a long fever. Then she got over the idea of dying for a long time. However, she becomes surprised when the real time comes and thinks it is not time yet and that she cannot go. Eventually, she accepts death by blowing out the light herself.When does Granny realize that she is going to die?It is when she realizes that her children have come a long way and are there by her bed to say good-bye to her.What is the sign she looks forward to at the end of her life? Does it appear?It is the sign of Jesus in the form of a bridegroom coming to take her to Heaven. But it does not appear. So she is jilted again.Unit 141. Who was described as "madman" after Gatsby's death?2. How did Gatsby's father learn of his son's death?3. Did Nick reach Daisy by phone after Gatsby's death?4. Did Gatsby's friend Wolfsheim plan to attend his funeral?5. What did Gatsby's father proudly show to Nick?6. Where did Nick meet the man with owl-eyed glasses for the first time?7. Where did Gatsby, Nick, Daisy and Jordan come from?8. Was Jordan once attracted to Nick?9. How did Nick feel toward Jordan when he parted with her?10. Why did Nick think Tom was in a sense justified for doing what he had done?参考答案1)Wilson. 2)He saw the news in a newspaper.3)No, he didn't. 4)No, he didn't.5)Gatsby's Schedule he wrote down as a young boy. 6)In Gatsby's library.7)Middle West. 8)Yes, she was. 9)He had mixed feelings toward her. 10)He was one of those careless people who smashed up things and creatures and then retreat back into their money or their vast carelessness and let other people clean up the mess they had made.Unit151. Where is the Harris-versus-Snopes case tried?2. Why does Mr. Harris stop asking Sarty to be his witness?3. What causes Abner to walk with a limp?4. Why does Abner have the habit of making small fires?5. What does Abner teach Sarty that night?6. What does Sarty feel when he first saw De Spain's house?7. Why does De Spain's black servant refuse Abner's entrance into the house?8. Is Sarty willing to pay the amount of corn for De Spain's damaged rug?9. Does Sarty get the can of oil as his father has told him?10. Where does Sarty go and what for after he gets free of his mother's hold?参考答案1)In the store. 2)The boy will not tell the truth. 3)He was wounded in the heel on a stolen horse. 4)A habit he formed when hiding from people with his stolen horses. 5)He should stick to his own blood. 6)It stands for peace and dignity. 7)He has not wiped his feet. 8)No. He will hide it. 9)No. 10)To De Spain's house to warn De Spain.英译汉Unit2At the most remote end of the crypt there appeared another less spacious. Its walls had been lined with human remains, piled to the vault overhead, in the fashion if the great catacombs of Pads. Three sides of this interior crypt were still ornamented in this manner. From the fourth side the bones had been thrown down, and lay promiscuously upon the earth, forming at one point a mound of some size. Within the wall thus exposed by the displacing of the bones, we perceived a still interior crypt or recess, in depth about four feet, in width three, in height six or seven. It seemed to have been constructed for no especial use within itself, but formed merely the interval between two of the colossal supports of the roof of the catacombs, and was backed by one of their circumscribing walls of solid granite.It was in vain that Fortunato, uplifting his dull torch, endeavored to pry into the depth of the recess. Its termination the feeble light did not enable us to see."Proceed," I said; "herein is the Amontillado. As for Luchresi — ""He is an ignoramus ", " interrupted my friend, as he stepped unsteadily forward, while Ifollowed immediately at his heels. In an instant he had reached the extremity of the niche, and finding his progress arrested by the rock, stood stupidly bewildered. A moment more and I had fettered him to the granite. In its surface were two iron staples, distant from each other about two feet, horizontally. From one of these depended a short chain, from the other a padlock . Throwing the links about his waist, it was but the work of a few seconds to secure it. He was too much astounded to resist. Withdrawing the key I stepped back from the recess. "Pass your hand, " I said, "over the wall; you cannot help feeling the nitre. Indeed, it is very damp. Once more let me implore you to return. No? Then I must positively leave you. But I will first render you all thelittle attentions in my power.""The Amontillado!" ejaculated my friend, not yet recovered from his astonishment. "True," I replied; " the Amontillado."As I said these words I busied myself among the pile of bones of which I have before spoken. Throwing them aside, I soon uncovered a quantity of building stone and mortar. With these materials and with the aid of my trowel, I began vigorously to wall up the entrance of the niche.在墓穴的尽头，又出现了更狭窄的墓穴。
美国文学复习资料整理打印
美国文学复习资料整理打印美国文学复习资料1.The literature of colonial American at the beginning of the seventeeth century.美国文学史的开始17世纪初2.The first American writer Captain John Smith第一个美国作家约翰。
史密斯船长3.early new England literature, puritan values---hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety.清教徒价值观——努力工作、节俭、虔诚和节制。
4.John Smith 约翰-史密斯；作品A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony. 真正的关系等值得注意的事件和事故所以来发生在弗吉尼亚殖民地第一种植。
A Map Of V irginia with a Description of the Country维吉尼亚州的地图描述5. William Bradford; ---------of Plymouth plantation威廉·布拉德福德;- - - - - - -普利茅斯种植园John Winthrop----------the history of new England约翰·温思罗普- - - - - - - - - - -新英格兰的历史6.Anne Dudley Bradstreet------the tenth muse lately sprung up in America安妮布莱德思特-------第十缪斯最近在美国兴起7.Edward T aylo r----the best of the puritan poets爱德华·泰勒——最好的清教徒诗人8.the war for independence lasted for eight years (1775-1783) 独立战争持续了八年(1775 -1783)9.Noah Webster declared;?? American must be as independent in literature as she is in politics,as famous for the arts as for arms. 。
美国文学-复习资料+答案
美国⽂学-复习资料+答案1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .the Transcendental Club2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. WashingtonIrving3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle"satires of New York life.4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and thefirst great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage againstthe British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by aneminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.”William Cullen Bryant9.__________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the worldliterature.10.Edgar Allan Poe’s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in theEnglish language.The Bells11.Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of acollection. The Raven12.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______.Civil DisobedienceBy the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists.At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of New England". Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.No other American poet ever surpassed Edgar Allan Poe’s ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories.Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he never applied the term "Transcendentalist" to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published his first book, Nature, which met with a mild reception.Ralph Waldo Emerson's prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.The harsh rhythms and striking images of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.American romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.Henry David Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an "escapist" or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from___________ .A. the romantic literature in EuropeB. neo-PlatonismC. German idealistic philosophyD. the revelations of oriental mysticismABCD8. Transcendentalists recognized__________ as the "highest power of the soul.”A. intuition10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New EnglandA. TranscendentalismB. HumanismC. NaturalismD. UnitarianismD13. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in _________ .A. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking TalesB. Henry David Thoreau’s WaldenC. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry FinnD. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet LetterABC14. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of_________ , and a host of lesser writers.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Herman MelvilleD. Mark TwainABC16. In the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.A. moral enthusiasmB. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC. adoration for the natural worldD. presumption about the corrosive effect of human societyABCD17. Choose Washington Irving' s works from the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Bracebridge HallC. Tales of a TravellerD. A History of New YorkABCD18. In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal , come the two noble red men. Choose them from the following.A. the Mohican Chief ChingachgookB. UncasC. Tom JonesD. Kubla KhanABIn 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet___________ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan PoeC To a Waterfowl Thanatopsis21. From the following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. To HelenB. The RavenC. Annabel LeeD. The BellsABCD23. Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is___________ .D. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque24. From the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry.A. being highly individualB. harsh rhythmsC. lack of form and polishD. striking imagesABCD25. Which book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Representative MenB. English TraitsC. NatureD. The RhodoraD26. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Of StudiesB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Divinity School AddressA30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.A. Young Goodman BrownB. The Great Stone FaceC. The Ambitious Guest ABCDD. Ethan BrandE. The Pearl32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne_____________ in American literature.A. the largest brain with the largest heart34. __________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the " man who lived among cannibals". Typee37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did__________ .A. Puritanism"The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere". This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England______ Transcendentalism43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. Nature45. _________ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s belief that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.A. The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman BrownBOnce upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door."Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—Only this, and nothing more. "Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.Edgar Allan PoeThe RavenDescribe the mood of this poem: A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird. Work 3: Nuture1.As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulatesynthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the "Oversoul". His emphasis on the spirit runsthrough virtually all his writings. " Philosophically considered," he states in Nature,which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, "theuniverse is composed of Nature and the Soul. " He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. "It beholds thewhole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. " Heregards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In thisconnection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one.Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of "ecstasy" which he records thus in his Nature:2.Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinitespace, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.3.Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with theoutside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscienceof the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits ofindividuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervadingeverywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. Theworld proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. "TheUniversal Being" is in point of fact the Oversoul that he never stopped talking about for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; "Each mind lives in the Grand mind," "There in one mind common to all individual men," and "Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life. " In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.4.This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that theindividual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the "infinitude of the privates man. " He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. " Know then that the world exists for you " he says. "Build therefore your own world. " "Trust thy self!" and "Make thyself!" Trust your owndiscretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest,"Emerson' s message was eventually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. "Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the mainoptimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence his famous remark, "I ask for the individuals, not the nation. " Emerson ' s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of thebuoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democraticindividualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as "Power", "Wealth", and "Napoleon"(in his The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness andself-seeking.5.To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary.Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. " Nature is the vehicle of thought,"and " particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts. " Thus Emerson' s world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, " Nature is the symbol of spirit." That is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; "The lover of nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. " To him nature is a wholesome moral influence on man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature isthat the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.爱⼈者，⼈恒爱之；敬⼈者，⼈恒敬之；宽以济猛，猛以济宽，政是以和。
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III. Literary Figures:
• 1. Benjamin Franklin. • His ideas were expressed through his two famous literary works, Poor Richard’s Almanac and Autobiography. • (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac----an annual collection of proverbs. • (2) Autobiography----a how-to-do-good book, and sets autobiography as a literary genre in American literature. （p90） • (3) sets an example of American Dream
1. writings: narratives and journals of these settlements 2. writers: A. Captain John Smith (the first) • B. Edward Taylor. (faithful disciple of the God.) • C. Anne Bradstreet. • a. first American woman poet • b. “The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ” • c. “contemplations” • d. content: religious experience; early settlers’ lives; family life 3. American literature had close relationship with religion. There were such noted Puritans who firstly described New England as a promising virgin land. Their writings about North America became the source of information, which aroused the attention of many people in England and Europe, and drew them over to this New World.
II. Features:
• Although foreign influences were strong, American Romanticism presented distinct features of its own. mon features, a, b, c, d (P55) 2. “newness.” A. form, P. 57. B. content, P. 58. a .nature b. psychic states
•
Romanticism Period
one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War (1861). I. Historical background: 1. This period saw a rising America which declared its political, economic and cultural independence. Such a scene of prosperity cried for literary expression. The other incentive was the influence of Europe. 2. Economy: fast development (immigrant; frontier; industrialization) --------optimistic mood 3. Culture: journalism (periodicals)--------more literary productions are needed 4. foreign influence
IV. Influence of puritanism on Literature
1. Optimistic 2. pessimistic 3. symbolism 4. style: simple; fresh; direct(Bible)
Revolutionary Period
I. Historical Background: From the middle of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, North America had experienced great turbulence and social change. The ideas of the Enlightenment dealt a heavy blow to Puritanism.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
• “the father of American literature.” I. The Sketch Book: 1. form: It is the first collection of short stories. 2. significance: It marked the beginning of American Romanticism. 3. In The Sketch Book, the most famous are: A. Rip Van Winkle (defamiliarization; love of old world’s tradition) B. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (a light satirical notion on pedantrism as represented by the protagonist----Crane).
4. Philip Freneau.
• 野地里的忍冬 (P45) • 1. 美丽的花，你如此秀丽， 却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方—— 花儿开了，甜美却没人亲昵， 枝梢招展，亦无人观赏； 没有游来荡去的脚把你踩碎， 没有东攀西摘的手催你落泪。 • 2. 大自然把你打扮得一身洁白， 她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光， 她布置下树荫把你护卫起来， 又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁； 你的夏天就这样静静地消逝， 这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息。
2. Thomas Paine. • (1) title: a most important revolutionary activist and political writer during the war of Independence. • (2) works: Common Sense; The American Crisis; The Rights of Man 3. Thomas Jefferson. • (1) “The Declaration of Independence.”(p37) • (2) the third president of the United States.
2. economical: industrial growth 3. political: The War for Independence(17761783) 4. cultural: Enlightenment -------The mixture and alternation between the old and new, was the characteristic of this period. II. Literary Trend 1. content: utilitarian tendency (political and educational purpose) 2. form: imitating English classical writers
Colonial Period
I. Historical Background: • The first permanent English settlement in North America was established in 1607. The first settlers advocated highly religious and moral principles. They carried with them to America a code of values and a philosophy of life-----Puritanism. 1. Before 17thc, Indians. A. variety: more than 2000 tribes, 500 languages B. Scarce. Oral form 2. After 17thc, colonies A. 1607, Jamestown, Virginia B. 1620, Plymouth, New England
II. Literature:
III. Thought, Culture:
1. Puritanism is the religious beliefs of Puritans who came to America for the sake of religious freedom, and wished to escape religious persecution. Their way of life was based on the doctrines. Puritan values dominated literature in colonial America, and greatly influenced the whole American literature.