Context-dependence and Cultural Models
prototype
PrototypeOutline1. Category2. Prototype2.1 Background2.2 Definitions of Prototype2.2 Factors that influence the Prototype1. Category (范畴)赵艳芳(2001)：严格来讲，范畴是事物在认知中的归类。
F.Ungerer＆H.J.Schmid(2001): The product of the mental process of classification. They can be understood as mental concepts stored in our mind.王寅(2001): 范畴是人们在互动体验的基础上对客观事物普遍本质在思维上的概括反映，是由一个通常聚集在一起的属性所构成的“完形”概念构成的。
2.1 Background对原型的研究始于上个世纪60年代末, Berlin & Kay调查98种语言,发现“焦点色”(人们对颜色进行范畴化的参照系统)的存在(Berlin& Kay, 1969)。
受到“焦点色”以及维特根斯坦“家族相似性”的启发, Rosch和Labov将研究范围扩展到其他范畴, 发现同样的现象,并提出原型(prototype) 概念(Rosch, Labov , 1973)。
2.2 Definition of Prototype认知语言学家目前对“原型”主要有两种解释:一是指范畴内典型代表；Rosch (1975)认为原型是与同一概念的成员有更多共同特征的实例, 这个典型代表对于识别范畴起重要作用。
Langacker(1987): "A prototype is a typical instance of a category."二是指范畴核心概念的概括性图式的表征；Taylor (2001): "not a particular entity is the prototype, but that it instantiates the prototype."(原型是范畴的概念核心的图式表征, 并认为实体并非原型, 仅例示了原型。
literature的英语作文
Literature is an integral part of human culture,reflecting the thoughts,emotions,and experiences of individuals and societies.It is a medium through which we can explore the complexities of the human condition,gain insights into different cultures and histories, and understand the world from various perspectives.Here are some key aspects to consider when writing an essay on literature:1.Themes and Motifs:Discuss the central themes and recurring motifs in the work.How do these elements contribute to the overall meaning of the text?Consider how the author uses these themes to convey messages or explore universal human experiences.2.Character Analysis:Delve into the characters of the work,examining their personalities,motivations,and development throughout the narrative.How do the characters interact with one another,and how do their relationships drive the plot?3.Plot and Structure:Analyze the plot of the work,including the sequence of events, conflicts,and resolutions.Consider the structure of the narrative,such as whether it is linear or nonlinear,and how this affects the readers engagement with the story.4.Setting and Atmosphere:Explore the setting of the work and how it contributes to the atmosphere.Discuss the importance of the time period,location,and social context in which the story takes place,and how these elements influence the characters and events.5.Style and Language:Examine the authors use of language,including diction,syntax, and rhetorical devices.How does the style of writing affect the tone and mood of the work?Consider the use of imagery,symbolism,and figurative language.6.Narrative Perspective:Discuss the point of view from which the story is told.Is it firstperson,thirdperson,or omniscient?How does the narrative perspective affect the readers understanding of the events and characters?7.Cultural and Historical Context:Place the work within its cultural and historical context.How does the work reflect the values,beliefs,and social issues of the time in which it was written?Consider any historical events or cultural practices that may have influenced the authors writing.8.Symbolism and Allegory:Analyze any symbols or allegorical elements in the work. How do these contribute to the deeper meanings of the text?Discuss how the author uses these devices to convey complex ideas or critique society.9.Influence and Legacy:Consider the influence of the work on later literature and itslasting impact on readers.How has the work been received by critics and audiences,and what makes it enduring or significant?10.Personal Response:Reflect on your personal response to the work.How did the work affect you as a reader?What emotions or thoughts did it evoke,and why do you think the authors choices were effective or ineffective?When writing your essay,ensure that you provide specific examples from the text to support your analysis.Engage with the work critically,but also express your own interpretations and insights.Remember to structure your essay logically,with a clear introduction,body paragraphs that explore each aspect in depth,and a conclusion that summarizes your main points and offers a final reflection on the work.。
文化沟通的英语作文好句
文化沟通的英语作文好句英文回答：Communicating Across Cultures: Bridging the Gaps.Effective communication is paramount in any human interaction, but it becomes increasingly complex when navigating cultural differences. Cross-cultural communication involves understanding not only words but also the underlying meanings, values, and norms that shape them.Challenges of Cultural Communication.Language Barriers: Different languages convey meanings in unique ways, making it challenging for speakers of different tongues to express and interpret messages accurately.Cultural Differences: Cultural beliefs and values caninfluence the way people communicate. For example, directness may be considered acceptable in one culture but offensive in another.Nonverbal Communication: Body language, gestures, and eye contact vary across cultures, leading to potential misunderstandings if not interpreted correctly.Context Dependence: In some cultures, the context plays a significant role in communication, while in others, the focus is on explicit statements.Strategies for Successful Cross-Cultural Communication.Learn about the Language: Acquiring basic proficiency in the other language can improve understanding and reduce misunderstandings.Embrace Cultural Sensitivity: Respecting and understanding different cultural perspectives fosters empathy and facilitates effective communication.Use Clear and Concise Language: Avoiding jargon or ambiguous terms can prevent confusion and help convey messages more effectively.Be Aware of Nonverbal Cues: Pay attention to body language, gestures, and eye contact to ensure that the intended message is being communicated.Be Patient and Seek Clarification: Allow time for questions and clarifications to avoid misinterpretations. Active listening demonstrates respect and enhances understanding.Use Technology as a Bridge: Translation services, video conferencing, and other technological tools can facilitate communication across cultures.Build Relationships: Establishing personal connections can foster trust and make communication more effective.Benefits of Effective Cross-Cultural Communication.Improved Collaboration: Breaking down communication barriers enables effective collaboration between individuals and teams from diverse backgrounds.Increased Understanding: Appreciating cultural differences promotes mutual respect and understanding, leading to stronger relationships.Global Perspective: Communicating across cultures expands horizons, fosters empathy, and provides a broader perspective on the world.Reduced Conflict: Understanding cultural differences can help prevent misunderstandings and conflicts by promoting tolerance and open dialogue.Enhanced Career Opportunities: Proficiency in cross-cultural communication opens doors to global opportunities and careers.Conclusion.Cross-cultural communication is a complex but rewarding endeavor that requires cultural sensitivity, language proficiency, and effective strategies. By embracing these strategies, we can bridge the gaps between cultures, foster understanding, and reap the benefits of effective global communication.中文回答：跨文化交流，弥合差异。
pragmatic features of humorous language
pragmatic features of humorouslanguageHumorous language is a unique language phenomenon that is widely used in various fields such as daily communication, literature, and art. The pragmatic features of humorous language mainly include the following aspects:1. Context dependence: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often relies on specific contexts and background knowledge. Only in a specific context can listeners or readers understand the humorous effect and implied meaning of humorous language.2. Creative use of language: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often uses creative language expressions, such as metaphor, simile, pun, irony, and hyperbole. These creative language expressions can make language more vivid, interesting, and attractive, and at the same time convey the speaker's humorous intention and emotions.3. Cultural dependence: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it is often closely related to cultural background and social customs. Different cultures and social customs may lead to differences in understanding and appreciation of humorous language. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication, it is necessary to understand and respect the cultural background and social customs of the other party in order to better appreciate and use humorous language.4. Interpersonal function: The pragmatic feature of humorous language is that it often plays an important role in interpersonal communication. Humorous language can ease tension and awkwardness in interpersonal communication, enhance mutual understanding and closeness, and at the same time reflect the speaker's intelligence, wit, and humor.In short, the pragmatic features of humorous language are context dependence, creative use of language, cultural dependence, and interpersonal function.Understanding and applying these pragmatic features can help us better appreciate and use humorous language, and at the same time improve our communication skills and interpersonal relationships.。
跨文化交际
Literature Review
It is broadly acknowledged that the earliest study on Chinese face was made by A. H. Smith, an American missionary. In his book Chinese Characteristics published in 1894, he proposed that face is Chinese primary psychological character. Later, Ho(国际著名华人心理学家何友晖教授)found that face is not limited in Chinese and Asian culture, but universally exists in all kinds of human cultures.
In 1940s，Huxianjin(胡先缙), an anthropologist first introduced the research on face into the field of social science.
Literature Review
Huxianjin‟s idea attracted wide academic concern on face and facework. So since 1940s, Chinese and foreign scholars have been doing broader and deeper research mainly in three perspectives: socio-psychology, sociolinguistics and human relations. Goffman‟s theory is the basis of socio-psychological face study. Brown&Levinson‟s sociolinguistic theory on face is closely related to politeness strategies. Ho, Penman and Lim study how people in relation keep their social interaction via facework.
基于深度学习的单目图像深度估计
摘要图像深度估计是计算机视觉领域中一项重要的研究课题。
深度信息是理解一个场景三维结构关系的重要组成部分，准确的深度信息能够帮助我们更好地进行场景理解。
在真三维显示、语义分割、自动驾驶及三维重建等多个领域都有着广泛的应用。
传统方法多是利用双目或多目图像进行深度估计，最常用的方法是立体匹配技术，利用三角测量法从图像中估计场景深度信息，但容易受到场景多样性的影响，而且计算量很大。
单目图像的获取对设备数量和环境条件要求较低，通过单目图像进行深度估计更贴近实际情况，应用场景更广泛。
深度学习的迅猛发展，使得基于卷积神经网络的方法在单目图像深度估计领域取得了一定的成果，成为图像深度估计领域的研究热点。
但是单目深度估计仍面临着许多挑战：复杂场景中的复杂纹理和复杂几何结构会导致大量深度误差，容易造成局部细节信息丢失、物体边界扭曲及模糊重建等问题，直接影响图像的恢复精度。
针对上述问题，本文主要研究基于深度学习的单目图像深度估计方法。
主要工作包括以下两个方面：（1）针对室内场景中复杂纹理和复杂几何结构造成的物体边界扭曲、局部细节信息丢失等问题，提出一种基于多尺度残差金字塔注意力网络模型。
首先，提出了一个多尺度注意力上下文聚合模块，该模块由两部分组成：空间注意力模型和全局注意力模型，通过从空间和全局分别考虑像素的位置相关性和尺度相关性，捕获特征的空间上下文信息和尺度上下文信息。
该模块通过聚合特征的空间和尺度上下文信息，自适应地学习像素之间的相似性，从而获取图像更多的全局上下文信息，解决场景中复杂结构导致的问题。
然后，针对场景理解中物体的局部细节容易被忽略的问题，提出了一个增强的残差细化模块，在获取多尺度特征的同时，获取更深层次的语义信息和更多的细节信息，进一步细化场景结构。
在NYU Depth V2数据集上的实验结果表明，该方法在物体边界和局部细节具有较好的性能。
（2）针对已有非监督深度估计方法中细节信息预测不够准确、模糊重建等问题，结合Non-local能够提取每个像素的长期空间依赖关系，获取更多空间上下文的原理，本文通过引入Non-local提出了一种新的非监督学习深度估计模型。
对校园恋爱的理解英语作文
对校园恋爱的理解英语作文Understanding Campus RomanceCampus romance is a subject that has always been a topic of interest and debate among students, educators, and parents alike. It refers to the romantic relationships that form between students while they are pursuing their education. The dynamics of campus romance are influenced by various factors, including the age of the individuals, the environment of the campus, and the cultural context in which the relationship takes place.One of the most significant aspects of campus romance is the emotional growth it can foster. Young adults are at a stage in their lives where they are discovering who they are and what they want from life. Engaging in a romantic relationship can be a part of this self-discovery process. It can teach them about compromise, empathy, and the importance of communication—skills that are valuable not only in love but also in professional and social interactions.Another important consideration is the impact of campus romance on academic performance. Some argue that romantic distractions can detract from a student's studies, while others believe that a healthy relationship can provide the emotional support necessary for academic success. The key is balance. Students in a relationship should be able to manage their time effectively, ensuring that their academicresponsibilities are not neglected.The campus environment itself can be conducive to the development of romantic relationships. The shared experiences of attending classes, participating in extracurricular activities, and living in close proximity can create a sense of camaraderie and intimacy. However, it is also importantfor students to maintain a social circle outside of their romantic partner, as this can help prevent over-dependence and provide a well-rounded college experience.Cultural norms and values also play a significant role in shaping campus romance. In some cultures, dating is seen as a natural progression towards marriage, while in others, it is considered a more casual exploration of companionship. Understanding and respecting these differences is crucial for maintaining healthy and respectful relationships.Moreover, campus romance can also present challenges such as dealing with breakups, which can be emotionally taxing. It is essential for educational institutions to provide resources and support systems for students navigating the complexities of love and heartbreak.In conclusion, campus romance is a multifaceted aspect of student life that can offer valuable life lessons and personal growth. It is a natural part of the developmental journey for many young adults. With the right balance, respect for cultural differences, and support from educational institutions, campus romance can be a positive and enriching experience.。
汉语与英语圆形语族的对比
汉语与英语圆形语族的对比
汇报人：XX 20XX-01-21
目录
• introduction • Overview of the Chinese Circular
Language Family • Overview of the English Circular
Language Family • Comparative analysis of the circular
Circles are also commonly used to represent loops, repetitions, and periodic things, such as "the circle of life" representing the cycle of life.
Since a circle has no starting or ending point, it is also used to symbolize infinity and eternity, such as the endless circle representing an endless cycle.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The boy was building a sandcastle with his bucket and his spade.
The boy was building a sandcastle with his bucket and his spade.
This cognitive representation, or context, does not remain an isolated mental experience, but is immediately associated in at least two ways with related knowledge stored in long-term memory. On the one hand, context-specific knowledge about the categories involved is retrieved.(plastic bucket;
Naive models and expert models Conclusion
The context-dependence of prototypes and of the whole internal category structure
Read the following four sentences one by one, pausing for a second after each example to check what kind of dog is suggested to you: 1. The hunter took his gun, left the lodge and called his dog. Retriever 2. Right from the start of the race the dogs began chasing the rabbit. Greyhound 3. She took her dog to the salon to have its curls reset. 4.The policeman lined up with the dogs to face the rioters. Poodle Alsatian
The context-dependence of prototypes and of the whole internal category structure Context, situation and cognitive models Cultural models
1.3 Contextdependence and Cultural Models
Distinction between Context & Situation context situation
mental phens in the 'real world'/ interaction between objects in the real world
Context-dependence and Cultural Models
By Sylvia (150508010010)
What do you have for breakfast?
On Breakfast
continental breakfast
German breakfast: coffee, bread, cheese, wurst French breakfast: coffee, French toast Italian breakfast: croissant, cappuccino
(Retriever; bring back the kill)
Context, situation and cognitive models
What is context? A purely linguistic opinion: the linguistic material preceding and following a word or sentence. Searle: the set of background assumptions that are necessary for an utterance to be intelligible. An anthropologist Malinowski: the so-called "context of culture". "Context of situation" and the "context of culture" are necessary for a proper understanding of an utterance or text. Cognitive linguists: a mental phenomenon stressed by Langacker.
However, more than a shift of prototypes is at stake in these examples. Let us assume that a goodness-of-example test was carried out as following table.
He opened the door to face a pretty young woman with a dog in her arms.
What it suggests is that prototypes are not after all the fixed reference points for cognitive categories that we have assumed them to be, but they are liable to keep shifting as the context changes.
Schematic illustration of the cognitive model ON THE BEACH
Open-ended
The first property of cognitive models
•
A practical consequence of this property is that it is very hard to describe the cognitive model of a domain and that descriptions of cognitive models are never exhaustive, but always highly selective.
children's spade)
On the other hand, the currently active context calls up other contexts from long-term memory that are somehow related to it.(water; shell; foam)
British breakfast: milk, bread, eggs, scone American breakfast: waffles, bacon,milk How about Chinese breakfast?
The prototypes of cognitive categories are not fixed, but may change when a particular context is introduced, and the same is true for category boundaries. More generally, the whole internal structure of a category seems to depend on the context and, in a wilder sense, on our social and cultural knowledge, which is thought to be organized in cognitive and cultural models.
Cognitive model
Cognitive categories are not just dependent on the immediate context in which they are embedded and this whole bundle of contexts that are associated with it. Therefore, cognitive model covers all the stored cognitive representations that belong to a certain field. Properties of cognitive models: Open-ended Interrelated Omnipresent
These examples suggest that what turns out the most likely member of a certain category depends on the context. Since we may expect the prototype to be our first choice, the result of our little experiment indicates that, depending on the context, the prototype shifts.
rank of these dogs 1 the category of these dogs Alsatian
2
greyhound