2011年考研英语(二)试题
作文范文之2011考研英语二作文
2011考研英语二作文【篇一：2011年考研英语(一)作文真题和范文】2011年考研英语小作文题目和范文：51. directions：write a letter to a friend of yours to1〕recommend one of your favorite movies and2〕give reasons for your recommendation.you should write about 100 words on answer sheet2.do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. use“li ming”instead.do not write the address.〔10points〕小作文范文dear friends，i?m writing to you to recommend my favorite movie avatar. it is a very hot movie this year. for starters，its a great story and has a fantastic plot. this film captivated me from beginning to end. the fast-paced，exciting story line kept me on the edge of my seat all the way through. whats more，the specialeffects are breathtaking. the directing is absolutely neat. and last but not least，its an educational movie. it teaches us about dedication，discipline，loyalty and love. i am sure you will enjoy the movie.yours sincerely，li ming2011年考研英语大作文题目和范文：52、directionwrite an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing .in your essay ，you should1〕describe the drawing briefly2〕explain its intended meaning and3〕give your commentsyou should write neatly on answer sheet2.〔20points〕旅途之“余”2011年考研英语一大作文范文what an impressive picture it is！two young men sitting on the boat are throwing rubbish into the lake，with all kinds of garbage floating on the surface. what is conveyed in the picture is both realistic and thought-provoking.clearly，we can deduce from the picture that with the rapid development of economy，tourism as a form of enterprise brings china a lot of benefits，but the environment is being polluted tremendously. in public places people have no awareness that they are doing something damaging the environment，the only environment we have. they cause inconvenience and discomfort to other tourists，and also degrade chinas image as a nation.what can we do then？first，i think that government should issue severe regulations，punishing any behavior that damages the environment. second，the environment protection awareness of the public should be enforced. people should know how closely the clean environment is related totheir personal lives. lets hope we will have a cleaner and more beautiful world in the near future.分析：今年考研英语作文的难度略有降低。
2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2011年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。
作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种方法做了评述。
二、试题解析1.【答案】A【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。
鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑，并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。
A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A为正确答案。
B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”；C 项walk 意为“走，步行”；D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。
2.【答案】C【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关系。
空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety andsecurity to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。
A 项for 表示因果关系；B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。
2011考研英语一和二翻译真题和答案
2011考研英语一和二翻译真题和答案说明：原文选自一本非常著名的书Fifty Self-help Classics（见图），主要选自这本书的第11页和12页，经过命题专家改写，有些变了模样。
该书是一本励志类的读物，是一部书评，所以翻译起来并不轻松，甚至还有一些哲理性的语言，颇费思量。
以下为考试原文和译文，仅供参考；时间仓促，不对之处，敬请指出并谅解。
祝福各位考研的朋友。
北京新东方学校国内部唐静With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing。
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share--that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。
Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”我们或许只通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情，实现那个目标呢？Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are。
2011年英语二真题答案及解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试卷2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D an ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Osama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s p lan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University in Rhode Island. For the rest of the decade she apparently juggled both roles (as well as several other directorships) without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms Simmons was under fire from students and alumni for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February Ms Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. Leaders from other fields are frequently in demand: former presidents or Cabinet members, retired CEOs, and yes, university presidents. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms, although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up", leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives, such as increasing pay, says Dr Fahlenbrach. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1,Ms Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profits B .failing to fulfill her dutyC .refusing to make compromises D. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investors B .unbiased executivesC .share price forecastersD .independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University，after an outside director’s Surprise departure ,the fireis likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC .do less well in the stock market D. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers form the firm.B. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm.C. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm.D. will decline incentives from the firm.25 The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.A permissiveB positiveC scornfulD criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting on June 15th. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers shrugged off the recession (see article). Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the OECD. In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely pruned. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. Just look at the fate of Otis Chandler’s creation.26.By saying “Newspapers like ….their own doom”(lines 3-4,para,1) the author indicates that newspapers .A .neglected the sign of crisisB .failed to get state subsidiesC .were not charitable corporationsD .were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .A .readers threatened to pay lessB .newspapers wanted to reduce costsC .journalists reported little about these areasD .subscribers complained about slimmer products.pared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspaper are much more stable because they .A .have more sources of revenueB .have more balanced newsroomsC .are less dependant on advertisingD .are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?A .Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.B .Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers.C .Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspapers business.D .Readers have lost their interest in car and firm30.The most appropriate title for this text would beA .American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalB .American Newspapers: Gone with the WindC .American Newspapers: A Thriving BusinessD .American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood — materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant tow ers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet —than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses — usually around 1,200 square feet — than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine b etween 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .A. prosperity an growthB. efficiency and practicalityC. restraint and confidenceD. pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?A. It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B. Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C. Most American architects used to be associated with it.D. It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design .A. was related to large spaceB. was identified with emptinessC. was not reliant on abundant decorationD. was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?A. They ignored details and proportions.B. They were built with materials popular at that time.C. They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study Houses”?A. Mechanical devices were widely used.B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D. Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded outlandish not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, demographic decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries t hat use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive stragglers the quick fix of devaluation.Yet th e debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that stray. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, a nd even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigor; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favor French dirigisme.A “southern” camp headed by France wants something different: “European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians meddling in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or outright fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labor costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more porous to goods, capital and labor than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with to many problems thatA .it has more or less lost faith in marketsB .even its supporters begin to feel concernedC .some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD .it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37 The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powersA .are competing for the leading positionB .are busy handling their own crisesC. fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationD .disagree on the steps towards disintegration38 To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed thatA .EU funds for poor regions be increasedB .stricter regulations be imposedC .only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD .voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies thatA. poor countries are more likely to get fundsB .strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC .loans will be readily available to rich countriesD .rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40 Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feelA .pessimisticB .desperate C. conceited D. hopefulPart BDirections：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A — G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41 — 45）. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behavior.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes –by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals –areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.A “fat taxes”should be imposed onfast-food producers such asMcDonald’sB the government should banfast-food outlets in the neighborhoodof schools41.Andrew Lansley held that C “lecturing” was an effective wayto improve school lunches inEngland42.Terence Stephenson agreed that D cigarette-style warnings should beintroduced to children about thedangers of a poor diet43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that E the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that F parents should set good examplesfor their children by keeping ahealthy diet at home45.A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that G the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businessesSection III TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)We would have thought that globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment Google search an leak between 0.2 and 0.7 grams of CO2,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right” answer. To deliver results to its needs quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2,these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centre need to be well air-confirmed gases even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency quickly and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the need to production, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:(1)congratulate him/her, and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图参考答案及解析完形填空参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。
2011年考研英语二真题(可复制搜索查词)
绝密★启用前2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）（科目代码：204）☆考生注意事项☆1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Sec t ion I Use of Engl i shDirect ions:Read the fo l lowing tex t . Choose the bes t word(s) for each nu mbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on A N S W E R S H EET 1. (10 poi nts )The In te rne t af fords anony mi ty to i t s users , a blessing to pr ivacy and freedom of speech . But tha t very anony mity is a lso behind the explos ion of cyber -c r ime tha t has Can pr ivacy be prese rved seems increas ing ly 3 ?Las t month , Ho ward Sch midt , the na t ion ’s cyber -cza r , of fe red the federa l govern ment a to make the W eb a safer place – a “vo luntary t rus ted ident i ty ” sys tem tha t would be the high-tech of a phys ica l key , a 1 across the Web .2 br ing ing safe ty and secur i ty to a wor ld tha t 4 5 f ingerpr in t and a photo ID card , a l l ro l led smar t ident i ty card , or a dig i ta l credent ia l 6 one . The sys tem might use a to a speci f ic co mputer , and 7 w ould authen t ica te users at a range of onl ine serv ices .The idea is to a federa t ion of pr iva te onl ine iden t i ty sys tems . Use rs could which sys tem to jo in , and only regis te red users whose ident i t ies have been authent ica ted could naviga te those sys tems. The approach cont ras t s with one tha t would require an In te rne t dr iver ’s l icense 10 by the govern ment .Google and Microsof t ar e among co mpanies tha t a l ready have these “s ingle 8 9 s ign-on ” sys tems tha t make i t poss ib le for users to many di f fe ren t serv ices .11 jus t once but use 12 , the approach would crea te a “wa l led garden ” in cyberspace , wi t h safe “ne ighborhoods ” and br ight “s t ree t l ights ” t o es tabl i sh a sense of a co m muni ty .13 Mr. Sch midt descr ibed i t as a “vo luntary ecosys t e m ” in which “ind iv idual s and organiza t ions can co mple te onl ine t ransact ions wi th 14 , t rus t ing the ident i t i es of each other and the ident i t ies of the inf ras t ruc ture 15 which the t ransac t ion runs .”St i l l , the ad minis t ra t ion ’s plan has 16 pr ivacy r igh ts ac t iv is t s . So me applaud the approach; others are concerned . I t see ms clear tha t such a sche me is an in i t ia t ive push toward what would 17 be a co mpulsory Interne t “dr iver ’s l i cense ” menta l i ty .The plan has a lso been gree ted wi th 18 by so me co mputer secur i ty exper t s , who worry tha t the “vo luntary ecosys tem ” envis ioned by Mr. Sch midt w ould s t i l l leave much of the Interne t 19 . They argue tha t a l l In terne t users should be 20 to regis ter and ident i fy them selves , in the sa me way that drivers must be l icensed to dr ive on publ ic roads .1．[A]swept 2．[A]for [B]sk ipped[B]wi th in[C]walked[D]r idden[C]whi le[D]though3．[A]care less 4．[A]reason 5．[A]informat ion 6．[A]by [B]lawless[C]poin t l ess[C]compromise[C]en te r ta inment[C]f rom[D]he lp less[D]proposa l[D]equ iva len t[D]over [B]reminder[B]in te r fe rence[B]in to7．[A]l inked[B]di rec ted[B]discover[B]sugges t[B]i ssued [C]cha ined[C]crea te[D]compared[D]improve[D]rea l i ze8．[A]d ismiss9．[A]reca l l[C]se lec t10．[A]re leased 11．[A]car ry on 12．[A]In va in 13．[A]t rus ted 14．[A]cau t ion 15．[A]on[C]dis t r ibu ted[C]se t in[D]de l ive red[D]log in [B]l inger on[B]In ef fec t[B]modern ized[B]de l igh t[C]In re tu rn[C]thr iv ing[C]conf idence[C]beyond[D]In cont ras t[D]compet ing[D]pa t ience[D]across [B]af te r16．[A]div ided 17．[A]f requen t ly 18．[A]skep t ic i sm 19．[A]manageab le 20．[A]inv i ted[B]disappoin ted[B]inc iden ta l ly[B]to le rance[B]defendable[B]appoin ted[C]pro tec ted[C]occas iona l ly[C]ind i f fe rence[C]vulnerab le[C]a l lowed[D]uni ted[D]even tua l ly[D]en thus iasm[D]inv is ib le[D]forced Sec t ion I I Read ing Co mprehens ionPart ADirect ions:Read the fol lowing four t exts.Answer the ques t ions af te r each tex t by choos ing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on A N S W E R S H E E T1.(40poin ts)Text1Ruth Sim mons jo ined G old man Sachs’s board as an outs ide di rec tor in January2000;a year la ter she beca me pres ident of Brown Univers i ty.For the res t of the decade she apparent ly managed both roles without a t t rac t ing much cr i t ic i sm. But by the end of2009M s.Sim mons was under f i re for having sa t on Goldman’s co mpensa t ion co m mit tee;how could she have le t those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Sim mons had lef t the board.The pos i t ion was jus t tak ing up too much t ime,she sa id.O uts ide di rec tors are supposed to serve as helpful,ye t less biased,advisers on a f i rm’s board.Having made the i r weal th and the i r reputa t ions elsewhere,they presu mably have enough independence to disagree wi th the chief execut ive’s proposals.I f the sky,and the share pr ice is fa l l i ng,outs ide di rec tors should be able to give advice based on having weathered thei r own cr i ses.The researchers from O hio Univers i ty used a database that covered more than10,000f i rms and m ore than64,000dif fer ent di rec tors between1989and 2004.Then they s imply checked which di rec tors st ayed from one proxy s tat ement to the next.The most l ike ly reason for depar t ing a board was age,so the researchers concent ra ted on those“surpr i se”d isappearances by di rec tors under the age of70.They found tha t af te r a surpr i se depar ture,the probabi l i ty t hat the co mpany wi l l subsequently have to res ta te earnings increases by near ly20%.The l ike l ihood of being na med in a federa l c lass-ac t ion lawsui t a lso increases,and the s tock is l ike ly to per form worse.The ef fec t tended to be larger for la rger f i rms. Although a corre la t ion be tween them leaving and subsequent bad per formance a t the f i rm is sugges t ive,i t does not mean tha t such di rec tors are a lways jumping of f a s inking ship.Of ten they“t r ade up,”leav ing r is kier,smal le r f i rms for larger and m ore s tab le f i rms.But the researchers bel i eve tha t outs ide di rec tors have an eas ie r t ime of avoid ing a blow to the i r reputa t ions i f they leave a f i rm before bad news breaks, even i f a review of his tory shows they were on the board at the t ime any wrongdoing occurred.Fi rms who want to keep the i r outs ide di rec tors th rough tough t imes may have to crea te incent ives.Otherwi se outs ide di rec tors wi l l fo l low the exa mple of Ms.Simm ons,once again very popular on ca mpus.21.Accord ing to Paragraph1,Ms.Sim mons was cr i t i c ized for_____.[A]ga in ing excess ive profi t s[B]fa i l ing to fu l f i l l her duty[C]re fus ing to make co m promises[D]leav ing the board in tough t imes22.We learn f rom Paragraph2tha t outs ide di rec to rs are supposed to be_____.[A]generous inves to rs[B]unbiased execu t ives[C]share pr ice forecas te r s[D]independent adv ise r s23.Accord ing to the researchers f rom Ohio Univers i ty,a f te r an outs ide d i rec to r’ssurpr i se depar tu re,t he f i r m is l ike ly to_____.[A]beco me more s tab le[B]repor t i ncreased earn i ngs[C]do less wel l i n the s tock marke t[D]per fo rm worse in lawsui t s24.I t can be infe r red f rom the las t paragraph tha t ou t s ide di rec to rs_____.[A]may s tay for the a t t ract ive of fe r s f rom the f i rm[B]have of ten had records of wrongdoings in the f i r m[C]are accus tomed to s t ress-f ree work in the f i rm[D]wi l l dec l ine incen t ives f rom the f i rm25.The au thor’s a t t i tude t oward the ro le of ou ts ide di rec to rs i s_____.[A]permiss ive[B]pos i t ive[C]scornfu l[D]cr i t i ca lText2W hatever happened to the dea th of newspapers?A year ago the end seem ed near.The recess ion threatened to remove the adver t i s ing and readers tha t had not a l ready f led to the in te r net.Ne wspapers l ike the San Francisco Chronic l e were chronic l ing the i r own doo m.A mer ica’s Federa l Trade Co m miss ion launched a round of ta lks about how to save newspapers.Should they beco me char i tab le corpora t ions?Should the s ta te subs id ize them?I t wil l hold another meet ing soon. But the discuss ions now seem out of date.In much of the wor ld t here is l i t t l e s ign of cr i s i s.German and Braz i l i an papers have shrugged off the recess ion.Even A merican newspapers,which inhabi t the most t roubled corner of the global indus t ry,have not only survived but of ten re turned to prof i t.Not the20%prof i t margins tha t were rout ine a few years ago,but prof i t a l l the sam e.I t has not been much fun.Many papers s tayed af loa t by push ing journa l i s t s overboard.The A mer ican Soc ie ty of News Edi to r s reckons tha t13,500newsroo m jobs have gone s ince2007.Readers are pay ing m ore for s l im mer product s.So me papers even had the nerve to refuse del ivery to dis tant suburbs.Yet these despera te measures have proved the r ight ones and,sadly for many journal i s t s, they can be pushed fur ther.Ne wspapers are beco ming more ba lanced bus inesses,wi th a hea l th ie r mix of revenues f rom readers and adver t i se r s.A mer ican papers have long been high ly unusual in the i r re l iance on ads.Ful ly87%of the i r revenues cam e from adver t i s ing in2008,accord ing to the Organiza t i on for Econo mic Cooperat ion& Develop ment(OE C D).I n Japan the propor t ion is35%.Not surpr i s ing ly,Japanese newspapers are much more s tab le.The whir lwind tha t swept through newsroo ms harm ed everybody,but much of the da mage has been concent ra ted in areas where newspapers are leas t dis t inc t ive.Car and f i l m reviewers have gone.So have sc ience and genera l bus iness repor te rs.Fore i gn bureaus have been savagely cut of f.Ne wspapers are l ess co mple te as a resu l t.But co mple teness is no longer a vi r tue in the newspaper bus iness.26.By saying“Newspapers l ike...the i r own doo m”(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthor indica tes tha t newspapers_____.[A]neg lec ted the s ign of cr i s i s[B]fa i l ed to ge t s ta te subsid ies[C]were not char i t ab le corpora t ions[D]were in a despera te s i t ua t ion27.So me newspapers re fused de l ive ry to dis tan t suburbs probab ly because_____.[A]readers threa tened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce cos t s[C]journa l i s t s repor ted l i t t l e about these areas[D]subscr ibe rs compla ined about s l im mer produc t s28.Co mpared wi th the i r A mer ican counterpar t s,Japanese newspapers are muchm ore s tab le because they_____.[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more ba lanced newsrooms[C]are less dependen t on adver t i s ing[D]are less af fec ted by readersh ip29.What can be infe r red f rom the las t paragraph about the cur ren t newspaperbus iness?[A]Dis t inc t iveness is an essen t ia l fea tu re of newspapers.[B]Co mple teness i s to b lame for the fa i lu re of newspaper.[C]Fore ign bureaus play a cruc ia l ro le i n the newspaper bus iness.[D]Readers have los t t he i r in te res t i n car and f i lm reviews.30.The mos t appropr ia te t i t l e for th i s t ex t would be_____.[A]A mer ican Ne wspapers:S t rugg l ing for Surv iva l[B]A mer ican Ne wspapers:Gone wi th the Wind[C]A mer ican Ne wspapers:A Thr iv ing Bus iness[D]A mer ican Ne wspapers:A Hopeless StoryText3W e tend to th ink of the decades im media te ly fol lowing Wor ld War I I as a t ime of prosper i ty and gro wth,wi th sold iers re turning ho me by the mi l l ions,going of f to col lege on the G.I.Bi l l and l in ing up at the m arr iage bureaus.But when i t came to the i r houses,i t was a t ime of co m mon sense and a be l i e f tha t less could t ru ly be m ore.Dur ing the Depress ion and the war,A mer i cans had l ea rned to l ive wi th less,and tha t res t ra in t,in co mbina t ion wi th the pos twar conf idence in the fu ture,made smal l,e f f i c ien t housing pos i t ive ly s ty l i sh.Econo mic condi t ion was only a s t imulus for the t r end toward ef f i c ien t l iv ing. The phrase“l ess is m ore”was actua l ly f i rs t popular ized by a Germ an,the archi tec t Lud wig Mies van der Rohe,who l ike other people assoc ia ted wi th the Bauhaus,a school of design,emigra ted to the Uni t ed Sta tes before Wor ld W ar I I and took up pos ts a t A mer ican archi tec ture schools.These des igners came to exer t enormous inf luence on the course of A merican archi tec ture,but none m ore so than Mies.Mies’s s ignature phrase m eans that less decora t i on,proper ly organized,has m ore impact than a lot.Elegance,he bel ieved,did not derive fro m abundance. Like other modern arch i t ec t s,he employed metal,g lass and lamina ted wood–m ater ia ls that we take for granted today but that in the1940s sy mbolized the future.Mies’s sophis t i cated presentat ion masked the fact that the spaces he designed were s mall and eff ic ient,rather than big and often e mpty.The apar tments in the elegant towers Mies bui l t on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,for exa mple,were smal le r–two-bedroo m uni t s under1,000square fee t–than those in the i r older neighbors a long the c i t y’s Gold Coas t.But they were popular because of the i r a i ry glass wal l s,the views they af forded and the elegance of the bui ld ings’de ta i l s and propor t ions,the archi tec tura l equiva lent of the abs t rac t ar t so popular a t the t ime.The t rend toward“l ess”was not ent i re ly fore ign.In the1930s Frank Lloyd W right s ta r t ed bui ld ing m ore modes t and ef f i c ient houses–usua l ly around1,200 square fee t–t han the spreading two-s tory ones he had des igned in the1890s and the ear ly20th cen tu ry.The“Case Study Houses”com miss ioned f rom ta l en ted modern arch i tec t s by Cal i fo rn ia Ar t s&Archi tec ture magaz ine be tween1945and1962were ye t another ho megrown inf luence on the“l e ss i s more”t rend.Aes the t ic ef fec t came from the l andscape,new mater ia l s and for th r igh t de ta i l ing.In his Case Study House,Ralph Rapson may have mispred ic ted jus t how the mechanica l revo lu t ion would impac t everyday l i fe–few A merican fami l ies acquired hel icopters,though most eventua l ly got c lo thes dryers–but his bel ie f tha t se l f-suf f ic iency was both des i rab le and inev i tab le was wide ly shared.31.The pos twar A mer ican hous ing s ty le la rge ly re f lec ted the A mer icans’_____.[A]prosper i ty and growth[B]ef f ic iency and prac t ical i ty[C]res t ra in t and conf idence[D]pr ide and fa i th fu lness32.Which of the fo l lowing can be infe r red f rom Paragraph3about the Bauhaus?[A]I t was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]I t s des ign ing concep t was af fec ted by Wor ld War I I.[C]Most A mer ican arch i t ec t s used to be assoc ia ted with i t.[D]I t had a grea t i n f luence upon A mer ican arch i tec t ure.33.Mies he ld tha t e legance of arch i tec tu ra l des ign_____.[A]was re la ted to la rge space[B]was iden t i f i ed wi th em pt iness[C]was not re l i an t on abundant decora t ion[D]was not assoc ia ted wi t h ef f ic iency34.What i s t rue about the apar tments Mies bui l t on Chicago’s Lake Shore Dr i ve?[A]They ignored de ta i l s and propor t ions.[B]They were bui l t wi th mater ia l s popula r a t tha t t i me.[C]They were more spac i ous than ne ighbor ing bui l dings.[D]They shared some charac te r i s t i c s of abs t rac t ar t.35.What can we learn about t he des ign of the“Case Study Houses”?[A]Mechanica l dev ices were wide ly used.[B]Natura l scenes were taken in to cons idera t ion.[C]Deta i l s were sacr i f i ced for the overa l l e f fec t.[D]Eco-f r i end ly mate r ia l s were employed.Text4Wil l the European Union make i t?The ques t ion w ould have sounded s t range not long ago.No w even the pro jec t’s grea tes t cheer leaders ta lk of a cont inent fac ing a“Bermuda t r iangle”of debt,popula t ion dec l ine and lower growth.As wel l as those chronic problems,the E U faces an acute cr is i s in i t s econo mic core,the16count r ies tha t use the s ingle cur rency.Marke ts have los t fa i th tha t the euro zone’s econo mies,weaker or s t ronger,wi l l one day converge thanks to the disc ip l ine of shar ing a s ingle cur rency,which denies uncom pet i t ive m e mbers the quick f ix of devalua t ion.Yet the debate about ho w to save Europe’s s ingle cur rency f r o m dis in tegra t ion is s tuck.I t i s s tuck because the euro zone’s do minant po wers, France and Germany,agree on the need for grea ter harmonisa t ion wi th in t he euro zone,but disagree about w hat to harmonise.Ger many th inks the euro must be saved by s t r ic te r ru les on borrowing, spending and co mpet i t iveness,backed by quas i-au tomat ic sanc t ions for govern ments tha t do not obey.These might inc lude threa ts to f reeze E U funds for poorer reg ions and E U m ega-pro jec ts,and even the suspens ion of a count ry’s vot ing r ights in E U minis te r ia l counci l s.I t ins i s t s tha t econo mic co-ordina t ion should involve al l27m e mbers of the E U club,a mong who m there is a smal l m ajor i ty for f ree-marke t l ibera l i sm and econo mic r igour;in the inner core alone, Ger many fears,a smal l m ajor i ty favour French inter ference.A“sou thern”camp headed by France wants some th ing di f fe ren t:“European econo mic govern ment”with in an inner core of euro-zone me mbers.Trans la ted, tha t means pol i t ic ians in tervening in monetary pol icy and a syst em of redis t r ibu t ion f rom r icher to poorer me mbers,v ia cheaper borrowing for govern ments through com m on Eurobonds or com ple te f i sca l t ransfers.Fina l ly, f igures c lose to the Franch govern ment have m ur mured,euro-zone m e mbers should agree to so me f isca l and soc ia l harmonisat ion:e.g.,curb ing co mpet i t ion in corpora te-tax ra tes or labour cos ts.I t i s too soon to wri te of f the E U.I t remains the wor ld’s la rges t t rad ing block. At i t s bes t,the European pro jec t is remarkably l ibera l:bui l t around a s ingle m arket of27r ich and poor count r ies,i t s in te rnal borders are far more open to goods,capi ta l and labour than any co mparable t rad ing area.I t i s an a m bi t ious a t tempt to blunt the sharpes t edges of global i sa t ion,and make capi ta l i sm benign.36.The E U is faced wi th so many problems tha t_____.[A]i t has more or less los t fa i th in marke t s[B]even i t s suppor te r s begin to fee l concerned[C]some of i t s me mber count r ies p lan to abandon euro[D]i t i n tends to deny the poss ib i l i ty of deva lua t ion37.The debate over the E U’s s ingle cur rency is s tuck because the do minantpo wers_____.[A]are co mpet ing for the l ead ing pos i t ion[B]are busy handl ing the i r own cr i ses[C]fa i l t o reach an agreement on harmonisa t ion[D]disagree on the s teps t owards d is in tegra t ion38.To so lve the euro probl em,Germany proposed tha t_____.[A]E U funds for poor regions be increased[B]s t r i c te r regu la t ions be imposed[C]only core me mbers be involved in econo mic co-ord ina t ion[D]vot ing r igh t s of the EU me mbers be guaran teed39.The French proposa l of handl ing the cr i s i s impl i es tha t_____.[A]poor count r ies are more l ike ly to ge t funds[B]s t r i c t moneta ry pol icy wil l be appl ied to poor count r ies[C]loans wi l l be read i ly ava i lab le to r ich count r ies[D]r ich count r ies wi l l basi ca l ly con t ro l Eurobonds40.Regard ing the fu ture of the E U,the au thor seems to fee l_____.[A]pess imis t i c[B]despera te[C]conce i t ed[D]hopefu lPart BDirect ions:Read the fo l lowing tex t and answer the ques t ions by f ind ing informat ion from the r igh t column tha t corresponds to each of the m arked deta i l s given in the lef t column.There are two ext ra choices in the r igh t column.Mark your answers on A N S W E R S H E ET1.(10poin t s)Leading doc tors today we igh in on the deba te over the government’s ro le in pro mot ing publ ic hea l th by de manding tha t min i s te rs impose“f a t taxes”on unheal thy food and int roduce cigare t te-s ty le warnings to chi ldren about the dangers of a poor die t.The de mands fo l low com ments made las t week by the hea l th secre tary, A ndrew Lans ley,who ins is ted the govern ment could not force people t o make heal thy choices and pro m i sed to f ree bus inesses f r o m publ ic hea l th regula t i ons.But senior medica l f igures want to s top fas t-food out le t s opening near schools,res t r ic t adver t i s ing of products high in fa t,sa l t or sugar,and l imi t sponsorsh ip of spor ts events by fas t-food producers such as Mc Donald’s.They argue tha t governmen t ac t ion is necessa ry to curb Br i t a in’s add ic t ion to unhea l thy food and he lp ha l t sp i ra l ing ra tes of obes i ty,d iabe tes and hear t disease. Professor Terence Stephenson,pres iden t of the Roya l Col lege of Paed ia t r i c s and Chi ld Heal th,sa id tha t t he consu mpt ion of unheal thy food should be seen to be jus t as da maging as so mking or excess ive dr inking.“Th i r ty years ago,i t would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on s moking in the workpl ace or in pubs,and yet t hat is what we have now.Are we wil l ing to be jus t as courageous in respec t of obes i ty?I would sugges t tha t we should be,”sa id the leader of the U K’s chi ldren’s doctors.Lans ley has a larmed hea l th ca mpaigners by sugges t ing he wants indust ry ra ther than govern ment t o take the lead.He sa id tha t manufac turers of cr i sps and candies could play a centra l ro le in the Change4Li fe campaign,the cent repiece of government ef for t s to boos t hea l thy ea t ing and f i tness.He has a lso cr i t ic i sed the ce lebr i ty chef Jamie Ol i ver’s h igh-prof i le a t tempt to improve school lunches in England as an exa mple of how“l ec tur ing”people was not the bes t way to change the i r behaviour.Stephenson sugges ted potent ia l res t r ic t ions could inc lude banning T V adver t i sements for foods high in fa t,sa l t or sugar before9p m and l imi t i ng them on bi l lboards or in c inemas.“I f we were rea l ly bold,we might even begin to th ink of high-ca lor ie fas t food in the same way as c igare t tes–by se t t ing s t r ic t l i mits on adver t i s ing,product place ment and sponsorsh ip of spor t s events,”he sa id.Such a move could af fec t f i rms such as Mc Donald’s,which sponsors t he youth coaching sche me run by the Footba l l Assoc ia t ion.Fas t-food chains should a lso s top offer ing“induce ments”such as toys,cute animals and mobi l e phone credi t to lure young cus tom ers,Stephenson sa id.Professor Dinesh Bhugra,pres ident of the Roya l Col lege of Psychia t r i s t s, sa id:“I f chi ldren are taught about the impact that food has on the i r growth,and tha t so me th ings can harm,at leas t informat ion is avai lab le up front.”He also urged counc i l s t o impose“f a s t-food-f ree zones”a round schools and hosp i ta l s–a reas wi th in which takeaways cannot open.A Depar tment of Heal th spokesperson sa id:“We need to crea te a new vis i on fo r publ ic hea l th where al l of soc ie ty works toge ther to ge t hea l thy and l ive longer. This inc ludes crea t ing a new‘r espons ib i l i ty deal’wi th bus iness,bui l t on soc ia l respons ib i l i ty,not s ta te regula t ter th is year,we wi l l publ i sh a whi t e paper se t t ing out exac t ly how we wi l l achieve th is.”The food indus t ry wi l l be a la rmed tha t such sen i or doc to rs back such radi ca l m oves,especia l ly the cal l to use so me of the tough tac t ics tha t have been deployed aga ins t smoking over the las t decade.[A]“f a t taxes”shou ld be imposed on fas t-foodproducers such as Mc Dona ld’s.41.Andrew Lans ley he ld tha t[B]the government should ban fas t-food out le t sin the ne ighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreed[C]“l ec tu r ing”was an ef fec t ive way to improvetha t school lunches in England.43.Jamie Ol iver seemed to[D]cigarette-style warnings should bebe l ieve tha t introduced to ch i ld ren about the dangers ofa poor d ie t.44.Dinesh Bhugra sugges ted[E]the producers of cr i sps and candi es cou ldtha t cont r ibu te s ign i f i can t ly t o the Change4Li fecampaign.45.A Depar tment of Heal th[F]paren t s should se t good examples fo r the i rspokesperson proposed tha t ch i ld ren by keep ing a hea l thy die t a t ho me.[G]the govern ment should s t rengthen the senseof respons ib i l i ty among bus inesses.Sec t ion I I I Trans la t ion46.Direct ions:In th i s sec t ion there is a tex t in Engl i sh.Transl a t e i t in to Chinese.Wri t e your t r ans la t ion on A NS W E R S H EET2.(15poin t s)W ho would have thought tha t,g loba l ly,the IT indus t ry produces about t he same volume of greenhouse gases as the wor ld’s a i r l ines do–roughly2percen t of a l l C O2e miss ions?M any everyday tasks take a surpr i s ing to l l on the envi ron ment.A Google search can leak between0.2and7.0grams of C O2,depending on how many at tempts are needed to get the“r ight”answer.To del iver resul t s to i t s users quickly,then,Google has to mainta in vas t da ta cent res around the wor ld,packed with powerfu l co mputers.Whi le producing large quant i t ies of C O2,these co mputers emi t a grea t dea l of hea t,so the cent res need to be wel l a i r-condi t ioned, w hich uses even more energy.H o wever,Google and other big tech providers moni tor the i r ef f ic iency c lose ly and make improve ments.Moni tor ing is the f i r s t s tep on the road to reduct ion,but there is much more to be done,and not jus t by big co mpanies.Sec t ion IV Wri t ingPart A47.Direc t ions:Suppose your cous in Li Ming has jus t been ad m i t t ed to a univers i ty.Writ e him/her a le t te r to1)congra tu la te h im/he r,and2)g ive h im/her sugges t ions on how to ge t prepared for un ive rs i ty l i fe.You shou ld wr i t e abou t100words on A NS W E R S H EET2.Do not s ign your own nam e a t t he end of the le t t e e“Zhang Wei”i ns tead.Do not wr i t e t he address.(10po in t s)Part B48.Direct ions:W ri te an essay based on the fo l lowing char t.In your wri t ing,you should1)in te rpre t the char t and2)g ive your com ments.You should wr i te a t l eas t150words.W ri te your essay on A NSW E R S H E ET2.(15poin t s)。
2011年英语二(完整版)
【参考范文】 Dear Li Ming,
We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.
You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life.
Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.
2011考研英语二真题答案解析超详解析
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read t he following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices markedA, B, C a nd D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWERSHEETl.(10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a globalepidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the WorldHealth Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Genevathat convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____inBritain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patientsexperiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ ofany medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authoritiesnoticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthyadults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to_____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed t o fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived.But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activityin almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swineflu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____morethan one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the nationalstockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ aheadof expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in earlyOctober 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spraytype, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those withbreathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it wasstill possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers,people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant[D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D]applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding offSection ⅡReading comprehensionPart AText 1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramaticnote with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever ”，at Sotheby ’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetchingmore than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. Asthe auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckonsClare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm —double the figure fiveyears earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the marketgenerates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst ’s sale, spending of any sortbecame deeply unfashionable, especially in NewYork, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of manyart-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away fromgalleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in themost overheated sector —for Chinese contemporary art —they were down by nearly 90%in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world ’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie ’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clientswho had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stoppedbuying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most seriouscontraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far morefluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie ’s chief executive, says: “I ’m pretty confident we ’re at the bottom. ”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high,there was no demand e ven though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie ’s revenuesin the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almosteveryone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problemat the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The threeDs—death, debt and divorce —still deliver works of art to the market. But anyonewho does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as“a last victory ”because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable ”(Line 1-2,Para.3) ，the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText 2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had beenparticularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that womenfrequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man l ooked puzzled and hurt. "It's true,"he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American mentend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern iswreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" thatmost of the women she interviewed —but only a few of the men—gave lack ofcommunication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate ofnearly 50 percent ，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my o wn research complaints from womenabout their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career toaccompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found asHacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first andforemost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of theirwives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up infront of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc ”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will mostprobably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText 3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when c ustomers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of asoap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people ’s habits, ”Dr. Curtis said. “Wewanted to learn from private industry how to create new beh aviors that happen automatically. ”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to —Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers ’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you ’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, waterpurifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one ofthe other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn ’t drink water outside of a meal . Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and nowoffice workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as partof morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become p art of daily or weekly patterns, ”said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.“Creating pos itive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers ’lives, andit ’s essential to making new products commercially viable. ”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning havelearned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues throughrelentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams orunhealthy foods.31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deeply rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people ’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C] indicate their effect on people ’s buying power[D] manifest the significant role of good habits33. Which of the following does NOTbelong to products that help create people ’s habits?[A]Tide[B] Crest[C] Colgate[D] Unilever34. From the text we know that some of consumer ’s habits are developed due to_____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. The author ’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people ’s habits is____[A] indifferent[B] negative[C] positive[D] biasedText 4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucialdemocratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimalqualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; thatjurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of thecommunity; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on accountof race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trialby their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best survivingexample of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives togovern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with thesedemocratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to personsof supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although theSupreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discriminationin jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practiceof selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include womenon juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was notuntil the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Eventhen several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice wasjustified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolishedspecial educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selectedat random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries berepresentative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional andordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices38. Even in the 1960s, womenwere seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to beabolished[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federaljurors[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart BBOTHBoeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight compositescertainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approachto cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper bya German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birdsflying in formation —a V-shape, echelon or otherwise —expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird ’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerlyat Caltech and the University of SouthernWhen applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. DrKroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing fromLos Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume aninverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumedas much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output).Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by arounda quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, orat least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the unnervingly cosy groupings favoured by display teams likethe Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the otherplanes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that makeformation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes ’wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one ofthe areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines toco-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America ’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier thisyear the country ’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans topay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were lowon fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAFpilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin, ”he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales ofnew Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducingresistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearlydefined.45. It has been documented that during World War II, America ’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability ”has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the conceptwill always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-orientedvalues must be expressed though everyday action and choice 。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many years ago, I visited an old university friend who was studying medicine in London. He took (1) of his university's medical department and showed me around the research labs. As we were about to leave the cancer laboratory, I noticed a (2) piece of paper attached to the wall. It had a list of chemical substances and the respective (3) on cancer cells. The exact values were noted down, including the concentration of each chemical, the time of incubation (培养期) and the size of the cancer cell culture plate. It was clear that someone had been (4) a serious experiment.When I asked my friend about it, he smiled and told me something which I have never (5) . The paper contained the complete results of a very important (6) experiment and it was someone's (7) to update the online laboratory notebook. This was a record of the steps followed, the results obtained, and any other (8) information. The idea was to help everyone in the lab stay updated on the progress of the (9) . I was very impressed by the responsibility shown by the person who conducted the experiment and, of course, by the general idea of (10) a notebook that could be accessed by everyone in real-time.Unfortunately, the (11) of this great idea is not yet mature. The idea that a lab notebook could be online goes (12) the traditional view of a personaland (13) place where researchers could record their thoughts, ideas and results. But today's labs (14) a different picture. Many labs employ researchers from different parts of the world, connected with existing and emerging (15) for collaboration. A worldwide accessible notebook is therefore not a bad idea and, as a matter of (16) , it is already a reality in some laboratories around the world.In some labs, a notebook is only accessible via their secure network (17) a username and password. Others are looking at public ways to grant access. Similarly, some labs have entire lab management (18) that include the sharing of notes, protocols and results. Other labs intend to add this functionality very soon. There are still (19) to be resolved, mainly regarding security and privacy issues, but the general trend is undeniably (20) the switch from paper to digital notebooks.1. A full B advantage C control D medicine2. A folded B misplaced C crumpled D dusty3. A research B professions C influences D effects4. A experimenting B employing C conducting D exploring5. A heard B believed C discovered D forgotten6. A laboratory B chemical C medicinal D scientific7. A purpose B background C spotlight D duty8. A relevant B efficient C irrelevant D supportive9. A examination B experiment C discovery D application10. A protecting B saving C accessing D revising11. A understanding B application C expertise D achievement12. A beyond B against C upon D over13. A confidential B public C specialized D open14. A picture B scenario C strategy D figure15. A networks B fields C topics D tools16. A fact B principle C research D access17. A concerning B acknowledging C reinforcing D requiring18. A traditions B policies C environments D positions19. A issues B concerns C areas D procedures20. A promoting B preventing C encouraging D hindering参考答案：1. C control2. B misplaced3. D effects4. C conducting5. D forgotten6. A laboratory7. D duty8. A relevant9. B experiment10. C accessing11. B application12. A beyond13. B public14. B scenario15. A networks16. A fact17. D requiring18. C environments19. A issues20. C encouragingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1According to Thomas Edison, most inventions are 1 percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration. That may have been true in his day, but invention has changed radically in the past century. Today, it can be both more efficient and more frustrating, with inventors making errors such as forgetting the "ordinary skills" requirement for getting a patent and misreading established patents.Soon, these kinds of mistakes will be less likely, thanks to a new method developed by a researcher at the Fordham University School of Law in New York City.The method, known as "invention mining", is a way to find out possible inventions from huge databases of scientific information. Invention mining gives inventors many new veins to tap into - and makes it much easier to come up with new ideas.In the past, the first step of inventing something new was an exhaustive search through existing patents to make sure the proposed invention hadn't already been patented. But that traditional search couldn't effectively cover all the information needed, as it was only possible to cover a fraction of patents, university research papers, and other sources of technical information in any one search.However, invention mining can go through billions of records of technical information in one search. "Text mining is natural language processing, but invention mining is natural language processing on steroids （特效药）" says Professor Stempfle.According to his study, a successful search of one billion records using a properly formed claim will return about 3.15 million technical documents for review, and we usually only need to inspect about 150,000 of these to find a few that truly meet our needs.Invention mining can turn up scientific research and patents nobody ever knew existed. Stempfle's paper cited an example of a case study from Ford when a scientist was doing background research on fire protection systems: it found a solution that had been patented and then forgotten, dating back to an 1838 patent. "The inventors of the company that found this were excited," says Stempfle, but nobody else had ever heard of the invention. This would have been something that may not otherwise have been discovered."Invention mining gives small inventors a newfound power against large corporations," says Stempfle . "Say you're a small inventor with 20 patents, and then IBM thinks you're infringing on（侵犯） one of their patents. IBM can do a search through a million patents to find ground to say your patent is invalid. Using a tool like invention mining, you can look at the same million patents to come up with innovative ways to say the IBM patent is not reallya valid one. It really does level the playing field."21. Invention mining helps inventors to ________.A. identify and solve problems in the invention processB. establish the ordinary skills requirement for getting a patentC. read established patents with more efficiencyD. prevent scientific information from being forgotten22. Compared to the traditional search, invention mining ________.A. covers a wider range of technical informationB. is more time-consumingC. requires a larger database of scientific informationD. focuses on patents and university research papers23. What does Professor Stempfle suggest about invention mining?A. It should be used in the background research of fire protection systems.B. It should only be used by small inventors against large corporations.C. It should be improved through natural language processing.D. It should be applied to the validation of small inventors' patents.24. What can be a drawback of invention mining?A. Certain patents are prone to being misread by inventors.B. It relies heavily on existing patents.C. It doesn't cover all the technical information.D. Some 19th-century patents may have been missed.25. What is the main purpose of the text?A. To discuss the new method of invention mining.B. To compare the merits of invention mining and traditional search.C. To introduce the researcher behind the invention mining method.D. To analyze the potential of invention mining in the future.参考答案：21. A. identify and solve problems in the invention process22. A. covers a wider range of technical information23. D. It should be applied to the validation of small inventors' patents.24. C. It doesn't cover all the technical information.25. A. To discuss the new method of invention mining.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (20 points)Text 2The saying "knowledge is power" is accurate in many situations. We tend to believe that the more information we have, the better decisions we can make. However, recent research suggests that this may not always be the case. In fact, having too much information can sometimes hinder our decision-making process and lead to poorer outcomes.One reason why an excess of information may be detrimental is that it can lead to information overload. When we are faced with too much information, we may struggle to process it all efficiently. As a result, wemay overlook important details or become overwhelmed, leading to decision paralysis. In this state, it becomes difficult to make any decision at all.Furthermore, having too much information can also lead to biased decision-making. When we have a lot of information, it is natural for us to focus on the information that supports our existing beliefs or preferences, while disregarding contradictory information. This confirmation bias can limit our ability to consider alternative perspectives and make well-rounded decisions.Another issue associated with an excess of information is the potential for analysis paralysis. This occurs when we spend excessive amounts of time analyzing and comparing different options, becoming so fixated on finding the perfect choice that we fail to make a decision altogether. The fear of making a suboptimal choice can act as a barrier to action, preventing us from moving forward and potentially missing out on valuable opportunities.While information is undoubtedly valuable, it is important to strike a balance and avoid becoming overwhelmed by an excessive amount of data. Recognizing the limitations of information and being mindful of its potential effects on decision-making can help ensure more effective and efficient choices.26. What is the author's main point about information?A. It is essential for making well-rounded decisions.B. It can lead to biased decision-making.C. It can hinder the decision-making process.D. It is necessary for finding valuable opportunities.27. What is "confirmation bias"?A. Overlooking important details due to information overload.B. Struggling to process excessive amounts of information.C. Focusing on information that supports existing beliefs.D. Spending excessive time analyzing different options.28. What does the author mean by "analysis paralysis"?A. Being overwhelmed by contradictory information.B. Failing to make a decision due to fear of making a mistake.C. Considering alternative perspectives when making a choice.D. Being unable to distinguish between valuable and irrelevant information.29. According to the text, what is important when dealing with information?A. Finding the perfect choice.B. Overcoming decision paralysis.C. Recognizing the limitations of information.D. Analyzing and comparing different options.30. What is the tone of the text?A. OptimisticB. CautiousC. InformativeD. Argumentative参考答案：26. C. It can hinder the decision-making process.27. C. Focusing on information that supports existing beliefs.28. B. Failing to make a decision due to fear of making a mistake.29. C. Recognizing the limitations of information.30. B. CautiousSection III TranslationDirections:Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)传统教育系统中，作业被视为学生练习和掌握课堂知识的一种方式。
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Part B
Directions:(7选5)
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), cho ose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. Ther e are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on AN SWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald‟s, which sponsors the youth coach ing scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains
should also stop offering “in ducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If chi ldren are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can ha rm, at least information is available up front.”
He also urged councils to impose “fast -food-free zones” around school and hospitals -a reas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for pub lic health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This include s creating a new …responsibility deal‟ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we wil l achieve this.”
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoki ng over the last decade.
Section ⅢTranslation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your transla tion on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volu me of greenho use gases as the world‟s airlines do --- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emiss ions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed t o get th e “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to main tain vast data centres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need t o be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and m ake improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction , but there is muc h more to be done, and not just by big companies.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47 Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to
1) congratulate him/her, and
2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)。